Research skills assignment 3

The Impact of Social Media on Youth Mental Health

BY

TRANIECE KIMANI
DECLARATION

I, Traniece Kimani, hereby declare that this research proposal, titled The Impact of
social media on Youth Mental Health, is my original work and has not been submitted
to any other institution or organization for academic credit or any other purpose. All
sources of information and references used in the preparation of this proposal have
been duly acknowledged.

I understand that any form of plagiarism or academic dishonesty is a violation of

academic integrity, and I affirm that this work is free from any such misconduct.
Signature: _______________________
Name: Traniece Kimani
Registration Number: 22/07250
Date: 29/03/2025
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.Introduction
• 1.1 Background of the Study
• 1.2 Statement of the problem
• 1.3 Purpose of the study
• 1.4 Objectives of the study

CHAPTER TWO
2.Literature Review
• 2.1 Overview of Social Media Usage Among Youth
• 2.2 Psychological Theories on Mental Health and Social Media
• 2.3 Gaps in Existing Research

CHAPTER THREE
3.Research Methodology
• 3.1 Research Design
• 3.2 Data Collection Methods
• 3.3 Sampling strategy

4.Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
1. ISM - Impact of Social Media
2. YMH - Youth Mental Health
3. SMMH - Social Media and Mental Health
4. SYMI - Social Media's Youth Mental Impact
5. MHSA - Mental Health in Social Age
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the study

The Impact of Social Media on Youth Mental Health
The rapid rise of social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and
TikTok over the past two decades has significantly transformed how people
communicate, share information, and engage with the world. As of 2025, more than
4.5 billion individuals are active social media users globally, with a substantial
proportion of users being adolescents and young adults. This demographic is
particularly drawn to social media due to its role in fostering connection, self-
expression, and access to a virtual community. However, concerns about the potential
adverse effects of social media use on youth mental health have steadily gained
prominence among researchers, educators, parents, and policymakers.

Adolescence is a critical developmental period characterized by significant changes

in emotional, psychological, and social functioning. During this time, young
individuals are particularly susceptible to external influences, including peer
validation and social comparison. Social media platforms often amplify these
dynamics by creating curated, idealized representations of lifestyles, appearances,
and achievements, which can inadvertently foster feelings of inadequacy, low self-
esteem, and depression among young users. Additionally, cyberbullying and online
harassment have emerged as pervasive issues on social media, exacerbating stress,
anxiety, and emotional distress in vulnerable individuals.

On the other hand, social media also offers potential benefits for youth, such as
opportunities for social support, access to mental health resources, and a platform for
raising awareness about critical issues. As a result, understanding the dual-edged
impact of social media usage on youth mental health requires a nuanced approach
that considers both its risks and its potential advantages. Given the increasing
prevalence of mental health challenges, such as anxiety and depression, among
adolescents and the growing reliance on digital platforms, it has become imperative
to examine the link between social media use and youth mental well-being.

This study aims to explore the multifaceted relationship between social media and
youth mental health, addressing both the detrimental and beneficial aspects. By
investigating patterns of use, psychological outcomes, and potential mediating
factors, the research seeks to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of
how social media influences the mental health of young individuals in today's digital
age.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The pervasive use of social media among youth has sparked widespread discussions
about its impact on mental health. While social media offers opportunities for
connection, self-expression, and access to information, it also presents challenges
such as cyberbullying, social comparison, and excessive screen time. Despite the
growing prevalence of mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression among
adolescents, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding of how social
media usage directly and indirectly influences their psychological well-being.

This gap in knowledge makes it difficult for educators, parents, healthcare providers,
and policymakers to establish effective guidelines or interventions to mitigate
potential harm while maximizing the benefits of social media. Therefore, there is an
urgent need to investigate the multifaceted relationship between social media usage
and youth mental health to inform evidence-based strategies for promoting mental
well-being in the digital age.

1.3Purpose of the Study

The realistic purpose of the study on the impact of social media on youth mental
health is to investigate and understand the various ways in which social media
influences the mental health and well-being of adolescents. This includes exploring
potential risks, such as increased feelings of distress, cyberbullying, and negative
body image, as well as potential benefits, such as social connectedness and support.
The study aims to provide insights into the complex relationships between social
media use and mental health indicators, helping to identify factors that may
exacerbate or mitigate these impacts across diverse contexts and individual
differences

Additionally, the research seeks to inform clinicians, parents, and policymakers about
effective strategies to manage social media use among youth. This includes
advocating for harm reduction approaches, fostering resilience, and promoting
healthy online behaviors. Ultimately, the study intends to contribute to a body of
knowledge that can guide interventions and public health campaigns aimed at
supporting the mental health of adolescents in a digital age.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

