Introduction to Construction
330-Construction-I
Kabul University
Engineering Faculty, Architecture Dep.
Kabul, Afghanistan
Fall 2022
Text Used in This Semester’s Lectures
Topics covered to day
1- Why we need shelters
2-What is Construction
3-Stakeholders in the Building Constr. Systems
4-Phases of Construction Project
5-Choosing Building Construction System
6-Responsibilities
7- and consideration of sustainability.
Introduction
Why we need shelters ?
Dawn from the human creation they have looked for shelter to
protect themselves from sun, wind, rain and snow.
Later they were trying to build a platform for daily human activities
and save themselves from natural disasters.
We need dry, level platforms for our activities. Often we need to
stack these platforms to multiply available ground space
As our needs were raised for more activities, so most activities
cannot take place outdoors and needed permanent shelter.
.. On these platforms, and within our shelter, we need air that is
warmer or cooler, more or less humid, than outdoors.
Introduction
Why we need shelters ?
We need less light by day, and more light by night, than is offered
by the natural world.
We need services that provide energy, communications and water
and disposal of wastes.
So we gather materials and assemble them into the Structure we
call buildings to satisfy these needs.
Construction become more important subject matter when the
new discovers are made to construction material like, Iron, class,
plastic and so on in late centuries.
New materials and technology needs to reach and satisfy the
needs of our today modern world requirement.
Introduction
Why we need shelters ?
New construction materials and its usage technology and
methodology is the requirement of today’s architecture and civil
engineering field and it is raising as far as the development in
new technology is walking a head.
Shading Device- Movable Overhangs
Construction
What is Construction ?
The process or method of building something large such as a
building, bridge, or road.
But the definition is not end here using “construction’’ word today is
more wide used and widespread in building industry and..
it refer to the all processing, manners or art of constructing putting
together the parts of any things, or erection.”
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“Construction” to day is mostly used for construction process of
build or buildings.
The Construction Process starts exactly at time when the design
process or drawings becomes capable to answering;
Construction
What is Construction ?
The primary stages’ questions for implementation of building
layout or any engineering product.
The type of questions, or lack of enough documents (drawings,
specification and details) can lead the design to unimplemented
job.
The process continuous until the design of “a building or any
product” becomes visibly alive on ground.
Exist on ground and ends at predicted time and reaches its all
standards and related design requirements that the designer
assumed.
“The construction industry has become increasingly
competitive in last decades” (Schaufel berger, 2002, p. 2)
Construction
What is Construction ?
These increasing requirements need greater emphasis on
effective and sufficient construction materials, and ….
Construction technology to Handel and satisfy the clients and our
today unlimited ambitions.
Today world and technology has proven this. Construction of
projects such as Burge Khalifa, Towers, Buildings in last decades
are several examples,
Any dream could be reality if, design and construction work walk
together.
Burj-Khalifa
Picture of the Day
Stakeholders in the Building Constr. Systems
Who Are the Stakeholder ?
Owner - Role ? Prime mover
Architect - Selects the team of professionals - Develops the building
concept in consultation with the owner - also carries out feasibility
study
Team of designers : Chemical, civil, electrical & mechanical
engineers and naval architects ; draftsmen - Develop contract
documents
General contractor : Selects subcontractors - Begin construction
Approving authorities and Compliance review
Stakeholders in the Building Constr. Systems
Who Are the Stakeholder ?
Building inspectors, architect, and consultants - Compliance to
design and code requirement
No. of above partner, relation, abilities, responsibilities, Project
time, Project cost, and size can be change and depend on each
project
Phases of Construction Project
Principle phases for a construction projects are:
( Each project can has its own concept and different nature of design
but over all they share the below concepts.
Project planning – requirements- scope- budget- design- bid
process
a owner, determine or propose a project to be build to satisfy his/her
requirement. Establish scope. Search or locate the budget.
Hair a architect to conceptualize his idea. Bring all requirements in
frame to be analyzable.
A prime consultant and contractor is selected.
