UNIT 2: Network Model

Draw and explain layered architecture of OSI model.

OSI model (Open System Interconnection) model was developed by ISO (international standard organization)
which provides way to understand how internetwork operates. It gives guidelines for creating network standard.
OSI model has 7 layers as shown in the figure. Application Layer, Presentation Layer ,Session Layer ,Transport
Layer ,Network Layer ,Data link Layer and Physical Layer
Physical (Layer 1)
 OSI Model, Layer 1 conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse,
light or radio signal — through the network at the electrical and
mechanical level.
 It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a
carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects.
Data Link (Layer 2)
 At OSI Model, Layer 2, data packets are encoded and decoded into
bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and
handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame
synchronization.
 The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media
Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer.
 The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains
access to the data and permission to transmit it.
 The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and
error checking.
Network (Layer 3)
 Layer 3 provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits,
for transmitting data from node to node.
 Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error
handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.
Transport (Layer 4)
 Model, Layer 4, provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible
for end-to-end error recovery and flow control.
 It ensures complete data transfer from source to destination.
Session (Layer 5)
 This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications.
 The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between
the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.
Presentation (Layer 6)
 This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by
translating from application to network format, and vice versa.
 The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept.
 This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility
problems. It is sometimes called the syntax & semantics.
Application (Layer 7)
 OSI Model, Layer 7, supports application and end-user processes.
 Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for file.

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 UNIT 2: Network Model

What is the TCP/IP Model?

TCP/IP Model helps you to determine how a specific computer should be connected to the internet and how
data should be transmitted between them. It helps you to create a virtual network when multiple computer
networks are connected together. The purpose of TCP/IP model is to allow communication over large distances.
TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol. TCP/IP Stack is specifically designed as a
model to offer highly reliable and end-to-end byte stream over an unreliable internetwork.

TCP Characteristics
Here, are the essential characteristics of TCP IP protocol:

 Support for a flexible TCP/IP architecture

 Adding more system to a network is easy.
 In TCP IP protocols suite, the network remains intact until the source, and destination machines were
functioning properly.
 TCP is a connection-oriented protocol.
 TCP offers reliability and ensures that data which arrives out of sequence should put back into order.
 TCP allows you to implement flow control, so sender never overpowers a receiver with data.stions and
Answers

Five Layers of TCP/IP model

TCP/IP Conceptual Layers

In this TCP/IP tutorial, we will explain different layers and their functionalities in
The functionality of the TCP IP model is divided into four layers, and each includes specific protocols.

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TCP/IP is a layered server architecture system in which each layer is defined according to a specific function to
perform. All these four TCP IP layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from one layer to another.

 Application Layer
 Transport Layer
 Internet Layer
 Network Interface- data link layer & physical layer

Application Layer

 This is the topmost layer which indicates the applications and programs that utilize the TCP/IP model
for communicating with the user through applications and various tasks performed by the layer,
including data representation for the applications executed by the user and forwards it to the transport
layer
 The application layer maintains a smooth connection between the application and user for data exchange
and offers various features as remote handling of the system, e-mail services, etc.

Some of the protocols used in this layer are:

HTTP: Hypertext transfer protocol is used for accessing the information available on the internet.
SMTP: Simple mail transfer protocol, assigned the task of handling e-mail-related steps and issues.
FTP: This is the standard protocol that oversees the transfer of files over the network channel.

Transport Layer
 This layer is responsible for establishing the connection between the sender and the receiver device and
also performs the task of dividing the data from the application layer into packets, which are then used
to create sequences.
 It also performs the task of maintaining the data, i.e., to be transmitted without error, and controls the
data flow rate over the communication channel for smooth transmission of data.

The protocols used in this layer are:

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol is responsible for the proper transmission of segments over the
communication channel. It also establishes a network connection between the source and destination system.
UDP: User Datagram Protocol is responsible for identifying errors, and other tasks during the transmission of
information. UDP maintains various fields for data transmission such as:
Source Port Address: This port is responsible for designing the application that makes up the message to be
transmitted.
Destination Port Address: This port receives the message sent from the sender side.
Total Length: The total number of bytes of the user datagram.
Checksum: Used for error detection of the message at the destination side.

Internet Layer
 The Internet layer performs the task of controlling the transmission of the data over the network modes
and enacts protocols related to the various steps related to the transmission of data over the channel,
which is in the form of packets sent by the previous layer.
 This layer performs many important functions in the TCP/IP model, some of which are:
o It is responsible for specifying the path that the data packets will use for transmission.
o This layer is responsible for providing IP addresses to the system for the identification matters
over the network channel.
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Some of the protocols applied in this layer are:

IP: This protocol assigns your device with a unique address; the IP address is also responsible for routing the
data over the communication channel.
ARP: This protocol refers to the Address Resolution Protocol that is responsible for finding the physical
address using the IP address.

