Module 3: Speaking and Writing
Objective 7: describe the processes involved in speaking and writing
Processes Involved in Speaking and Writing
1. Prewriting:
o Brainstorming: Free association of ideas to generate a broad range of
potential topics and directions.
o Concept Mapping: Creating a visual representation of ideas and their
relationships to clarify thoughts and structure content.
o Clustering: Grouping similar ideas together to organize and refine concepts.
o Outlining: Structuring the main points and subpoints logically before writing.
o Looping: Expanding ideas through continuous freewriting to explore deeper
insights and connections.
2. Researching:
o Collecting data from credible primary (interviews, surveys, experiments) and
secondary (books, journals, credible websites) sources.
o Evaluating sources for reliability, relevance, bias, and authenticity.
3. Drafting:
o Translating ideas into a structured, coherent format with a clear introduction,
body, and conclusion.
o Emphasizing the logical flow of arguments and supporting evidence.
4. Revising:
o Refining clarity, organization, coherence, and effectiveness.
o Eliminating redundancy and improving readability.
5. Editing and Proofreading:
o Correcting grammatical, spelling, and stylistic errors.
o Enhancing sentence structure and word choice for precision and impact.
6. Presentation/Publication:
o Finalizing content for distribution through spoken, printed, or digital media.
Module 3: Speaking and Writing
Objective 8: manipulate linguistic, para-linguistic and non-verbal elements and modes of
speech, appropriate to specific purposes and audiences
Manipulating Linguistic, Paralinguistic, and Non-Verbal Elements
1. Proxemics:
o The use of physical space in communication (e.g., personal, social, and public
space in different cultures).
o Cultural variations in acceptable distances for interaction.
2. Chronemics:
o The role of time in communication (e.g., punctuality, response time, pace of
speech).
o Differences in monochronic (linear, scheduled) vs. polychronic (flexible,
multitasking) time orientations.
3. Kinesics:
o The study of body language, including gestures, facial expressions, posture,
and eye contact.
o How movement conveys emotion and meaning in different cultures.
4. Vocalics:
o The study of voice modulation, including tone, pitch, volume, rate, and
emphasis.
o The impact of vocal variation on meaning and persuasion.
5. Artefacts:
o Objects and personal adornments that communicate identity, status, and
cultural background (e.g., clothing, accessories, symbols).
Module 3: Speaking and Writing
Objective 9: describe the listening process
The Listening Process
1. Definition of Listening:
o A conscious process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding
to spoken messages.
2. Stages of Listening:
o Receiving: Recognizing sound and focusing on the speaker.
o Understanding: Processing and interpreting meaning based on language,
context, and prior knowledge.
o Evaluating: Analyzing credibility, logic, and emotional impact.
o Remembering: Retaining key information for future recall.
o Responding: Providing appropriate feedback (verbal or non-verbal).
3. Factors Affecting Listening:
o Internal Noise: Personal thoughts, biases, emotions that interfere with
understanding.
o External Noise: Environmental distractions like background chatter, poor
acoustics.
o Lack of Interest: Disengagement due to dull or irrelevant content.
o Cultural and Language Barriers: Misinterpretations due to differences in
accents, dialects, or idiomatic expressions.
Module 3: Speaking and Writing
Objective 10: explain the functions of different types of listening
Functions of Different Types of Listening
1. Comprehensive Listening:
o Understanding factual information (e.g., lectures, directions, news reports).
2. Appreciative Listening:
o Enjoying artistic or aesthetic communication (e.g., music, storytelling, poetry
readings).
3. Empathic Listening:
o Providing moral support and understanding without judgment (e.g., therapy,
counselling, heart-to-heart conversations).
4. Critical Listening:
o Analyzing messages for logic, credibility, and persuasive techniques (e.g.,
political debates, advertising, courtroom arguments).
Module 3: Speaking and Writing
Objective 11: employ appropriate rhetorical appeals and promotional/persuasive strategies
for specific oral and written presentations, products and events
Rhetorical Appeals and Persuasive Strategies
1. Ethos (Credibility):
o Establishing trust and expertise through reputation, experience, and ethical
appeal.
2. Pathos (Emotion):
o Engaging emotions to create a connection with the audience.
3. Logos (Logic):
o Using facts, statistics, and logical arguments to persuade.
Speaking Strategies
1. Conversation:
o Engaging in interactive and informal exchanges.
2. Expository Speech:
o Informing the audience about a specific topic through clear and factual
presentation.
3. Persuasive Speech:
o Convincing the audience to accept a viewpoint or take action.
4. Argumentative Speech:
o Presenting logical reasoning and evidence to support a position.
5. Oral Presentations:
o Delivering structured content to an audience using a combination of speech,
visuals, and non-verbal cues.
6. Artefacts in Communication:
o Using objects to reinforce a message (e.g., symbols, props, attire).
7. Promotional Events:
o Organizing activities to create awareness and engagement (e.g., campaigns,
rallies).
8. Testimonials:
o Using personal experiences or endorsements to validate a claim.
Module 3: Speaking and Writing
Objective 12: use a standard variety of English to present on different topics, using
appropriate linguistic, paralinguistic and non-verbal communication cues
Using Standard English for Different Topics
1. Modes of Delivery:
o Extemporaneous: Speaking with minimal notes and preparation, allowing for
flexibility and natural delivery.
o Impromptu: Delivering a spontaneous speech without prior preparation.
o Memorized: Reciting a prepared speech verbatim from memory.
o Manuscript: Reading directly from a written script for precision and
formality.
