Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -1

MYTHS

Differential Impedance finally made simple

Eric Bogatin President Bogatin Enterprises www.BogatinEnterprises.com 913-393-1305 [email protected]

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -2

MYTHS

Overview

Whats impedance Differential Impedance: a simple perspective Coupled Transmission line formalism Measuring differential impedance Emulating effects of a split in return path Calculating differential impedance

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -3

MYTHS

First Order Model of a Transmission Line (Loss Less Model)

x
L C C L C L C L C L C L

C = CL x capacitance L = LL x inductance
(loop)

(unbalanced transmission line)

The circuit analysis result: LL CL TD = LtotalC total 1 LLC L

Z0 =

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -4

MYTHS

be the signal

courtesy ICE

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -5

MYTHS

0th Order Model of Transmission Line

x

CL= Capacitance per length [pF/in]

Vin

C = C L x Q = CV, x every t = v

I, V definition of Transmission Line:

I = Q = t

vCL x V = vCLV x
Whats the impedance?

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -6

MYTHS

Instantaneous Impedance of a Transmission Line

I = v C LV

V 1 Z = V = vC = vC I V L L 1 Z0= vC L
Features of the impedance:
looks like a resistor dependant on intrinsic properties only is an intrinsic property independent of length defined as the "characteristic impedance" = Z0 also called the surge impedance or wave impedance

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -7

MYTHS

Characteristic Impedance and Capacitance per Length

increase h
What happens to the capacitance per length? The characteristic impedance?

w = 10 mils h = 5 mils 50 Ohm PCB cross section

increase w

What happens to the capacitance per length? The characteristic impedance?

Z0 ~

1 CL
www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Eric Bogatin 2000

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -8

MYTHS

What Does it Mean to Have a 50 Ohm Line?

coax 0 Ohm ggggg 5 lon Verrrry

What will Ohm-meter read? For the first second? After 3 seconds? After 10 sec?

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -9

MYTHS

An important Distinction

THE impedance of the transmission line (may be time dependent) The instantaneous impedance of the transmission line The Characteristic impedance of the transmission line
Just referring to the impedance may be a bit ambiguous

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -10

MYTHS

Return Path in T Lines

Current into signal line

TD = 1 sec Where is the return path? For DC currents:

For RF currents? When does current come out return path?

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -11

MYTHS

Current Flow in the Transmission Line

signal

L C C

L C

L C

L C

L C

Its a propagating wave.

What happens initially if the end is open?, shorted?, terminated?

To control impedance, manage the return path as carefully as the signal path
Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -12

MYTHS

The Growing Importance of Differential Pair Use

MECL I MECL II MECL III MECL 10k MECL 10kH 1962 1966 1968 1979 1981

Early Applications for Differential Pairs

ANSI/TIA/EIA-644-1995 is the generic physical layer standard for LVDS. It was approved in November of 1995, and first published in March of 1996. Example: high speed serial transmission IEEE1394 IEEE488 Gigabit Ethernet

TI 1.8 Gbps LVDS TRX

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -13

MYTHS

Whats a Differential Pair Transmission Line?

???

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -14

MYTHS

Whats a Differential Pair Transmission Line?

Answer: ..any two, coupled transmission lines (with their return paths).

1 2

A special case: a symmetric pair

Whats differential impedance?

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -15

MYTHS

Differentially Driving a Differential Pair

Difference signal V = 01v

1 V = 1v0v

2 1

What is the difference signal?

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -16

MYTHS

The Difference Signal

Difference signal V = 01v

V = 1v0v

2 +1

Difference voltage = 2v : -1v +1v

-1 What is the impedance the difference signal sees?

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -17

MYTHS

Differential Impedance
V (diff ) 2V = 2(Z0 small ) Ione I one
C12

Differential Impedance: the impedance the difference signal sees

Z (diff ) =

Differential impedance decreases as coupling increases

+1v

-1v

Ione

Itwo

C11

C22

How will the capacitance matrix elements be affected by spacing?

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -18

MYTHS

Capacitance Matrix Elements

C12
4

Capacitance per Length (pF/in)

C11

C11

C22

+1v

+1v

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

C21
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Edge to Edge Separation (mils)

What happens to the differential impedance as S gets smaller?

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -19

MYTHS

How to Terminate the Difference Signal?

Difference signal V = 01v

V = 1v0v

Z (diff ) =

V (diff ) 2V = 2(Z0 small ) Ione I one

If there is no coupling, and each line is 50, what resistor terminates the differential pair?

Terminate with a resistor to match impedance of the difference signal

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -20

MYTHS

Formalism: Mode Pattern for Identical Traces

Hyperlynx simulation

+1v

-1v

+1v

+1v

Iodd

Ievenx
Mode: even, or 2, or b Corresponds to common driven

Mode: odd, or 1, or a Corresponds to differential driven

What is Iodd compared to Ieven? How do they vary with spacing?

