POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS IN SOUTHERN BARANGAYS OF BROOKE’S

POINT, PALAWAN
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, the statement of the problem,

the significance of the study, the scope and delimitation, and the definition of terms.

Background of the Study

The Philippine National Police (PNP) plays a crucial role in maintaining law and

order in the Philippines. It is the primary law enforcement agency in the country,

responsible for upholding peace and security, preventing and solving crimes, and

protecting the rights and welfare of citizens. The role of the PNP is vital in ensuring the

safety and well-being of the Filipino people and maintaining the rule of law in the country.

One of the main functions of the PNP is to enforce the laws of the land. This includes

apprehending criminal offenders, investigating crimes, and bringing them to justice. The

PNP is also responsible for implementing government policies related to public safety and

security. This involves patrolling the streets, conducting checkpoints, and responding to

emergency situations to ensure the safety of the public. The history of community-police

relations really goes back to the early 20th century and the rise of the reform era In

American policing. This era was characterized by the development of professional police

departments, something we didn’t actually have until roughly the 1920s-1930s. Before that,

police departments were corrupt, inefficient, and focused on preventing crime by walking

around.

According to community-police relations, the relationship of the police to the

community should be harmonious. The community relies upon the police to “protect and

serve” and the police in return rely upon the community’s support and cooperation in order

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to be effective (Obmerga, 2014). Regardless of cultural, political, or socioeconomic

background, the vast majority of people have one thing in common: to live in a peaceful

and prosperous community. A sense of safety and belonging are fundamental to any

human’s needs, and without this, it becomes difficult to prosper and develop their best self

(Sanchez, et al, 2023).

Strong relationships of mutual trust between police agencies and the communities

they serve are critical to maintaining public safety and effective policing. Police officials

rely on the cooperation of community members to provide information about crime in their

neighborhoods, and to work with the police to devise solutions to crime and disorder

problems. Similarly, community members’ willingness to trust the police depends on

whether they believe that police actions reflect community values and incorporate the

principles of procedural justice and legitimacy (Mentel, 2012).

The main objective of this research is to determine the factors that exists between

the relationship of the community and the police in the southern barangays of Brooke’s

Point, Palawan. It also aims to identify the elements that influence this relationship and

identify any issues that may arise. Lastly, to ascertain which programs or activities that

promote community and police trust.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to examine the police-community relationship in the southern

barangays of Brooke’s Point, Palawan. Specifically, it aims to answer the following

questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;

1.1 Age

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1.2 Sex

1.3 Barangay residence

2. What is the current level of trust the community holds in the police officers?

3. How effective is the police force in responding to and addressing crime and issues

in the community, as perceived by the residents?

4. What are the current programs implemented to build trust between the community

and the police?

5. What are the challenges that affect the development of police-community relations?

6. What strategies or actions can be suggested to improve and strengthen the positive

relationship between the police and the community?

Significance of the Study

The result of this study will be significant and beneficial to the following:

To the Community of Brooke’s Point, Palawan, this study explores how better

communication and understanding between police and the community can lead to a safer

and more peaceful place for everyone.

To the Police Officers concerned for the maintenance of peace and order.

Community involvement is crucial in crime prevention and control. Effective law

enforcement strategies, including police operations, rely heavily on community

cooperation to ensure successful outcomes.

To the Palawan State University Brooke’s Point Campus, this will benefit this

institution since the study can be used as baseline information about Police and Community

Relations, it helps the university promote programs like community outreach, symposium,

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POINT, PALAWAN
advocacy, and awareness campaign regarding the relationship between police and the

community.

To the Criminology Student, this can provide a solid foundation of knowledge

and gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of crime and justice, acquire skills in

policy analysis and evaluation, contribute to the development of effective crime prevention

strategies, and become better equipped to address social injustices within the criminal

justice system.

To the researchers, the aftermath of this investigation will provide them with

supplementary information and exposure on how to build trust between the Community

and the Police.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study aims to explore the relationship between the Community and Police

within the southern barangays of Brooke’s Point, Palawan, namely Poblacion I, Poblacion

II, Tubtub, Amas, Oring-oring, Saraza, Samariñana, Salogon, and Malis. The study will

focus on examining the factors affecting the relationship between Police and the

Community and the effectiveness of Police in enforcing peace and order in cooperation

with the Community. The respondents include police officers, barangay officials, and

residents who have either observed or participated in police-community activities. To

obtain the data, the researchers will distribute survey questionnaires to target respondents

in the selected barangays. Furthermore, the findings of this study may be confined to the

specific context of the nine barangays of Brooke’s Point, Palawan and may not be widely

generalize. This study will commence in September 2024 and be completed in December

2024.

