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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Clothing: When handling dangerous substances, wear gloves, laboratory coats, and safety shield
or glasses. Shorts and sandals should not be worn in the lab at any time. Shoes are required when
working in the machine shops.
1. Wear safety glasses or face shields when working with hazardous materials and/or
equipment.

2. Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work.

3. Students are responsible for the proper disposal of used material if any in
appropriate containers.

4. Obtain permission before operating any high voltage equipment.

5. When using compressed air, use only approved nozzles and never directs the air
towards any person.

6. Guards on machinery must be in place during operation.

7. Exercise care when working with or near hydraulically- or pneumatically-

driven equipment.
8. Sudden or unexpected motion can inflict serious injury.

9. Clean your lab bench and equipment, and lock the door before you leave the laboratory.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 1
VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

OBJECTIVE:
To understand the Bernoulli’s theorem through an experiment.

OUTCOME:
The student will be able to verify the total head of an incompressible liquid is always
constant.

SCOPE:
The knowledge of Bernoulli’s theorem is used for flow measuring device like Venturimeter,
Orificemeter & Pitot tube.

APPARATUS:
Bernoulli’s apparatus, Controlling valve at inlet and outlet, Discharge Measuring
Tank, Scale, Stopwatch etc.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

Fig.1 Experimental set up.

PROCEDURE:

1. The apparatus should be accurately leveled by means of screws provided at the base.
2. Connect the water supply to the radial diffuser in the upstream tank.
3. Adjust the level of the discharge pipe by means of the stand and clamp provided to a convenient
position.
4. Allow water to flow through the apparatus until all air has been expelled and steady flow conditions
are achieved. This can be accomplished by varying the rate of inflow into the apparatus and adjusting
the level of the discharge tube.

1
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5. Readings may then be taken from the piezometer tubes and the flow through the apparatus measured.
6. A series of readings can be taken for various through flows.

THEORY:
Bernoulli’s principle formulated by Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1780) states that as the speed of a moving
fluid increases (liquid or gas), the pressure within the fluid decreases. Although Bernoulli deduced the
law, it was Leonhard Euler who derived Bernoulli’s equation in its usual form in the year 1752.
“Bernoulli’s theorem states that, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit
volume of an incompressible, non-viscous fluid in stream line flow remains constant”. This statement is
called Bernoulli’s theorem with reference to section 1 – 1 and 2 – 2 along the length of steady flow in the
stream tube. The total energy at section 1 – 1 is equal to the total energy at section 2 – 2 as stated in
Bernoulli’s theorem.

FORMULA:
Total energy at Section 1 – 1 = P1 / γg + V12 / 2g +Z1
Total energy at section 2 – 2 = P2 / γg + V22 / 2g +Z2
Where,
P / ρg = Pressure head
V 2 / 2g = Kinetic head
Z = Potential head

OBSERVATION:
Actual
Time for Velocity Pressure
Area of discharge Velocity = Datum Total head
10cm rise head head
pipe (a) Qact Qact/a head (Z) P/γg + V2/2g + z
of water V2/2g P/γg
(m2) =AH/t (m/sec) (m) (m)
(sec) (m) (m)
(m3/sec)

1. Actual discharge:
Qact =AH/t
2. Velocity:
Qact/a =
3. Velocity head:
V2/2g =
4. Total head:
P/ρg + V2/2g + z = constant

2
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EXPERIMENT NO: 2
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE FOR A SMALL ORIFICE BY
CONSTANT HEAD METHOD

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the co-efficient of velocity [Cv] co-efficient of contraction [Cc] and co-efficient
of discharge [Cd] for circular orifice by constant head method.

OUTCOME:
The student will be able to find the actual and theoretical discharges and hydraulic
coefficients.

SCOPE:
The knowledge of hydraulic coefficients for a small orifice mainly used to find the discharge.

APPARATUS:
An Orifice fitted across a pipeline leading to a collecting tank, Stop Watch

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
The orifice meter consists of a throat tiling device (an orifice plate) inserted in the flow. This orifice plate
creates a measurable pressure difference between its upstream and downstream sides. This pressure is
then related to the flow rate. Like the Venturimeter, the pressure difference varies directly with the flow
rate. The co-efficient of discharge is 0.62-0.67 for orifice meter.

