Scribd
Upload
5 views21 pages

1 Topic1

The document covers the characteristics and principles of aerofoils, including their geometric properties, lift generation, and aerodynamic coefficients. It outlines the historical milestones in aerofoil development and provides details on NACA numbering for aerofoils. Additionally, it explains the aerodynamic forces acting on aerofoils and distinguishes between 2D and 3D nomenclature and coefficients.

Uploaded by

عبدالله جمال
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views21 pages

1 Topic1

The document covers the characteristics and principles of aerofoils, including their geometric properties, lift generation, and aerodynamic coefficients. It outlines the historical milestones in aerofoil development and provides details on NACA numbering for aerofoils. Additionally, it explains the aerodynamic forces acting on aerofoils and distinguishes between 2D and 3D nomenclature and coefficients.

Uploaded by

عبدالله جمال
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

AIRPLANE AERODYNAMICS

Topic 1
Aerofoil Characteristics

Dr Mostafa Nabawy

1
Learning Outcomes
By the end you should be able to:

Describe aerofoil geometric characteristics


Extract aerofoil characteristics for NACA 4-digit
and 5-digit series
Explain how lift is generated on an aerofoil section
Define the 2D aerofoil aerodynamic coefficients
NACA 5 digits: 1*3/20=cl, 23/2=x_max_camber, 45/100=max.Thick

NACA 4digits: 1/100=max.camber, 2/10=x_max_camber, 34/10= max.Thick

2
2D Aerofoil
A 2D aerofoil is:
The cross-sectional shape of a wing
Often referred to as a wing section with an infinite span

Wing

Aerofoil section

3
Milestones
1884: First aerofoil shape
patented

Double surface aerofoil sections by


Horatio Philips. These were patented
by Philips in 1884

4
Milestones
1884: First aerofoil shape Wright brothers’ first flight (1903)
patented
1903: First flight of Wright
brothers

Some aerofoils tested by the


Wright brothers 5
Milestones
1884: First aerofoil shape
patented
1903: First flight of Wright
brothers
1917: Development of
thick aerofoil
Fokker Dr –I (1917)

6
Milestones
1884: First aerofoil shape
patented
1903: First flight of Wright
brothers
1917: Development of
thick aerofoil
1930s: Systematic
testing and development
of aerofoil shapes by
NACA

7
Aerofoils of Early Years

8
Milestones
1884: First aerofoil shape
patented
1903: First flight of Wright
brothers
1917: Development of
thick aerofoil
Developed by Richard Whitcomb in
1965 at NASA Langley
1930: Systematic testing
and development of
aerofoil shapes by
NACA
1965: Supercritical A Boeing 747-8 with supercritical
wings
aerofoils
9
2D Aerofoil Nomenclature
The aerofoil geometry is
defined by the camber
distribution and the thickness
distribution

The camber line is the curve


half-way between upper and
lower surfaces

The angle of attack (AoA) is


the angle between the inflow
direction and the aerofoil chord
cc Olivier Clynen
line (Is there a more
convincing definition for AoA?)
zero camber = symmetric aerofoil
The aerofoil shape & angle of
attack are the main controllers
of the aerofoil aerodynamic
behaviour
10
Camber and Thickness

cambered aerofoil=camber line +symmetrical aerofoil

11
Aerofoil Nomenclature

Important aerofoil parameters:


Chord length, c
Maximum thickness and its location along the chord
Maximum camber and its location along the chord

12
NACA Aerofoil Numbering
Four digit series: e.g. NACA 4415

Can you sketch the shape of an NACA 0012 aerofoil?


yes symmetric aerofoil

13
NACA Aerofoil Numbering
Five-digit series: e.g. NACA 23012

NACA 23012
Thickness:
Location of max 12%c
Design cl= 0.3
camber: 15%C
(1st digit * 3/20)
(2nd and 3rd digit /2)

Refer to “The theory of wing sections” by Abbot & Von Doenhoff


for definition and experimental data.
14
How is Lift Created?
For mechanical forces to be Lift Fluid force
created, the wing has to be moving
in a fluid
According to the shape of aerofoil
and angle of attack, the
Drag
momentum (mass times velocity) V
varies around the aerofoil
The pressure varies around the
aerofoil in a moving fluid because it
is related to the fluid momentum Note that most of the pressure
forces are due to the suction force
A net fluid force is generated by on the upper surface.
the pressure acting over the entire
surface of the aerofoil What is the other contributor to the
The component of fluid force net fluidic force?
normal to flow direction is the Lift
force and the component in flow For a comprehensive explanation:
direction is the Drag force See “How do wings work” by H
Babinsky, 2003 Phys. Educ. 38 497
15
Aerodynamic Forces
The aerodynamic forces and moments on a body
placed in a fluid stream are due to two basic sources:

Pressure distribution, p, acting normally to surface


Shear stress distribution, t, acting tangentially along surface

The net effect of p and t distributions integrated over the


complete body surface is a resultant aerodynamic force R
and a moment M.
16
AERODYNAMIC FORCES
The resultant force R can be split into:

A component, N, perpendicular to c
A component, A, parallel to c
or
The lift, L, perpendicular to V∞
The drag, D, parallel to V∞

The relationship between


N & A and L & D:
L = N cos  − A sin 
D = N sin  + A cos 
17
2D vs 3D Nomenclature

For a 2D aerofoil
Lift, drag and moment are forces/moment acting on a unit
span
In this case, the area S = c x 1!
They are denoted as L’, D’ and M’

For a 3D finite wing


Lift, drag and moment are forces/moment acting on the
whole wing
They are denoted as L, D and M

18
2D vs 3D Nomenclature
As a convention in the literature

For a 2D aerofoil
Lift, drag and moment coefficient: cl, cd and cm
L' D' M'
cl = 1 , cd = 1 , cm = 1
 V
2  
2
 c  V
2  
2
 c  V
2  
2
 c 2

For a 3D finite wing


Lift, drag and moment coefficient: CL, CD and CM.
L' D' M'
CL = 1 , CD = 1 , CM = 1
 V
2  
2
 S  V
2  
2
 S 
2   S c
V 2

19
2D Aerofoil Coefficients
For aerodynamic coefficients for an aerofoil.
L' D' M'
cl = , cd = , cm =
q c q c q c 2
N' A'
cn = , ca = ,
q c q c

where q = 12  V2 , is dynamic pressure.

By dividing the below equations


L' = N ' cos  − A' sin 
D' = N ' sin  + A' cos 
by q c we have
cl = cn cos  − ca sin 
cd = cn sin  + ca cos 
20
Reading Materials
Lecture notes

Fundamentals of §1.5
Aerodynamics
by J Anderson, 6th edition, §4.2, 4.14
McGraw-Hill

Aerodynamics for §1.4.1


Engineering Students
by E L Houghton & P W
carpenter, 7th edition, Elsevier

General Aviation Aircraft §8.1.3


Design
by S Gundmundsson, 1st edition, §8.2.1, 8.2.2
Elsevier

21

You might also like