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Definition of terms

Throughout the research, the readers may encounter unfamiliar words. To ensure

that all readers interpret these terms in the same way as the researchers intended, the

following definition are offered, and were defined operationally and theoretically.

Ascertain. To find out or learn with certainty. Ascertain the truth. Trying to ascertain the

cause of the fire. Information that can be easily ascertained on the Internet (Merriam-

Webster).

Advocacy. Public support for an idea, plan, or way of doing something (Cambridge

Dictionary).

Community. A community is a familiar thread used to bring people together to advocate

and support each other in the fight to overcome those threats. As human beings, we need a

sense of belonging, and that sense of belonging is what connects us to the many

relationships we develop (Riché & Zamor, 2005).

Complexities. Is the state of having many different parts connected or related to each other

in a complicated way (Collins, 2024).

Crime. The intentional commission of an act usually deemed socially harmful or

dangerous and specifically defined, prohibited, and punishable under criminal law

(Edge,2024).

Injustice. Absence of justice: violation of right or of the rights of another: unfairness: an

unjust act: wrong (Merriam-Webster).

Institution. An established organization or corporation (such as a bank or university)

especially of a public character (Merriam-Webster).

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Justice. The maintenance or administration of what is just especially by the impartial

adjustment of conflicting claims or the assignment of merited rewards or punishments

(Merriam Webster).

Legitimacy. The quality or state of being legitimate (Collins Dictionary).

Police. A body of officers representing the civil authority of government. Police typically

are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and preventing,

detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These functions are known as policing.

Police are often also entrusted with various licensing and regulatory activities (George,

Kelling & Whetstone, 2024).

Programs. A set of related measures or activities with a particular long-term aim (Oxford

Dictionary).

Reform. To make an improvement, especially by changing a person’s behavior or the

structure of something (Cambridge Dictionary).

Relations. Relations between people, group, or countries are contacts between them and

the way in which they behave towards each other (Collins Dictionary).

Scientific Management. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency, especially

labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of

processes to management. Scientific management is sometimes known as Taylorism after

its pioneer (Taylor, N.D)

Scrutinize. Something, you examine it very carefully, often to find out some information

from it or About it (Collins Dictionary).

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Symposium. In the academic conference sphere, and for the time being, we will disregard

a symposium as being interchangeable with a conference; a symposium could be loosely

explained as a mini-conference within a conference (Kristy Law, 2022).

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter deals with the relevant and significant studies. These were considered

significant because they helped strengthen and provide further knowledge on the area of

the study. The related information is obtained from references such as books, journals,

articles, and websites. It also contains the synthesis, conceptual framework, and research

paradigm.

Related Literature

To begin with, Audu (2016) analyzed the impact of community policing introduced

in Nigeria by the UK Department for International Development in 2002/2003. This policy

was designed to address rising crime rates such as armed robbery, kidnapping, and

terrorism, as well as the police/public divide, where citizens are reluctant to cooperate with

law enforcement.

Moreover, at a national level in the United States, the U.S. Department of Justice

(2024) introduced the Strengthening Police and Community Partnerships (SPCP) program.

This one-day, in-person initiative facilitates dialogue between law enforcement and

community leaders to identify issues and co-develop solutions. SPCP aims to enhance

public safety, rebuild trust, and address historical barriers to police-community

partnerships proactively or in response to critical incidents.

In addition, on a more conceptual level, Calibo et al. (2021) highlighted the

fundamental principles of community relations, emphasizing their role in improving public

image, fostering unity, and addressing societal needs. Community relations programs, such

as crime prevention initiatives, environmental efforts, and educational programs, are

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essential for maintaining peace and order. These programs also encourage community

engagement, which is vital for long-term societal stability and economic growth.

More than that, from a theoretical standpoint, Hart (1958) articulated the

foundational role of law enforcement in society. Police serve both the public and the

judiciary, enforcing laws and regulations to maintain order and control crime. This role

underscores the importance of collaborative efforts between the police and the community

to effectively address societal challenges.