Fig.2 Experimental setup

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the diameter of the orifice.
2. Supply water to the tank.
3. When the head at the tank (measured by a piezometer attached to the tank) is steady record the
reading of the manometer.
4. Measure the x and y co-ordinate of the jet from the vena contracta.
5. Measure the flow rate.
6. Repeat the procedure for different combinations of discharge.

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THEORY:
Orifice is a small opening of any cross section such as circular, triangular, rectangular, on a side or on the
bottom of the tank, through which a fluid flows. Orifices are used for measuring the rate of flowing fluid.
The water is allowed to flow through an orifice fitted to tank and a constant head ‘h’. The water is
collected in measuring tank for known time ‘ t ‘. The height of water in the measuring tank is noted. Then
the actual discharge through the orifice was calculated.

FORMULA:
Qact = AH/t
Coefficient of discharge = Cd= Qact/Qthe

Coefficient of velocity = Cv = Actual velocity/theoretical velocity

OBSERVATION:

Diameter of the orifice (d) = Area of orifice (a) =

Time Pointer
Coefficient
required Actual Theoretical reading (m) Coeff. Coeff.
Constant of
for 10cm discharge discharge of of
S.No Head (h) discharge
Rise of Qact Qthe velocity contraction
(m) Cd = x y
water (m3/sec) (m3/sec) (Cv) (Cc)
Qact/Qthe
(t)(sec)
1.
2.
3.

1. Actual discharge:
Qact = AH/t =

2. Theoretical discharge:
Qthe = ax√(2gh) =

3. Coefficient of discharge:
Cd = Qact/Qthe =

4. Coeff.of velocity:
Cv = √(x2/4yH) =

5. Coeff.of contraction:
Cc=Cd/Cv =

GRAPH:
Draw a graph between Qact vs √h. Take Qact in Y axis.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 3
CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER / ORIFICE METER

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the co-efficient of discharge [Cd] for Venturimeter and Orificemeter.

OUTCOME:
The student will be able to find the actual and theoretical discharges and co-efficient of
discharges.

SCOPE:
The knowledge in practical application of Bernoulli’s theorems through Venturimeter and
Orifice meter.
APPARATUS:
Venturimeter/Orifice meter fitted across a pipeline leading to a collecting tank, Stop Watch,
U-Tube manometer connected across entry and throat sections etc.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Venturimeter and Orifice meter are working on the principle on Bernoulli’s equation. Venturimeter and
Orifice meter is a device used for measuring the rate of fluid flowing through a pipe. Venturimeter
consists of three parts 1. Converging cone part, 2. Throat. 3. Diverging cone part. Orifice meter consist of
orifice plate with concentric hole at center.

Fig.3.1 Venturimeter

Fig.3.2 Orifice meter

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PROCEDURE:
1. Set the manometer pressure to the atmospheric pressure by opening the upper valve.
2. Now start the supply at water controlled by the stop valve.
3. One of the valves of any one of the pipe open and close all other of three.
4. Take the discharge reading for the particular flow.
5. Take the reading for the pressure head on from the u-tube manometer for corresponding reading of
discharge.
6. Now take three readings for this pipe and calculate the Cd for that instrument using formula.
7. Now close the valve and open valve of other diameter pipe and take the three reading for this.
8. Similarly take the reading for all other diameter pipe and calculate Cd for each.

THEORY:
Clemens Herschel (1842 – 1930) was an American hydraulic engineer. His career extended from about
1860 to 1930, and he is best known for inventing the Venturimeter, which was the first large-scale,
accurate device for measuring water flow. Venturimeter is a device consisting of a short length of gradual
convergence and a long length of gradual divergence. Pressure tapping is provided at the location before
the convergence commences and another pressure tapping is provided at the throat section of a
Venturimeter. The Difference in pressure head between the two tapping is measured by means of a U-
tube manometer.
An Orificemeter is used to measure the discharge in a pipe. An Orificemeter in its simplest form consists
of a plate having a sharp edged circular hole known as an orifice. The plate is fixed inside the pipe.
Orifice meters need calibration a priori where a known quantity of fluid is passed through the flow meter
and the differential pressure across the flow meter related to the actual mass flow rate through a discharge
coefficient given as the ratio of actual to theoretical mass flow rate. Two methods of knowing the actual
mass flow rate are- measurement of time for collection of a finite volume of fluid and measurement of
mass collected in a certain amount of time.
A mercury U-tube manometer is inserted to know the difference of pressure head between the two
tapping. Orifice meter works on the same principle as that of Venturimeter i.e. by reducing the area of
flow passage a pressure difference is developed between the two sections and the measurement of
pressure difference is used to find the discharge.

