Software Engineering Practical Sheet for Class 12

1. Introduction to Software Engineering

1.1 Software Engineering Definition:

Software Engineering is the process of designing, developing, testing, and maintaining

software systems using engineering principles. It ensures that the software is reliable,
scalable, and meets user needs effectively.

1.2 Importance of Software Engineering:

Software engineering is crucial as it helps in managing software development processes,

ensuring quality, reducing costs, and maintaining the software over time.

1.3 Applications of Software Engineering:

Software engineering is applied in various domains, including web development, mobile

applications, system software, game development, etc. It ensures that the software meets
performance, reliability, and scalability requirements.

2. Project Management Techniques

2.1 Introduction to Project Development Techniques:

Project management techniques ensure that a software project is completed on time,

within budget, and meets user requirements. These techniques help in organizing and
controlling project resources effectively.

2.2 PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique):

PERT is a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks in a
project. It helps in estimating the time required to complete each task and ensures timely
completion.

2.3 CPM (Critical Path Method):

CPM helps in identifying the longest sequence of dependent tasks in a project. It focuses
on optimizing the tasks' durations to ensure timely project completion.

2.4 Implementation of Project Management Techniques in the Real World:

In real-world applications, PERT and CPM are used to plan and control software
development projects. They help ensure that the project is completed within the scheduled
time frame and budget.

3. Software Development Phases

3.1 Importance and Need of SDLC:

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) provides a systematic approach to software
development, ensuring high quality, cost-effectiveness, and timely delivery. It helps in
defining, designing, developing, and maintaining the software system.

3.2 System Study:

Involves analyzing the current system to understand its strengths, weaknesses, and how it
can be improved or replaced by the new system.

3.3 Feasibility Study and Its Types:

The feasibility study assesses whether the proposed system is financially, technically, and
operationally feasible. It includes technical feasibility, operational feasibility, and financial
feasibility.

3.4 System Requirements & Analysis:

This phase involves understanding and documenting user needs and requirements. A
thorough analysis of the current system and user feedback helps in defining these
requirements.

3.5 System Requirements Specification (SRS):

The SRS document outlines the software system’s functional and non-functional
requirements. It provides a detailed description of what the system will do.

3.6 System Design:

System design involves creating a blueprint for the software, including the system
architecture, database design, user interface, and interactions between components.

3.7 System Development:

This phase involves the actual coding and development of the software based on the
system design.

3.8 System Testing:

Testing ensures that the system functions as expected and meets the defined
requirements. It involves verifying the system for bugs and ensuring its reliability.

3.9 System Implementation:

System implementation involves deploying the software to the end-users. It includes

installation, configuration, and initial usage.

3.10 System Maintenance and Reviews:

After the system is implemented, maintenance ensures that it remains effective and up-to-
date. Regular reviews and updates are conducted to improve system performance.

4. Software Development Life Cycle Models

4.1 Waterfall Model:

The Waterfall model is a linear, sequential approach where each phase must be completed
before the next one begins. It is easy to manage but inflexible for changes.

4.2 Prototyping Model:

In the Prototyping model, an early prototype of the software is developed and then refined
based on feedback from users. It allows quick adjustments based on user requirements.

4.3 Spiral Model:

The Spiral model combines iterative development with risk analysis. It allows for
continuous refinement through repeated cycles of development and testing.

4.4 RAD (Rapid Application Development) Model:

The RAD model focuses on quick development through user feedback and iterative
prototyping. It emphasizes speed and flexibility, making it suitable for projects with tight
deadlines.

5. Software Analysis and Design Tools

5.1 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) and ER Diagram:

• DFD: A Data Flow Diagram represents the flow of data within a system, showing how
information is processed and transferred.
 • ER Diagram: An Entity-Relationship Diagram is used to model the relationships
between entities in a database.

5.2 Structure Chart:

A structure chart is a graphical representation of the system's components and how they
interact with each other. It shows the hierarchy and structure of the system.

5.3 Decision Table:

A decision table is used to map out different conditions and their corresponding actions. It
helps in decision-making processes by providing a clear visualization of conditions.

5.4 Decision Tree:

A decision tree is a flowchart-like structure used to represent decisions and their possible
consequences. It helps visualize the outcomes of various choices.

5.5 Use Case Diagram:

A use case diagram is used to model the interactions between users (actors) and the
system. It defines the functionality of the system from the user's perspective.

5.6 Sequence Diagram:

A sequence diagram shows how objects in a system interact over time. It details the
sequence of messages exchanged between objects to achieve a specific goal.

6. Project Work

6.1 Web Page Development:

Involves designing and developing dynamic web pages using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and
backend technologies. It focuses on building user-friendly and interactive web
applications.

6.2 Game Development:

Involves developing interactive and engaging games using game development tools such
as Unity or Unreal Engine. It focuses on game mechanics, design, and user interaction.

6.3 Mobile Application Development:

This project involves creating mobile applications for Android or iOS platforms using
technologies like Java, Swift, or Kotlin. It focuses on developing responsive and user-
friendly applications.

6.4 Software Piracy Protection System:

This system prevents software piracy by implementing licensing mechanisms and

protection algorithms. It ensures that only authorized users can access the software.

6.5 e-Learning Platform:

Develop an online learning platform that provides interactive content, courses,

assessments, and communication features. This platform helps students and teachers
engage in virtual learning environments.