Similarly, Sabijon et al. (2017) evaluated the effectiveness of police-community

relations programs in Cebu City’s mountain villages. The study focused on respondents’

profiles (e.g., age, gender, occupation, and length of stay) and their perceptions of civic

action programs, public relations initiatives, public information programs, and mass

communication efforts. The findings highlighted the importance of community

involvement in complementing traditional crime-fighting strategies.

Moreover, community outreach programs like OPLAN KALINAW II exemplify

the power of collaborative efforts between the police and the community. This program

involved bread-making training sessions that equipped participants with skills to improve

their livelihoods, showcasing the potential of police-community partnerships to foster

inclusivity and safety. Such initiatives leave lasting positive impacts, reinforcing trust and

cooperation between the police and the community.

Expanding further, Leyaley (2021) emphasized that the Philippine National

Police (PNP) operates as an integral part of the community it serves. Leyaley’s study

underscored the effectiveness of PNP-Police Community Relations (PNP-PCR) programs,

such as community assistance, crime prevention initiatives, and information dissemination

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POINT, PALAWAN
efforts. These programs were perceived as highly implemented, ensuring public awareness

and equitable distribution of services across Barangay.

Similarly, Weinstein et al. (2021) examined the effects of community policing

globally, particularly in the Global South. They noted that community policing aims to

build trust, improve citizen-police engagement through foot patrols and community

meetings, and adopt problem-oriented strategies. This approach is expected to create a

virtuous cycle, where trust leads to cooperation and effective police responses, further

reinforcing trust. However, the study highlighted the lack of systematic evidence for its

effectiveness in developing countries, contrasting with its proven benefits in richer nations.

While police-community relations show promise, challenges persist. According to

Mangilimutan et al. (2020), issues such as the police’s lack of understanding of community

needs, task-oriented approaches, perceived favoritism, and limited research on policing in

the Philippines hinder the effective implementation of community policing programs.

Despite these challenges, community policing has demonstrated its potential to reduce

crimes like burglary, drug use, and robbery, as well as fear of crime, underscoring the need

for continued efforts to enhance governance and police-community collaboration.

Related Studies

Similarly, Melkamu and Teshome (2023) investigated trust in local police within the

developing context of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Their cross-sectional study of 616

households identified low trust in local police, driven by perceptions of ineffective crime

control and unfair procedural practices. They concluded that procedural justice, effective

crime control, and respectful policing are critical for improving police-community

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relations and trust. These findings emphasize the relevance of procedural justice across

varying cultural and national contexts.

Expanding to broader applications, Gold (2022) studied police-community

engagement in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research focused on

implementing procedural justice to improve relations between minority communities and

Humberside Police. Using an Action Learning Research project, officers worked

collaboratively to develop fairness in police interactions. Results suggested that applying

procedural justice fosters trust and legitimacy in policing, even during challenging

circumstances, and highlighted the utility of research-informed initiatives.

To begin with, Nalla et al. (2016) explored the perceptions of police–community

relationships in Slovenia. Their study analyzed survey data collected in 2011 from 581

Slovenian police officers and 959 residents. The findings revealed a disparity between

police officers' and residents' perceptions. While residents expressed respect for the police

and a willingness to cooperate in community-policing efforts, police officers perceived

residents as less willing to collaborate. This highlights a gap in perception that needs to be

addressed to enhance the effectiveness of community policing.

In addition, Obmerga (2014) conducted a study titled “Police Community Relations

in Sampaloc, Quezon.” The research sought to evaluate the effectiveness the

implementation of the Police Community Relations (PCR) Program in Sampaloc, Quezon,

Philippines. The findings revealed that the Philippine National Police (PNP) rated it as

"Fully Implemented." PNP members identified challenges such as excessive authority,

poor relationships with the community, and political interference, while community

members felt the police lacked understanding of their needs. No significant differences

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were found in the responses regarding the program’s implementation based on

demographic factors.

Expanding on the theoretical perspective, Songze et al. (2024) introduced the OIC

model, which focuses on police professional prestige, image, and law enforcement

credibility in shaping police-community relations.