FORMULA:

Coefficient of discharge = Cd= Qact/Qthe

Qact = A.H/t
Qthe = a1 a2 /√a12-a22 * √2gh ……. For Venturimeter
Qthe = a1 ao/ /√a12-ao2 *√2gh ……. For orifice meter

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OBSERVATION:
a) Venturimeter

Manometer Time
Actual
reading required for Theoretical Coefficient of
Head loss discharge
S.No pressure 10cm Rise of discharge Qthe discharge
h(m) Qact
difference water (t) (m3/sec) Cd = Qact/Qthe
(m3/sec)
Hm (m) (sec)
1.
2.
3.

a) Orifice meter

Manometer Time
reading required for Actual Theoretical Coefficient of
Head loss
S.No pressure 10cm Rise of discharge discharge Qthe discharge
h(m)
difference water (t) Qact (m3/sec) (m3/sec) Cd = Qact/Qthe
Hm (m) (sec)
1.
2.
3.

Diameter of inlet pipe (d1) = Area of inlet pipe (a1) =

Diameter of throat (d2) = Area of throat (a2) =
Diameter of orifice (do) = Area of orifice (a0) =

1. Head loss (h)= (Sm/Sw -1)Hm

2. Actual discharge:
Qact = AH/t

3. Theoretical discharge (Venturimeter):

Qthe = a1 a2 /√a12-a22 * √2gh

Theoretical discharge (Orifice meter):

Qthe = a1 ao /√a12-ao2 * √2gh

4. Coefficient of discharge:
Cd = Qact/Qthe

GRAPH:
Draw a graph between Qact vs √h and Qact vs Qthe. Take Qact in Y axis.

RESULT:
a) Coefficient of discharge (Cd ) for Venturimeter =
b) Coefficient of discharge (Cd ) for Orifice meter =

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EXPERIMENT NO: 5
DETERMINATION OF MINOR LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
(Sudden Expansion & Sudden Contraction)

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the loss of head due to sudden expansion & sudden contraction in the pipe flow.

OUTCOME:
The student will be able to find the minor losses and its effects on the pipe flow.

SCOPE:
The knowledge in various minor losses in the pipe flow is necessary for the design of pipes,
calculating velocity and discharge in the pipe flow.
APPARATUS:
Pipe of smaller diameter connected to larger diameter, Pipe of larger diameter connected to
smaller diameter inlet, outlet valves, collecting tank, stop watch etc.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Two pipe of cross-sectional area A1 and A2 flanged together with a constant velocity fluid flowing from smaller
diameter pipe. This flow breaks away from edges of narrow edges section, eddies from and resulting turbulence
cause dissipation of energy. The initiations and onset of disturbances in turbulence is due to fluid momentum and
its area.

Fig.5.1 Sudden Expansion

Fig.5.2 Sudden Contraction

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PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the diameter of the pipes.
2. Prime the mercury manometer
3. Connect the test section pipe to the main water supply pipe
4. Open flow control valve, priming test section and pipe work.
5. Open clips on water manometer, allowing water to circulate through the system until all the air is
expelled.
6. Close pipe clips.
7. Bleed mercury manometers via bleed sewers in conjunction with control valves
8. Close flow control valve.
9. Observe datum level on manometers.
10. To achieve maximum flow fully open flow control valve. Note levels in manometer and measure
flow rate. Repeat for different control valve position.