1. Identify Usage Patterns: Determine how frequently and in what ways youth
engage with social media (e.g., the types of platforms used, time spent online,
and the nature of interactions).
2. Assess Mental Health Outcomes: Measure various mental health indicators,
such as anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and feelings of loneliness, using
standardized assessment tools.
3. Explore Correlational Factors: Investigate how specific factors (e.g., type of
social media content consumed, level of engagement, and peer interactions)
correlate with mental health outcomes.
 4. Differentiate Demographic Influences: Examine whether the impact of social
media varies across different demographic groups, such as age, gender,
socioeconomic status, and cultural background.
5. Formulate Recommendations: Based on the findings, provide evidence-based
recommendations for parents, educators, and mental health professionals on
promoting healthy social media use among youth.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview of Social Media Usage Among Youth

The overview of social media usage among youth highlights the prevalent and
evolving role of digital platforms in adolescents' lives. As of early 2025, a significant
majority of American teens engage with social media regularly, with nearly half
reporting that they are online almost constantly. This ubiquitous presence of social
media is facilitated by widespread access to smartphones, with most adolescents
using these devices to connect with peers and participate in various online
communities.

Among the most popular platforms for youth, YouTube stands out as the leading
choice, with approximately 90% of teens actively using the site. TikTok, Snapchat,
and Instagram also maintain substantial followings, with more than half of
adolescents reporting regular use of these platforms. The usage patterns reflect a
distinct trend where platforms centered on visual content and short-form interactions
resonate particularly well with younger demographics. For instance, TikTok's rapid
growth showcases the appeal of highly engaging, bite-sized video content, allowing
users to express creativity and connect through shared trends.

A noteworthy aspect of social media usage among youth is the significant amount of
time spent online, with studies indicating that teens allocate nearly five hours each
day to social media platforms [citation:5]. This extensive engagement raises concerns
about the implications for mental health, including issues related to sleep disruption
and reduced face-to-face interactions. Indeed, the addictive nature of social media,
driven by algorithmic content curation and notifications, can lead to excessive use,
leaving some adolescents vulnerable to negative psychological outcomes.

Furthermore, the landscape of social media interaction among youth is characterized

by evolving communication trends, including an increased emphasis on self-
presentation and the cultivation of personal brands. Social media serves as a crucial
space for identity exploration, where adolescents experiment with different aspects of
their personalities, often influenced by peer feedback and societal standards.
However, this can also result in detrimental effects, such as unhealthy comparisons
with idealized portrayals of peers and influencers, thus impacting self-esteem and
body image.

2.2 Psychological Theories on Mental Health and Social Media

1. Social Comparison Theory: This theory posits that individuals evaluate themselves
by comparing their abilities, achievements, and appearance to others. In the context
of social media, adolescents are frequently exposed to idealized representations of
peers and celebrities, which can lead to negative self-evaluations and feelings of
inadequacy. Studies have shown that upward social comparisons, where individuals
compare themselves to those perceived as better off, can increase symptoms of
anxiety and depression among youth.
2. Displacement Theory: The displacement hypothesis suggests that time spent on
social media may displace critical offline activities that are essential for mental
health, such as physical exercise, face-to-face interactions, and adequate sleep. Young
people who spend excessive time on social media may neglect these vital activities,
leading to poorer mental health outcomes, including increased feelings of loneliness
and depression.
3. Cognitive Dissonance Theory: This theory explains how people strive for internal
consistency in their beliefs and behaviors. When adolescents engage in social media
use that contradicts their values or self-image, cognitive dissonance may arise,
prompting negative emotional responses. For example, youth may feel distressed if
they present an inauthentic version of themselves online, creating anxiety and
uncertainty about their identities.
4. Social Support Theory: This theory emphasizes the importance of social
connections and support networks for mental health. Social media can serve as a
double-edged sword; while it can strengthen social ties and provide platforms for
emotional support, it can also exacerbate feelings of isolation if teens experience
negative interactions, such as cyberbullying. The balance between receiving social
support and facing online negativity can significantly impact adolescents' mental
health outcomes.
5. Self-Determination Theory: This theory focuses on the intrinsic and extrinsic
motivations behind behaviors. In terms of social media, the need for autonomy,
competence, and relatedness can drive engagement. While fulfilling these needs
through social media can enhance well-being, excessive reliance on online validation
can lead to diminished self-worth and increased anxiety when these needs are unmet.
6. Behavioral Activation Theory: This theory posits that engaging in rewarding
activities can improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression. Social media can
provide a platform for positive reinforcement through likes, shares, and comments;
however, the loss of these rewards or negative feedback can have the opposite effect,
potentially worsening mental health outcomes in youth.

