RESEARCH

this is not how a hypothesis should be structured

Negative × negative in counting format
Mohit Gaur

Gaur M. Negative × negative in counting format. J Pure Appl and also defines the multiplication of negative numbers more efficiently than the
Math. 2024; 8(1):01-04. current definition. The correctness of this new definition means that we should
not write 2*2 as 2+2 but in the new format.
ABSTRACT
This research paper discusses the shortcomings of the currently Although in this example both definitions are correct, in the example of negative
prevalent definition of multiplication, and according to this paper, numbers, only the new definition works. Therefore, whether it is positive or
the definition of Multiplication is not complete and has many negative, the same definition and format should be used which is more perfect
Errors as it does not apply to all types of examples such as because in mathematics a definition will be considered complete only if it works
negative×negative. in all types of examples.

Rather, the new definition given by us applies well to all examples Key words: Counting Format; Negative; Zero; Multiplication; Vedic period

INTRODUCTION dictionary)
Definition of multiplication:

I s the definition of multiplication given by all accepted dictionaries

of mathematics really accurate? Does it work in all types of instance
To increase a number by the number of times mentioned.
I.e. 2×3 means increase 2 for 3 times.
Or
.I think it's totally rotten when we multiply negative numbers.
According to the mathematics of the vedic period, multiplication is To add a number to itself a particular number of times.
somewhat different from modern mathematics. I found the real I.e. 2×3 means Add 2 to itself 3 times.
meaning of multiplication by doing deep research on brahmagupta's
mathematics, vedic mathematics, rashi vigyan, jyotish and other ganit Explanation
shastras. apart from this, we have also explained the correct definition According to these definitions, multiplication is the only repetitive
of zero and its actual form which is mentioned in Indian Sanskrit addition of a number nothing other than this. If this concept is
texts. Through the real property and basic nature of zero, we have perfect then it should be applied in all examples with all conditions.
also given a new dimension to understanding the basics of negative
and positive number's operation. the current definition of Complication of this Concept
multiplication is not complete and has many errors as it does not This concept is working everywhere except for negative numbers. See
apply to all types of examples such as negative*negative. Examples:

Current concept Ex. 1

In mathematics, a definition is used to give a precise meaning of a 2×3=6
formula and any mathematical definition will be literally correct if we Try it in Definition format
can deal with each example using only its words and understanding. 2+2+2=6
And as far as multiplying means counting, then by using its definition It works here (2×3=2+2+2)
all the problems should be put in the counting format. And in this
sequence the definition of multiplication should be checked. Ex. 2
(-2)×3=-6
According to modern mathematics (oxford and cambridge Check it in Definition format

Independent Researcher, India

Correspondence: Mohit Gaur, Independent Researcher, India, e-mail [email protected]

Received: Mar 6, 2023, Manuscript No. puljpam-23-6219, Editor Assigned: Mar 08, 2023, Pre-QC No. puljpam-23-6219 (PQ), Reviewed: Mar 11, 2023, QC
No. puljpam-23-6219 (Q), Revised: Mar 15, 2023, Manuscript No puljpam-23-6219 (R), Published: Jan 31, 2024, DOI:-10.37532/2752-8081.24.8(1).01-04.
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J Pure Appl Math Vol 8 No 1 January 2024 1
Mohit Gaur
prof.
(-2)+(-2)+(-2)=-6 New concept
It works here so -2×3=(-2)+(-2)+(-2) According to Mr. Henry Burchard Fine (a Former professor of
mathematics at princeton university) The modern method of
Ex. 3 multiplication is based on brahmgupta’s axioms. But I think Modern
(-2)×(-3) = +6 (we Know) Check it in definition format“negative two mathematics adopted the basics from ancient indian definitions but
groups of negative three”. Makes no Sense. not faultlessly. I found the real meaning of multiplication by doing
deep research on brahmgupta's maths & other vedic ganit shastras.
 The main problem is how do you write it in an
arithmetical format that also justifies your Definition of personal euphoria?
Multiplication According to ancient Indian mathematics
Perfect Definition of Multiply
We can't describe it in repetitive addition format because how can we
add -2 into itself for -3 times. As we can't assume negative times  To Add/Subtract a number to zero (0) for a particular
addition. Negative time’s addition is a mathematical impossibility number of times.
because it is a self-contradiction.  To increase or decrease a number to zero (0) for a
particular number of times.
And a math’s learning website (run by dr. james tanton) also claims
that we cannot properly explain negative multiplication in the Ex. 2×3 means Add 2 Times 2 in 0 (2×3=0+2+2+2 not 2+2+2)
repetitive addition (current definition of multiply) Figure 1. Explanation:-

• If the multiplier is +3 it means add 2 to 0 for 3 times.