From a broader global context, Blair et al. (2021) emphasized the prevalence of

insecurity in the Global South, where crime and violence affect more than a quarter of the

world’s population. Their research reiterated the importance of community policing in

building trust and co-producing public safety. However, they also acknowledged the

paradox of police roles in these regions, as agents of both crime reduction and unjust harm

against citizens.

From a sociocultural lens, Bush (2021) addressed the mistrust of police within

Black communities, particularly in the United States. The chapter underscored the need for

police officers to prioritize transparency, cultural humility, and intentional relationship-

building. It critiqued systemic barriers such as qualified immunity and partial cultural

education for officers, which exacerbate the Black community’s distrust. The chapter

proposed conceptual communication frameworks and global social change strategies to

improve police transparency and legitimacy.

Collado and Racelis (2021) investigated the factors affecting community

impressions of police officers. Using a descriptive research design and survey tools, the

study found that community perceptions significantly influence police-community

relations and police performance. This research aimed to assist police officers in improving

their duties while fostering positive relationships with the community.

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According to Haim et al. (2018), the impact of a community policing program in

the Philippines on attitudes toward the police and public safety outcomes. The program

combined community engagement with problem-oriented policing strategies. However, the

study revealed no significant effect on critical outcomes such as crime victimization,

perceptions of insecurity, citizen cooperation with the police, or perceptions of police

abuse, underscoring challenges in implementing community-oriented policing in regions

with low state legitimacy.

Expanding on the practical implementation of community relations, Sabijon et al.

(2017) evaluated the effectiveness of police-community relations in Cebu City’s mountain

villages. This study analyzed respondent demographics, such as age, gender, and

educational attainment, and assessed perceptions of civic action, public relations, and

information dissemination programs. The findings emphasized the importance of

collaboration between the police and the community in addressing crime and promoting

public safety.

From a broader organizational perspective, Leyaley (2021) emphasized that the

Philippine National Police (PNP) is integral to the community it serves, functioning as both

a source of support and critique. Effective community relations require a structured

program involving both the community and the criminal justice system, rather than mere

dialogue or agreement. The study stressed the shared responsibility of fostering good

community relations across multiple stakeholders, not just the police.

Synthesis

Community policing has emerged as a vital strategy to enhance public safety and

build trust between law enforcement and communities. By fostering partnership and

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encouraging collaboration, it addresses crime and improves safety. Studies highlights its

effectiveness in context like Nigeria, the Philippines, and the global south, showcasing its

role in fostering police-community cooperation, trust and mutual understanding. However,

challenges such as mistrust, limited understanding of community needs, and operational

inefficiencies persist. For community policing to achieve its full potential, continuous

adaptation, alignment with local contexts, and integration of theoretical insights are crucial.

Theoretical Framework

The relationship between law enforcement agencies and the communities they

serve is crucial for maintaining public safety, trust, and social order. In Brooke's Point,

Palawan, Philippines, like many other regions, the police-community dynamic is complex

and influenced by various factors. Effective policing requires a deep understanding of these

factors to foster positive relationships, prevent conflicts, and address safety concerns.

This theoretical framework aims to examine the intricate relationships between the

police and community in Brooke's Point, Palawan, by identifying and analyzing the key

factors that impact their interactions. By integrating existing literature and theoretical

perspectives, this framework provides a comprehensive understanding of the police-

community dynamic, informing evidence-based strategies for improvement.

Legitimacy theory (Chinayo, 2022)

People are likely to cooperate with the police when they view their authority as

legitimate. Police legitimacy is established by the people’s trust in them and the people’s

satisfaction in the way they perform their duties. This surveyed and correlated the

community people’s trust and satisfaction in the police’s performance of their duties.

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Legitimacy theory, as outlined by Chinayo (2022), is crucial to understanding and

addressing the factors that influence police-community relationships. The theory posits that

institutions, including police forces, derive their authority and effectiveness from the

public’s perception of their legitimacy. When communities view the police as legitimate,

they are more likely to cooperate, comply with laws, and support law enforcement

initiatives. Conversely, a lack of legitimacy can lead to mistrust, resistance, and strained

relationships.