THEORY:
a) Sudden expansion:
Loss of energy duet to change of velocity of the flowing fluid in magnitude or direction is called as minor loss of
energy. Consider a fluid flowing through a pipe line which has sudden enlargement. Consider two section 1 – 1
and 2 – 2 before and after enlargement.
Let,
P1 = Pressure intensity at section 1 – 1.
V1 = Velocity of flow at section 1 – 1.
A1 = Area of pipe at section 1 – 1.
P2, V2 and A2 = Corresponding values of pressure, velocity & area at section 2 - 2.
Due to sudden change of diameter, the liquid flowing from smaller pipe is not able to fallow abrupt change of
boundary and turbulent eddies are formed, since the flow separates from the boundary.
Let,
P1 = Pressure intensity of the liquid eddies on Area A2 – A1,
he = Loss of head due to expansion.
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at section 1 – 1 and 2 – 2.

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Consider the control volume of liquid between 2 sections.

Fx = P1 A1 + P1 (A2 - A1) P2 A2 = ( P1 - P2 ) A2 ------------------------------
2.
Momentum of liquid / sec at section 1 –1 = Mass x Velocity
= ϱ A1 V1·V1

= ϱ A1 V12
Similarly Momentum of liquid / sec at section 2 – 2 = ϱ A2 V22
∴Change of momentum / Sec = ϱ A2 V22 – ϱ A2 V2 x V1
= ϱ A2 (V22 – V1 V2) ------- 3.

Net force acting on the control vol. in the direction of flow must be equal to the rate of change of
momentum per second. Hence equating equation 2 and 3.

( P1 - P2 ) A2 = ϱ A2 (V22 – V1 V2)
On solving we get He = (V1 – V2)2/ 2g
Where : He = Loss of head due to sudden expansion.
V1 = Velocity of flow at smaller section.
V2 = Velocity of flow at larger Section.

b) Sudden contraction:
Water is flowing from large diameter pipe to smaller diameter pipe as shown in figure. The loss of head
due to sudden contraction is actually due to sudden enlargement from vena-contracta to sec.2.
Hc = 0.5V22 /2g

OBSERVATION:
a) Sudden expansion:
Time
Pressure required Inlet Outlet
Difference in Actual Head loss due to
head for 10cm velocity velocity
S.No manometric discharge expansion (m)
difference rise of V1 V2
reading (m) (Qact) (m3/sec) He = (V1-V2)2/2g
(m) water (t) (m/sec) (m/sec)
sec
1.
2.
3.

Diameter of smaller pipe (d1) =

Diameter of larger pipe (d2) =

1. Pressure head loss (H) = (Sm/Sw -1)Hm

2. Actual discharge:
Qact = AH/t

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3. Inlet velocity (V1) = 4Q/Лd12

4. Outlet velocity (V2) = 4Q/Лd22

5. Loss of head (He) = (V1-V2)2/2g

b) Sudden contraction:

Time
Outlet
Difference in Pressure required Actual Head loss due to
velocity
S.No manometric Head loss for 10cm discharge contraction
V2
reading (m) (m) rise of (Qact) (m3/sec) Hc = (0.5V2)2/2g
(m/sec)
water (sec)
1.
2.
3.

Diameter of larger pipe (d1) =

Diameter of smaller pipe (d2) =

1. Pressure head loss (H) = (Sm/Sw -1)Hm

2. Actual discharge:
Qact = AH/t

3. Inlet velocity (V1) = 4Q/πd12 =

4. Outlet velocity (V2) = 4Q/πd22 =

5. Loss of head (Hc) = 0.5V22/2g =

GRAPH:

1. Draw the graph between Qact vs Head loss due to expansion. Take Qact in Y axis
2. Draw the graph between Qact vs Head loss due to contraction. Take Qact in Y axis

RESULT:

a) Head loss due to sudden expansion (He) =

b) Head loss due to sudden contraction (Hc) =

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EXPERIMENT NO: 6
DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF A PIPE LINE

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the friction factor (f) for a pipe carrying water.

OUTCOME:
The student will be able to find the major loss due to friction and its effects in a pipe flow.