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -21

MYTHS

Odd and Even Mode Impedance

V Iodd
-1v

Zodd =
+1v

Zeven =
+1v

V Ieven

Hyperlynx simulation

+1v

Iodd

Ievenx
Mode: even, or 2, or b Even mode current decreases as traces are brought together Even mode impedance increases
Eric Bogatin 2000

Mode: odd, or 1, or a Odd mode current increases as traces are brought together Odd mode impedance decreases

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -22

MYTHS

Differential Impedance and Odd Mode Impedance

Difference signal V = 01v

V = 1v0v

Z (diff ) =

V (diff ) 2V = = 2 x Zodd Ione Ione

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -23

MYTHS

The Characteristic Impedance Matrix

I1 x V1 I2 x V2

Define a Characteristic Impedance Matrix

V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I 2 V2 = Z 22I 2 + Z 21I1

How is Z12 influenced by coupling? Is Z12 large or small? Characteristic Impedance Matrix [ohms]: 1 2 1 49.6 6.4 2 6.4 49.6 Hyperlynx simulation
Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -24

MYTHS

Definition of Odd and Even Mode Impedance

I1 x V1 I2 x V2

(Special case: symmetric)

Vodd =
Define:

1 (V1 V2 ) 2

Zodd = Zeven =

Vodd I1 Veven =0

1 Veven = ( 1 + V2 ) V 2

Veven I1 Vodd =0

What is the voltage when Veven = 0? When Vodd = 0?

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -25

MYTHS

Odd and Even Mode Impedance

V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I 2 V2 = Z 22I 2 + Z21I1

Odd Mode:

I1 = I 2

Vodd = Zodd

1 (V V ) = (Z11 Z12 )I1 2 1 2 = (Z11 Z12 )

Odd mode impedance is reduced with coupling Even Mode:

I1 = I 2

Veven =

1 (V + V2 ) = (Z11 + Z12 )I1 2 1 Zeven = Z11 + Z12

Even mode impedance is increased with coupling

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -26

MYTHS

Mode Impedances
Zodd = (Z11 Z12 )

Odd mode impedance is the impedance of one line when the pair is driven differentially Differential impedance:

Z (diff ) =

V (diff ) 2V = = 2(Zodd ) = 2(Z11 Z12 ) I I Zeven = Z11 + Z12

Even mode impedance is the impedance of one line when the pair is driven commonly

Common impedance:

Zcommon = Zeven = Z11 + Z12

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -27

MYTHS

Summary So Far

A differential pair is any two transmission lines Special case: symmetric lines Differential driving has symmetric, opposite signal on each line Differential impedance is the impedance the difference signal sees With no coupling, current into one line depends on capacitance per length of the line With coupling, current into one line depends on how the other line is driven The impedance of one line will depend on how the other line is driven

The differential impedance will be twice the impedance of one line when the pair is driven differentially
Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -28

MYTHS

How can differential impedance be measured?

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -29

MYTHS

TDR Equipment
TDR: TDT: DTDR: DTDT: Time Domain Reflection Time Domain Transmission Differential Time Domain Reflection Differential Time Domain Transmission

HP 83480A Digital Communications Analyzer (mainframe)

HP 54754A Differential TDR Module Two independent TDR channels - simultaneous TDR/TDT - simultaneous differential TDR
Eric Bogatin 2000

HP 83484A 2 Channel 50 GHz Module Two independent voltage channels

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -30

MYTHS

Conventional Single Channel TDR

TDR: 400 mV output, unloaded 50 output impedance Vmeasured

(DUT) Device Under Test

TDR response

--400mV --300mV
w=h

50 cable

w = 2h w = 8h

--200mV --100mV --0mv

3 different line width microstrips, each 9 inches long

50 mV/div 500 psec/div

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -31

MYTHS

Converting Reflected Voltage into Impedance

= Vreflected Vincident ZDUT = 50 1 1+

Voltage scale

Impedance scale 70 60 50 Plotting 40 impedance 30 directly 20

10/div 500 psec/div

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -32

MYTHS

Two Channel Differential TDR: Differential or Common Driven

400mV-200mV--

Driving differential signal

Channel 1

open open

0mV--200mV--400mV-200 psec/div

Channel 2

Driving common signal open open

400mV-200mV-0mV--200mV--400mV-200 psec/div Eric Bogatin 2000

Channel 1 Channel 2

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -33

MYTHS

Measuring Odd and Even Impedance of Tightly Coupled Lines

Measured Impedance of one trace, as the other is driven: trace Odd mode impedance: differentially driven pair Even mode impedance: commonly driven pair For identical lines: Z11 = (Zeven + Zodd) Z12 = (Zeven Zodd) 60 55 50 Extracted 45 Characteristic 40 impedance matrix 48.5 3.5 3.5 48.5 500 psec/div Replace this with a good one Zeven
Common driven Not driven Differentially driven