Project start up- mobilization – stick out – start up activities
Site is mobilized, finial design is located on ground.
Excavation, cutting, filling, compaction, foundations, and
primary activities start.
Phases of Construction Project
Project (build) control – follow up activities - quality control-
and full implementation
Main activities, supper structure and above ground activities.
Main structure frame and skin, finishing, covering, Repeated
activities, quality control and quality assuring.
Project hand over ( close out) – testing and commissioning-
as built
Work on networks, mechanical parts and make sure every element
working rerecording to contract and design.
Post project analyze and maintenance
(lesson learning, recycling, spar parts and maintenance )
Principle phases for a construction projects are:
Project Project hand Post project
Project Project start
(build) over ( close analyze and
planning up-
control out) maintenance
Choosing Building Construction System
General and physical limitations:
Land area available for building, weight of building and soil
strength, structural dimensions, material performance under
exposure conditions, contractual arrangements regarding
building construction.
Material selection dependent on:
Designer/Architect with inputs from owner (for appearance and
performance) and contractor (for cost, availability &
constructability)
Budget - Permitted and overruns
How the owner/ agency like to approach the financial support
Choosing Building Construction System
Zoning ordinances:
Imposed by local authorities (Planning Department - Residential
or industrial, area covered by and offsets required for building,
parking spaces, floor area, height of building, center-city fire
zones, etc.
Satisfy the requirements for functional performance:
In stable equilibrium, Strength, Serviceability, Safety of
operation
Give the desired aesthetic qualities:
Visual appearance, personal choice
Not constrained by legal constraints:
Codes & ordinances
The most economical :
Funds available, life-cycle costs, etc.
Choosing Building Construction System
Materials used are the most appropriate for the
environment:
least damaging and disruptive, very little environment damaging
effluents and emissions, etc.
Performance Concerns :
Building movements, structural deflections, thermal- and
moisture- related expansion and contraction, heat flow, water
vapor migration and condensation, deterioration, building
maintenance, etc.
Construction Concerns :
Safety, built on time, within budget, quality of construction,
sequencing of construction operations, inclement weather,
quality assurance of materials, etc.
Choosing Building Construction System
Building Codes : “…. Establish minimum construction
standards for the protection of life, health, and welfare of the
public” - NBCC, IBC (2000), BOCA, SBC, ISO & EURO -
Regulate the building activities –
Define user groups, construction types, fire resistance
ratings,
materials, natural light, ventilation, emergency exits,
structural design, construction methodology, fire protection
systems, accessibility to disabled persons, energy efficiency,
etc.
Building Regulations
More than 44,000 jurisdictions in US regulating buildings
Time required for permitting can be excessive.
Differing standards and interpretation.
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Responsibilities
Who is Primarily Responsible for
Construction Methods?
The contractor shall be solely responsible for and
have control over means, methods, techniques, sequences and
procedures and for coordinating all portions of the Work under
the contract (unless instructed otherwise)
Who is Responsible to Ensure the Contract Documents
Conform to Code Requirements?
Why would the Architect have Primary Responsibility?
Do contractors have any responsibility for code
conformance?
23
Sustainability
“…meeting the needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
needs.”
Sustainable Construction Actions
– Energy efficient buildings
– Re-use existing structures
– Efficient land use
– Use of renewable products / materials
– Protect soil and water resources
– Reduce / eliminate pollution
Sustainability - addressed on a Life Cycle basis
Sustainability
SUSTAINABILITY CONSIDERATIONS WHEN SELECTING
SYSTEM & MATERIALS
Origin & Manufacture of Building Materials
– Plentiful? Renewable? Recycled content? Energy
expended to acquire? Manufacturing pollutants & waste?
Construction of the Building
– Energy expended to acquire & install? Pollutants
generated? Waste generated & can it be recycled?
Building Maintenance
– Energy use over its lifetime? Material impact on indoor air
quality? Maintenance required? Maintenance materials
toxic? Recyclable? Fire & smoke properties?
Demolition- consider the % recycling (wood, brick, steel)