SCOPE:
The knowledge in major loss in the pipe flow is necessary for the design of pipes, calculating
velocity and discharge in a pipe flow.
APPARATUS:
U – tube manometer connected across a pipe line, Stop Watch, Collecting tank.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
The equipment used in the experiment was the fluid flow setup and the materials used were steel tape,
stopwatch and thermometer. Water was used as the working fluid. The pump was primed and started in
order for the fluid to initiate the flowing along the pipelines. Collecting tank collects the water for
calculating volumetric flow rate.

Fig.6 Experimental setup

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the diameter of the pipe and distance between the two tapings.
2. Prime the mercury manometer.
3. Connect the test section pipe to the main water supply pipe.
4. Open flow control valve, priming test section and pipe work.
5. Open clips on water manometer, allowing water to circulate through the system until all the air is
expelled.
6. Close pipe clips.
7. Bleed mercury manometer via bleed screws in conjunction with the control valves.
8. Close flow control valve.

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9. Observe datum level on manometer.

10. To achieve maximum flow fully open flow control valve. Note levels in manometer and measure
flow rate. Repeat for different control valve position.

THEORY:
In fluid dynamics, the Darcy–Weisbach equation is an empirical equation that relates the head loss,
or pressure loss, due to friction along a given length of pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an
incompressible fluid. The equation is named after Henry Darcy and Julius Weisbach (1806-1871). A pipe
is a closed conduit which is used for carrying fluids under pressure. Pipes are commonly circular section.
As the pipes carry fluids under pressure, the pipes always run full.
The fluid flowing in a pipe is always subjected to resistance due to shear forces between fluid particles
and the boundary walls of the pipe and between the fluid particles themselves resulting from the viscosity
of the fluid. The resistance to the flow of fluid is, in general known as frictional resistance. Since certain
amount of energy possessed by the flowing fluid will be consumed in overcoming this resistance to the
flow, there will always be some loss of energy in the direction of flow, which however depends on the
type of flow, W.froude conducted a series of experiments to investigate frictional resistance offered to the
flowing water by different surfaces.
As per Darcy Weisbach equation
hf = 4flv2/2gd.
Above equation is used to find loss of head due to friction in pipes. Here is f friction factor. In order to
determine the loss of head due to friction correctly, it is essential to estimate the value of the factor f
correctly when a fluid flows through a pipe, certain resistance is offered to the flowing fluid, which
results in causing a loss of energy. The various energy losses in pipes may be classified as
i) major losses
ii) minor losses
The major loss of energy, as a fluid of flows through a pipe, is caused by friction. It may be computed by
Darcy-Weisbach equation. The loss of energy due to friction is classified as a major loss because in the
case of long pipelines it is usually much more than the loss of energy incurred by other causes.

FORMULA:
Loss of head due to friction (hf) = 4flv2/2gd
Where,
f = friction factor
l = length of the pipe
v = velocity in the pipe
d = diameter of the pipe

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is Darcy Weisbach equation which is commonly used for computing the

OBSERVATION:
Diameter of the pipe (d) = Area of the pipe =
Length of the pipe (l) =

Difference in Time Velocity

Frictional head
manometric required for Actual discharge in the Friction factor
S.No loss(hf)
reading (m) 10cm rise of (Qact) (m3/sec) pipe (f)
(m)
(Hm) water (t) (sec) (m/sec)

1.
2.
3.

1. Frictional head loss (hf) = (Sm/Sw -1)Hm

2. Actual discharge: Qact = AH/t

3. Velocity (V) = 4Q/πd2

4. Friction factor (f) = 2 hf g d =

4lV2

GRAPH:
Draw the graph between hf vs V2/2g with hf on X-axis.

RESULT:
The friction factor “f” for the pipe is found to be ________.

27
 III YEAR
EXPERIMENT NO: 13

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SINGLE / MULTI STAGE CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP

OBJECTIVE:
To find the efficiency and draw the performance characteristics of Single / Multi Stage Centrifugal
pump.
OUTCOME:
The student will be able to verify the efficiency of the single /Multi stage centrifugal pump.

SCOPE:
The knowledge of Single /Multi stage centrifugal pump is used for flow measuring device like
agriculture, irrigation and other residential areas.

APPARATUS:
Single and Multistage Centrifugal Pump Test Rig, Stop watch

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
The primary difference between single-stage and multistage centrifugal pumps lies in the number of stages (also
referred to as impellers) they have. As the name implies, single-stage pumps have only one impeller, whereas
multistage pumps have at least two.