Zodd

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -34

MYTHS

Direct Measurement of Differential Impedance

Zdiff = Zodd1 + Zodd2 105

Differential impedance

100 95
Line 1 Zodd

50 45 40

90

Line 2 Zodd

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -35

MYTHS

Measuring Differential Impedance of Low Impedance Traces

-100
Differential impedance

- 80 - 60 - 40

50 40 30 20 Zodd

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -36

MYTHS

Full Characterization of a Differentially Driven, Differential Pair

V1 V2

TDR1 TDR2 100mV/div V1 V2 200mV/div SMA 50mV/div

50 cable

Vdiff

2Vcomm TDR2 TDR1

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -37

MYTHS

Full Characterization of a Single End Driven, Differential Pair

V1 FEXT

TDR1 NEXT V1 100mV/div FEXT Vdiff 200mV/div SMA 50mV/div

50 cable
Odd mode has shorter TD than even mode

2Vcomm NEXT TDR1

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -38

MYTHS

Differential Pair Over Split in the Return Path

1 inch

What will be the behavior when: single end driven differentially driven?

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -39

MYTHS

Full Characterization of a Single End Driven, Differential Pair Over a Split in the Return Path

V1 100mV/div FEXT Vdiff 200mV/div SMA 50mV/div

50 cable

2Vcomm NEXT TDR1

return current

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -40

MYTHS

Full Characterization of a Differentially Driven, Differential Pair Over a Split in the Return Path

100mV/div

V1 V2 Vdiff

200mV/div SMA 50mV/div

50 cable

2Vcomm TDR2 TDR1

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -41

MYTHS

Measured Impedances

140 120 100 70 50 30

Differential impedance

Zodd

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -42

MYTHS

Impedance as the Dielectric Thickness Increases

Ansoft Maxwell 2D Extractor

Characteristic Impedance (Ohms)

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Z11 Zdiff Z21 Zdiff ~ 140 Ohms with the bottom plane as the return path, when far away (when Z21 is a large fraction of Z11, coupling dominates, differential impedance approaches single ended impedance)
www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Dielectric Thickness (mils)

Ansoft Maxwell 2D Extractor

Eric Bogatin 2000

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -43

MYTHS

What Are the Return Currents When Driven Differentially?

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -44

MYTHS

Return Currents in Differential Pairs

Most return current is carried by the plane when trace to plane coupling >> trace to trace coupling Ex: most board level interconnects

Most return current is carried by the other trace when trace to plane coupling << trace to trace coupling Ex: most connectors, shielded twisted pair, twisted pair
Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -45

MYTHS

First Order Approximations to Differential Impedance: Microstrip

s h

s Zdiff = 2Z0 1 0.48 exp 0.96 h

National Semiconductor model Apnote 905
110 100 90 80

2(Z11-Z21)
Symbols are extracted with field solver Line is National model

Impedance (Ohms)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Z11

Z21

Edge to Edge Separation (mils) Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -46

MYTHS

First Order Approximations to Differential Impedance: Stripline

b s

s Zdiff = 2Z0 1 0.347 exp 2.9 b

National Semiconductor model Apnote 905
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

2(Z11-Z21)
Symbols are extracted with field solver Line is National model

Impedance (Ohms)

Z11

Z21

Edge to Edge Separation (mils)

Note, accurate only for Z0 values near 50 Ohms!

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Eric Bogatin 2000

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -47

MYTHS

Impact from Width of the Line

b s

b = 15 mils s = 5 mils Sweeping w

110

Impedance (Ohms)

National Semi model

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Zdiff Z11 Z12

Line Wdith (mils)

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -48

MYTHS

Shielded Twin Leads, Changing Shield Size

r1 = 10 mils Single ended impedance = 120 r2 = 25 mils =4 Pitch = 50 mils
300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 100 200

filled with air

Zcom

Z11 Z21 Zdif

Radius of shield, r3

Impedance (Ohms)

300

400

500

600

700

Radius of Shield (mils)

differential impedance approaches single ended impedance when rs > 3 x pitch

Eric Bogatin 2000

Ansoft Maxwell 2D Extractor

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -49

MYTHS

Summary

The impedance of one line in a differential pair depends on how the other is being driven:
Measure odd impedance by driving differentially Measure even impedance by driving in common Requires Differential TDR (DTDR)

Characteristic impedance matrix elements can be extracted from odd and even impedances A gap in the return path causes huge increase in cross talk in single ended lines due to high mutual inductance If you must cross a split plane, better to use a diff pair
Some increase in differential impedance Very little distortion of differential signal Very little common voltage created

Full characterization of differential pairs is possible with DTDR and dual channel amplifier module

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Training for Signal Integrity and Interconnect Design

Slide -50

MYTHS

For more information on resources and references, visit our web site: www.BogatinEnterprises.com

Eric Bogatin 2000

www.BogatinEnterprises.com