• If the multiplier is -3 it means to subtract 2 to zero for 3
times.
It means we are doing a particular Action (add or subtract) with the
main number in 0(zero) for mentioned number of times (Frequency).

So now we are going to check the new definition by different

examples
unstructured sentence. is
this a youtube video script
Example.1
or something?
2  2  4
Expand:-
   
0  2  2  4

So  
2  2  0  2  ( 2)
Figure 1) Failure of the current definition and proves algebraically
Example. 2
This website explains the failure of the current definition and proves 2×2= 4
algebraically that      but can't even put it into an equation as Expand:-
an arithmetic definition. Multiplying negative by negative is positive. 0+2+2= 4 lack of clarity
This can be accomplished in many ways, even with simple thinking; So (2×2=0+2+2)
but this in no way can be summed up in a formula using the current
standard definition of multiplication. As we discussed, according to Example. 3
the definition of multiplication, it is the process of adding a number  2   2  4 (We know)
to itself a certain number of times. Therefore, it would not make
Expand:- Subtract -2 in 0 for 2 times
sense to write a negative multiplied by a negative in a counting form.
Negative times negative is a mathematical expression which cannot be    
0  2  2  4 (Proved)
expressed as an arithmetic format. So  
2  2  0  2  2    (Expandation is possible)

It means that the problem is in the definition and it needs to be

Now we can describe the neg. multiplication with definition.
universalized... because if the definition would be correct then from
the very beginning, school children will be able to grasp the
Questions on new concept
philosophy of multiplication very well.
This question still remains that ( will give positive results, it
should also be understood in arithmetic form. And why did we use
Conclusion = "We can't Describe (   ) in counting format; it
zero and what is the contribution of zero in our new definition, if we
cannot be expressed as an arithmetic format by using the current
find the answers to these 2 questions, then there will be no question
definition of multiplication".
left in this definition.

2 J Pure Appl Math Vol 8 No 1 January 2024

a bit too casual , dont u think?

 Negative in counting format

1. How     in our explanation?

0   

2. And why do we Use 0 in Multiplication?

elaborate on charges

To find the answer of both questions, we need to know about the

basics of zero. whos "we"?
What is Zero
According to ved, upnishads, and other sanskrit texts, zero (shunya) is
the base of all numbers and it is not only a placeholder but also a
foundation of all basics. Shunya also contains something (zero is not
so-called 'nothing' in indian maths).
justify diagram
Ancient indian mathematicians and grammarians about zero

Maharshi Panini about zero (shunya) Figure 2) I Visualised a virtual structure of zero: Based on
Maharshi Panini's definition of Zero based on Sanskrit grammar:- brahmsphutasidhhanta, asthadhyayi, and yajurved
अदर्शनं लोपः - १.१.६० (adarshanam lopah - 1.1.60)
 Om kham brahm - yajurved 40.17

 Adarshanäm means = To be Invisible

 Samaikyam kham - brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta
 And lop is adarshnam (According to sage panini)

 Adarshanam lopah – astadhyayi

Note:- Lop is a synonym of zero or shunya kamasutra?
Explanation: According to the sutra, zero means something
0 = numbers in positive and negative version in equal quantity; by
disappeared or become invisible it means something still exists inside
this angle we can say that zero contains positive and negative (in equal
zero but it’s invisible or disappeared. So we can say that zero is not
quantity).
identical to nothing but it behaves like nothing.
According to the structure of 0, it contains + and - both in equality
Panini explained this invisibility in sounds, words, and language
(and it's a fact that +1-1=0).
terms but i see it also applies in maths, but actually what's hidden
inside a zero? it's explained by an indian mathematician
So now we are able to explain arithmetically that how 0-(-) become +
“brahmgupta”.
in our example 3.