2.3 Gaps in Existing Research

1. Digital Phenotyping: Emerging methods like digital phenotyping, which uses
objective data from digital devices, are underutilized but could provide deeper
insights into the relationship between social media use and mental health.
 2. Diverse Populations: Research often focuses on specific demographics, leaving
gaps in understanding how social media affects youth from diverse cultural,
socioeconomic, and geographic backgrounds.
3. Methodological Limitations: Many studies rely heavily on self-reported data,
which can introduce biases and inaccuracies. There's also a lack of
standardized measures to assess social media use and its effects.
4. Rapid Technological Changes: The fast-paced evolution of social media
platforms and features outpaces research, making it challenging to study their
current impact effectively.
5. Longitudinal Studies: There is a shortage of long-term studies that track the
impact of social media use over time, making it difficult to establish causal
relationships.

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

Longitudinal Study to observe changes in mental health outcomes over time in
relation to social media usage patterns among adolescents. A diverse sample of youth
aged 13-18, drawn from various socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds, to ensure
generalizability. Administration of validated questionnaires assessing social media
usage, including frequency, duration, and types of platforms used, alongside mental
health assessments measuring anxiety, depression, and self-esteem for example using
tools like the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale. Surveys could be
administered at baseline, then every six months over a two-year period to track
changes and establish causal relationships.

Ecological Momentary Assessment to capture real-time data on social media

interactions and associated emotional states. Participants receive prompts via a
mobile app several times a day to report their current mood, social media usage, and
interactions. Utilization of statistical methods to analyze correlations between real-
time social media activities and reported mental health indicators.

Focus Groups whose purpose is to gain insights into adolescents' perceptions of

social media's influence on their mental health. The participants are small groups of
6-10 adolescents, creating a safe environment for sharing personal experiences.
Topics may include experiences with social comparison, the impact of cyberbullying,
and the role of social media in providing support. Thematic analysis will be applied
to identify common themes and patterns within the discussions.

3.2 Data Collection Methods

Surveys and Questionnaires to collect quantitative data on social media usage
patterns and mental health indicators. Use standardized questionnaires designed to
assess social media habits and mental health conditions.
Administer surveys online or via paper forms in schools or community centers.
Surveys can include Likert scale questions to measure the extent of social media
engagement and its perceived impact on well-being.

In-Depth Interviews to explore individual experiences and narratives related to social

media use and mental health. Conduct one-on-one interviews with selected
participants to gain detailed insights into their personal perspectives.
Use a semi-structured interview format, allowing flexibility to delve deeper into
relevant topics as they arise. Interviews can be conducted face-to-face or via video
conferencing platforms, depending on participant preferences and logistical
considerations.

3.3 Sampling Strategy

1. Probability Sampling (Quantitative Research)
Simple Random Sampling: Equal chance for every individual.
Stratified Sampling: Population divided into subgroups, then sampled
proportionally.
Cluster Sampling: Groups or clusters are sampled instead of individuals.
2. Non-Probability Sampling (Qualitative Research)
Convenience Sampling: Using readily available participants.
Purposive Sampling: Selecting participants based on specific characteristics or
criteria.
Snowball Sampling: Existing participants recruit others from their network.

4.ABSTRACT

Social media has become a nearly universal part of young people's lives, with up to
95% of teenagers aged 13-17 using social media platforms. While it offers benefits
like fostering connections and providing access to information, it also poses risks to
mental health. Studies suggest that excessive use for example more than three hours a
day can double the risk of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.

Additionally, frequent social media use may lead to changes in the developing brain,
affecting emotional regulation, impulse control, and social behavior.
The impact varies depending on individual factors like socio-economic background
and personal vulnerabilities. While social media can provide a sense of community
and support, it can also exacerbate issues like body image concerns and emotional
stress. Researchers emphasize the need for more understanding and immediate
actions to mitigate risks while maximizing benefits.

5.REFERENCES

1. Njanga, R. (2020). The impact of social media on youth mental health: A case
study of university students in Nairobi, Kenya. African Journal of Education and
Social Sciences, 7(1), 45-59.
2. Mbugua, G., & Ongeri, L. (2021). Harnessing social media for mental health
awareness in Kenya: A community case study. Pan African Medical Journal, 39(58).
https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2021.39.58.27643

3. Makunda, M., & Rukanda, E. (2022). Social media usage and its association with
mental health among adolescents in Kenya. East African Journal of Psychiatry, 23(1),
54-60.

4. Oduor, C. O., & Karani, P. (2019). Social media as a tool for improving mental
health literacy among youth in Kenya. International Journal of Mental Health
Systems, 13, 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-019-0285-6

5. Njoroge, R., & Kabiru, C. (2021). The role of social media platforms in shaping
perceptions of mental health among Kenyan youth. Journal of Media and
Communication Studies, 13(2), 12-22.

6. Macharia, P. W. (2021). Effects of social media on the mental health of university

students in Kenya: A case study of students at Kenyatta University. Research Journal
of Social Science and Management, 10(6), 167-177.