Network Access Layer

 This layer is the combination of data-link and physical layer, where it is responsible for maintaining the
task of sending and receiving data in raw bits, i.e., in binary format over the physical communication
modes in the network channel.
 It uses the physical address of the system for mapping the path of transmission over the network
channel.
 Till this point in this tutorial on what is TCP/IP model, you understood the basic idea behind the model
and details about its layers, now compare the model with another network model

Advantages of the TCP/IP model

Here, are pros/benefits of using the TCP/IP model:

 It helps you to establish/set up a connection between different types of computers.

 It operates independently of the operating system.
 It supports many routing-protocols.
 It enables the internetworking between the organizations.
 TCP/IP model has a highly scalable client-server architecture.
 It can be operated independently.
 Supports a number of routing protocols.
 It can be used to establish a connection between two computers.
Disadvantages of the TCP/IP model
 TCP/IP is a complicated model to set up and manage.
 The shallow/overhead of TCP/IP is higher-than IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange).
 In this, model the transport layer does not guarantee delivery of packets.
 Replacing protocol in TCP/IP is not easy.
 It has no clear separation from its services, interfaces, and protocols.

Four Layers of TCP/IP model

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 UNIT 2: Network Model

.Differences between OSI and TCP/IP models

Difference between OSI and TCP/IP model

Here, are some important differences between the OSI and TCP/IP model:

OSI Model TCP/IP model

It is developed by ISO (International Standard It is developed by ARPANET (Advanced
Organization) Research Project Agency Network).
TCP/IP doesn’t have any clear distinguishing
OSI model provides a clear distinction between
points between services, interfaces, and
interfaces, services, and protocols.
protocols.
OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection. TCP refers to Transmission Control Protocol.
OSI uses the network layer to define routing
TCP/IP uses only the Internet layer.
standards and protocols.
OSI follows a vertical approach. TCP/IP follows a horizontal approach.
OSI model use two separate layers physical and
data link to define the functionality of the bottom TCP/IP uses only one layer (link).
layers.
OSI layers have seven layers. TCP/IP has four layers.
OSI model, the transport layer is only connection- A layer of the TCP/IP model is both
oriented. connection-oriented and connectionless.

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In the OSI model, the data link layer and physical In TCP, physical and data link are both
are separate layers. combined as a single host-to-network layer.
Session and presentation layers are not a part of the There is no session and presentation layer in
TCP model. TCP model.
It is defined after the advent of the Internet. It is defined before the advent of the internet.
The minimum size of the OSI header is 5 bytes. Minimum header size is 20 bytes.

Most Common TCP/IP Protocols

Some widely used most common TCP/IP protocol are:
TCP:Transmission Control Protocol is an internet protocol suite which breaks up the message into TCP
Segments and reassembling them at the receiving side.
IP:An Internet Protocol address that is also known as an IP address is a numerical label. It is assigned to each
device that is connected to a computer network which uses the IP for communication. Its routing function
allows internetworking and essentially establishes the Internet. Combination of IP with a TCP allows
developing a virtual connection between a destination and a source.
HTTP:The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a foundation of the World Wide Web. It is used for transferring
webpages and other such resources from the HTTP server or web server to the web client or the HTTP client.
Whenever you use a web browser like Google Chrome or Firefox, you are using a web client. It helps HTTP to
transfer web pages that you request from the remote servers.
SMTP:SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol. This protocol supports the e-mail is known as a simple
mail transfer protocol. This protocol helps you to send the data to another e-mail address.
SNMP:SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It is a framework which is used for managing
the devices on the internet by using the TCP/IP protocol.
DNS:DNS stands for Domain Name System. An IP address that is used to identify the connection of a host to
the internet uniquely. However, users prefer to use names instead of addresses for that DNS.
TELNET:TELNET stands for Terminal Network. It establishes the connection between the local and remote
computer. It established connection in such a manner that you can simulate your local system at the remote
system.
FTP:FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is a mostly used standard protocol for transmitting the files from
one machine to another.

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Guru Gobind Singh Polytechnic, Nasik

Electronics & Telecommunication Department
Subject: Computer Networking and data Communication-CND(22634)
Assignment No: 2
UNIT 2: Network Model

Part 1 : 4/6 Marks

Q.1 draw & explain OSI Model in Detail

Q.2 draw & explain TCP/IP Model in Detail

Q.3 Explain Port addressing

Q.4 Explain Physical addressing

Q.5 Explain Logical Addressing

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