Brahmgupta about zero

Zero's hidden role in multiplication
Now after knowing the true meaning of zero, it can be easily
understood how our problem was solved by taking zero. and it will
also become clear that what is the true meaning of positive and
negative multiplication let us know the real meaning of increasing
and decreasing from zero. :-
unreliable and baseless
0+(Y) means add Y in 0
0-(Y) means subtract Y from 0
Than:-
 0+(+) means = add (+) in 0 before this process 0 have "+" and "-"
Figure 2) According to Great indian Mathematician and Astronomer
in equality, so if you add one more "+" than 0 lost his equality
Brahmgupta, zero is SamaeKham kham - समैक्यम् खम् In his text
and become "+" dominated
“Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta" (Reference - ब्रह्म१८.३०)

Samaekyam = Equal positive and negative  0-(+) means = subtract the positive(+) into 0 and we will get
Kham (ख) means = Zero negative dominated results so 0-(+) = negative (-)

Explanation: according to the definition, the sum of an equal positive  0+(-) means = add the negative (-) into 0 and we will get negative
and negative makes zero, or we can say that subtracting a number into results so 0+(-) = negative (-) (because now zero has more
itself makes zero. Example. (1-1=0) this sutra also describes that zero negatives than positives)
is neutral but it contains positive and negative charges in equal
quantity (0=+, -)  0-(-) means = subtract (-) into zero(0) gives positive before this
process, zero has negative and positive both in equality, and we
removed negative from zero so 0 becomes positive dominated.

J Pure Appl Math Vol 8 No 1 January 2024 3

Mohit Gaur

6. Dr. K.D. Dwiwedi,Vedon main vigyan,vishwabharti

(Because now 0 has more positives than negative when we removed anusandhan parishad, 2nd edition,2008
some negative value. So it gives a positive answer)
7. Acharya sripati,Siddhant shekhar,Chowkhamba
Krishnadas Academy, Ed.2015
Ex. - (-5) means 0-(-5)
And if we remove -5 from 0 which contains +5 and -5 both then it 8. Maharshi Panini,Ashtadhyayi Sutra Path, RAM LAL
remains +5. So finally we write, 0-(-5)= 0+5. KAPOOR, TRUST, Ed.2019
 Here 0 means (+5,-5). And if we remove -5 from the given
subset then it remains only +5* and this theory applies to 9. Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati,
every example and condition. Astadhyayibhashyam,Vaidik Yantralay Ajmer,1927

coi 10. Aryabhata,aryabhatiya,D.K.Print World LTD , 2015

DECLARATION
Conflicts of interest/Competing interests: The author declares no
conflict of interest. 11. Brahmagupta; Bhāskara II (1817). Algebra, with
Arithmetic and Mensuration, from the Sanscrit of
CONCLUSIONS Brahmegupta and Bháscara. Translated by Henry Thomas
Colebrooke. John Murray. p. 319
In conclusion, the newly proposed definition presented in this
research paper not only effectively applies to various examples but
also offers a more efficient elucidation of the multiplication of 12. Plofker (2007, pp. 428–434
negative numbers compared to the prevailing definition. Moreover, incorrect citation format
this study concludes to a comprehensive understanding of the
inherent properties of positive and negative numbers, shedding light elaborate
on the true essence of zero within numerical systems. Through
rigorous analysis and empirical evidence, this paper reaffirms the
fundamental principles governing numerical operations, enriching
our comprehension of mathematical concepts and their Actual
Philosophy. ??
So-
n*m = n+n+...+n ( m times) is not honorific perfect baseless and questionable
n*m = 0+n+n+...+n ( m times) is perfect

This study not only elucidates the proposed findings but also
underscores their historical precedence, tracing back to the
knowledge documented in ancient Indian texts. Through an
examination of these ancient sources, we have unveiled a remarkable
comparison between our contemporary understanding ofmethodology zero, remains unclear
positive-negative numbers, and the insights gleaned from millennia-
old Indian mathematical treatises. By bridging the gap between past
wisdom and present scholarship, this research highlights the enduring
relevance and timeless significance of mathematical principles,
emphasizing the rich heritage that continues to inform and inspire
modern scientific inquiry.
bibliography??
SOURCE
1. Colin McIntosh, Cambridge Advanced Learner's
Dictionary 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press,2013

2. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary - 10th

Edition,Oxford University Press,2020
nationalistic bias
APA?? lack of internal sourcing and citations
3. Braymguptacharya,Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta VOL 4,Indian captions arent italicised
Institute of Astronomical and Sanskrit Research,1966
horrendous grammar
4. Fine, Henry B. (1907). The Number System of Algebra - lack of mathematical conceptualisation
Treated Theoretically and Historically (PDF) (2nd ed.). p.
90 lack of research ethics
5. Yajurveda Samhita,NAG Publisher,1990

4 J Pure Appl Math Vol 8 No 1 January 2024

***this is not ur personal diary; please refrain from writing an academic

paper in such a mono-casual and personal tone