Social Learning Theory (Jensen, 2015)

Social Learning Theory emphasizes the reciprocal influence between police and

communities, where behaviors and attitudes are continuously learned and reinforced. By

modeling positive interactions, reinforcing trust, and addressing cultural and systemic

barriers, police and communities can break negative cycles and build a foundation of

mutual respect and cooperation. The theory highlights the importance of education,

engagement, and consistent positive interactions in fostering better relationships and

promoting long-term societal stability.

It is focused on learning experiences that could be measured using survey data and

most research on that perspective has used that methodology. As a theory of criminality,

social learning theory emerged from a combination of principles derived from behaviorist

operant learning and other psychological theories stressing vicarious learning and

imitation.

Procedural Justice Theory (Tyler, 1990)

Procedural Justice Theory, introduced by Tom Tyler in 1990, highlights the

importance of fairness in decision-making processes and interactions between law

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enforcement and the community. The theory underscores how perceptions of fairness not

just outcomes significantly impact the relationship between police and the public.

Procedural Justice Theory provides a framework for understanding and improving

the relationship between police and communities. By prioritizing fairness, transparency,

and respect, law enforcement agencies can enhance trust, legitimacy, and cooperation.

These elements are critical for addressing societal challenges, reducing conflict, and

fostering a collaborative approach to public safety.

This study offers a thorough framework for comprehending the intricate dynamics

affecting police-community relations in Brooke's Point by combining Legitimacy Theory,

Social Learning Theory, and Community Policing. The study of the elements influencing

the interaction between the police and the community at Brooke's Point is aided by the

incorporation of legitimacy theory, social learning theory, and community policing. These

theories clarify how community perceptions of police legitimacy impact trust and

cooperation. Identifies elements that impact legitimacy, including respect, openness, and

justice in decision-making and procedures. Police-community relations improve when

perceived legitimacy rises. The Social Learning Theory looks at how people in the

community pick up knowledge by watching how police interact and behave. Community

policing places a strong emphasis on cooperative policing techniques to foster relationships

and trust. Identifies essential elements, including problem-oriented policing and

community involvement.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents research design, research locale, data gathering procedure,

population and sample, ethical consideration, and treatment of the data.

Research Design

Quantitative design method of research was utilized in this study to understand and

interpret the factors affecting the relationship between police and community in the

Municipality of Brooke’s Point. This research design is most appropriate since researchers

want to collect numerical data, which will be analyzed statistically to measure the impact

of various factors and evaluate the effectiveness of police-community relations in the

southern barangays of Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Palawan.

Research Locale

In the early 50's, as population, trade, and industries grew in this southern part of

Palawan. On June 28, 1949, Brooke's Point was finally formed as an independent

municipality pushing its own development. The Palaw'an people were the first inhabitants

of Brooke's Point, which is situated in the southern region of Palawan, Philippines.

However, the region started to draw migrants from the Visayas and Luzon in the early

1900s. Sir James Brooke, the British Vice Consul in Palawan during the American

colonization of the Philippines, is the inspiration of the municipality's name. Brookes Point

was created as a municipal district of Palawan in 1910, and on January 1, 1961, Republic

Act No. 3025 granted it official municipality status. This research will be conducted in

Municipality of Brooke's Point, Palawan, which includes the 9 barangays namely,

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Poblacion I, Poblacion II, Tubtub, Amas, Oring-oring, Saraza, Samariñana, Salogon, and

Malis.

Brooke’s Point is a rapidly growing municipality with a diverse population and a

significant community where the Philippine National Police mostly engaging and

implementing their actions and plan for a better society.

Poblacion II
Poblacion I

Figure 3.1 Map of Southern Brooke's Point

Data Collection Strategy

After obtaining approval for the study, a formal letter will be submitted to

Philippines National Police- Brooke’s Point Station and Barangay Officials of the selected

barangay in Brooke’s Point, Palawan, seeking approval to conduct the study. The letter

includes a detailed explanation of the research objectives, and the benefits of the study to

the community. Upon receiving approval from the Philippine National Police-Brooke’s

Point Station and Barangay Officials, the research team will proceed to distribute the

survey questionnaires in the selected barangays and a group of selected police officers. The

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survey questionnaires will be retrieved after a week and reviewed for completeness. Data

gathered will be analyzed using statistical treatments to determine the factors affecting the

relationship between the police and the community and assess the effectiveness of the

existing programs for building trust.

