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The document outlines various statistical concepts and coding functions for simulating events, calculating probabilities, and performing hypothesis testing. It includes examples of sample spaces for coin tosses, dice rolls, and card decks, as well as set operations and descriptive statistics measures. Additionally, it discusses exploratory data analysis techniques and hypothesis testing methods using z-tests.

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2 views

probs line of code

The document outlines various statistical concepts and coding functions for simulating events, calculating probabilities, and performing hypothesis testing. It includes examples of sample spaces for coin tosses, dice rolls, and card decks, as well as set operations and descriptive statistics measures. Additionally, it discusses exploratory data analysis techniques and hypothesis testing methods using z-tests.

Uploaded by

sirpious477
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Sample Spaces and Events

 Code:

o tosscoin(1) and tosscoin(3): Simulates tossing one or three coins. It provides the
sample space (e.g., Heads or Tails outcomes).

o rolldie(1) and rolldie(3): Simulates rolling one or three dice, providing all possible
outcomes.

o cards(): Generates the standard deck of cards' sample space.

 Sampling from Urns:

o urnsamples(1:3, size=2, replace=TRUE): Sampling 2 items with replacement from


balls labeled 1, 2, 3.

o urnsamples(1:3, size=2, replace=FALSE): Sampling 2 items without replacement.

 Events:

o subset func ons are used to filter specific outcomes based on condi ons (e.g., cards
of "Heart" suit or rolling a sum > 16 with 3 dice).

2. Set Opera ons

 Code:

o Union: Combines two sets (e.g., all cards that are either "Hearts" or rank 7–9).

o Intersec on: Finds common elements between two sets.

o Set Difference: Elements in one set but not in the other.

 Purpose: Helps analyze rela onships and probabili es between sets of outcomes.

3. Calcula ng Probabili es

 Code:

o Prob(A) calculates the probability of an event AAA in the sample space.

o Prob(union(A, B)), Prob(intersect(A, B)): Probabili es of combined or overlapping


events.

o Condi onal Probability: Prob(A, given = B) calculates P(A∣B)P(A|B)P(A∣B).

 Example:

o When rolling two dice:

 AAA: Outcomes where the dice values match.

 BBB: Sum of dice ≥ 8.

 The code calculates P(A∣B)P(A|B)P(A∣B) and P(B∣A)P(B|A)P(B∣A).


4. Descrip ve Sta s cs

 Code:

o Measures of Central Tendency:

 mean, median, Mode: Describes the central value of the dataset.

 mean(range()): Calculates the midrange value.

o Measures of Varia on:

 range, var, sd: Computes variability in the dataset.

 Coefficient of Varia on (CV): Expresses variability rela ve to the mean.

o Measures of Shape:

 skewness, kurtosis: Measures asymmetry and the peakedness of the dataset


distribu on.

 Dataset: UKDriverDeaths (pre-loaded R dataset).

o Shows monthly UK road accident deaths.

5. Exploratory Data Analysis

 Code:

o Stem-and-leaf plots: Displays data distribu on.

o Boxplots: Visualizes data variability and poten al outliers.

6. Hypothesis Tes ng

 Code:

o z.test: Performs hypothesis tes ng for popula on means.

 Large-sample z-tests are used with specified sample means, popula on


means, standard devia ons, and confidence levels.

o Varia ons include one-sided and two-sided tests.

 Example:

o Tes ng if a sample mean significantly differs from a hypothesized mean under


specified condi ons.

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