Fig.13 Centrifugal Pump

PROCEDURE:
1. Prime the pump, close the delivery valve and switch on the unit.
2. Set the speed of the pump to a certain desired rated RPM, open the delivery valve and maintain the
required delivery head.
Note: a) The pressure gauge reading G
b) The Vacuum gauge reading V
c) Time taken for 5 pulses in the energy meter by means of stopwatch.

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3. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of the water level in the collecting tank.
4. Take atleast 4 to 5 sets of readings varying the head from maximum at shutoff to minimum where valve is
fully open.

THEORY:
The invention of centrifugal pumps was done by Denis Papin a Physicist in 1689. The centrifugal pump is one of the
most used pump in the world currently due to the following reasons.
 Cheap to construct
 Strong
 Delivers fluids faster than other pumps
 Simple
The pump which raises water from lower level to higher level by the action centrifugal force is known as centrifugal
pump. . A centrifugal pump consists of essentially an impeller rotating inside the casing. The impeller has a number of
curved vanes. Due to the centrifugal head imposed by the rotation of impeller, the fluid enters axially through the
middle portion of the pump call the eye, after which it encounters the rotating blades. It acquires tangential and radial
velocity by the momentum transfer with impeller blades and acquires additional radial velocity by centrifugal force.
Thus water is lifted to higher locations with the acquired energy.

OBSERVATION:
a) Single stage centrifugal pump:

Time required
Vacuum gauge Time required for
Pressure gauge
S. for 5 pulses of
reading reading 10 cm rise of
No. 2 energy meter
(G) kg/cm (V) mm of Hg water level (t) sec
(t) sec
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

61
 Actual Total head (H) Efficiency of
S. Output power of Input power of
Discharge meters of the pump (η)
No. pump (O.P) kW pump (I.P) kW
(Qact) m3/sec water %
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1) Actual Discharge (Qact ) = AH/t

Where, A= Area of tank

h= Rise of water level considered

t= Time required for rise

2) Pressure Head, G = Pressure Gauge reading x 10
Vacuum Head, V= (mm of Hg x13.6)/1000
Datum Head, X = 0m
Total Head (H) = G+V+X
3) Output power of pump (B.P) =W*Qact*H
Where, W= Equivalent weight of water (9.81 kN/m3)
Qact = Actual Discharge
H = Total head
4) Input power = X x 3600 x 0.6 / C x T kW
Where, X = No.of revolutions of energy meter disc (say 5 Rev)
T = Time for energy meter revolutions disc in sec
C = Energy meter constant
5) Efficiency = OP/IP x 100
a) Multi stage centrifugal pump:

Time required
Vacuum gauge Time required for
Pressure gauge
S. for 5 pulses of
reading reading 10 cm rise of
No. 2 energy meter
(G) kg/cm (V) mm of Hg water level (t) sec
(t) sec
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

62
 Actual Total head (H) Efficiency of
S. Output power of Input power of
Discharge meters of the pump (η)
No. pump (O.P) kW pump (I.P) kW
(Qact)m3/sec water %
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1) Actual Discharge (Qact ) = AH/t

Where, A= Area of tank

h= Rise of water level considered

t= Time required for rise

2) Pressure Head, G = Pressure Gauge reading x 10
Vacuum Head, V= (mm of Hg x13.6)/1000
Datum Head, X = 0m
Total Head (H) = G+V+X
3) Output power of pump (B.P) =W*Qact*H
Where, W= Equivalent weight of water (9.81 kN/m3)
Qact = Actual Discharge
H = Total head
4) Input power = X x 3600 x 0.6 / C x T kW
Where, X = No.of revolutions of energy meter disc (say 5 Rev)
T = Time for energy meter revolutions disc in sec
C = Energy meter constant
2) Efficiency = OP/IP x 100

GRAPH:
1. Plot a graph between Qact vs Input power and Output power
2. Plot a graph between Qact vs Efficiency
RESULT:
1. The efficiency of the single- stage centrifugal pump is =
2. The efficiency of the multi- stage centrifugal pump is =

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