Sampling Approach

The study will adopt a purposive sampling approach to select participants, ensuring

the inclusion of community members. This approach allows for the selection of police

officers related to community relation, barangay officials, and individuals in the barangays

with direct involvement in or knowledge of police-community relations, enhancing the

relevance and reliability of the data collected. Survey questionnaires will be given to the

selected participants, ensuring the study remains efficient and effective within the

constraints of time and resources.

Research Flowchart

Define the research problem, aim and objectives

Literature Review

Formulate the research question

Develop the research theoretical framework

Identify the research methodology

Data Collection

Data analysis and model testing

Finding discussion

Research recommendations, implication and conclusion

Figure 3.2 Research Flowchart

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Target Respondents

The respondents for this study are purposively selected to ensure that the data

collected is rich and relevant to the objectives of the research. The study will be composed

of 300 individuals who possess substantial knowledge and experience regarding police-

community relations. These individuals include police officers, barangay officials, and

residents who have either observed or participated in police-community activities. The

sample will consist of three (3) police officers that are involved in community engagement,

and for each barangay are three (3) barangay officials and thirty (30) residents, particularly

those who participated in events, workshops, or programs organized by the PNP Brooke’s

Point will be selected. Their experiences will provide first-hand perspectives on how these

initiatives influence trust, collaboration, and community safety. Their insights are valuable

in understanding the broader context and the factors affecting the relationship between

police and community in the nine barangays located in the southern part of Brooke’s Point.

The actual sample size may vary depending on factors such as participant availability in

the depth of information they can provide. The sample size will be sufficient to meet the

research objectives and capture a comprehensive range of perspective on police community

relation.

Questionnaire Design

The research questionnaire design for the study on Police-Community Relations in

Brooke's Point, Palawan, is structured to gather comprehensive insights into the dynamics

between local law enforcement and community members. The questionnaire is divided into

two parts, each focusing on specific aspects of the relationship. The first part is designated

for the police officers which aims to explore their overall perceptions and experiences

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regarding their interactions with the community, while the second part focuses on the

perception of the members of community with their engagement and relationships with the

police. This is significant to gather data from both parties involve in police-community

relationship to provide a balance understanding of existing relationship and to identify

strategies to improve the cooperation and trust between the police and the community.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations will be addressed to ensure the respectful and responsible

conduct of this research within the Brooke’s Point Municipality. The research adheres to

ethical guidelines, respecting the rights and interests of all involved. Participants will be

fully informed about the purpose of the study, with an emphasis on the voluntary nature of

their participation. To ensure complete understanding, explanations and instructions will

be provided before the distribution of survey questionnaires, avoiding any potential

misconception and confusion about the topics being asked in the questionnaires. The

confidentiality and security of participants' information will be safeguarded throughout the

research process to protect their privacy. The study aims to benefit both the police and the

community by offering valuable insights into their relationships while minimizing potential

risks or harm. By adhering to these ethical principles, the research sought to respect the

dignity and rights of all participants, fostering a meaningful contribution to understanding

and improving police-community relations in Brooke’s Point.

Data Cleaning

The survey questionnaires will be reviewed for any missing or incomplete

responses. Any questions that have been skipped by the respondents to answer will be

removed from the data analysis. Also, duplicate entries for question that should only have

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one answer will be checked for possible identification of respondent’s true answer. If the

identification is not possible, the response for that specific question will also be excluded

from the analysis. A standard approach for Likert scale responses will also be employed to

have uniform and consistent representation of the responses allowing for accurate

interpretation and analyzation of responses.

Statistical Treatment

This study will use descriptive statistical treatment which consist of means,

percentages and standard deviation to summarize and have clear understanding to the

responses. This method will allow researchers to gain a deeper understanding of how

participants personally experienced the situations in connection with the police. This will

also show the effectiveness of police-community relation programs in building trust

between the community and the police This approach will help identify key areas for

improvement and guide future initiatives aimed at strengthening police-community

relations.

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REFERENCES

Audu, F. (2016). Assessing police–community relationships. https://scholar.google.com

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. https://www.google.com

Blaire, G., et al. (2021). Programs that build trust between police and community.

https://scholar.google.com

Bush, M. (2021). Policing strategies and approaches to improving community relations.

https://www.igi-global.com

Calibo, J., et al (2021). Community relations program in relation to inclusive growth.

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