Contemporary Technology Practical Sheet for class 12

Introduction to Contemporary Technology

Definition:

Contemporary technology refers to modern tools, devices, and innovations that enhance
daily life and business operations.

Need for Contemporary Technology:

• Increases efficiency and productivity

• Enhances communication and connectivity

• Supports automation and artificial intelligence

Applications:

• Healthcare: AI-powered diagnostics, telemedicine

• Education: Online learning platforms, digital classrooms

• Business: E-commerce, automation, data analytics

Advantages:

• Saves time and resources

• Improves decision-making with data-driven insights

• Enhances convenience and accessibility

Presently Used Contemporary Technologies:

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Automation and smart assistants

• Cloud Computing – Remote data storage and access

• Blockchain – Secure transactions and digital records

• Internet of Things (IoT) – Smart home and industrial applications

Definition:

E-Commerce refers to buying and selling goods/services over the internet.

Components of E-Commerce:

• Website/Platform – Online store interface

• Payment Gateway – Digital payment processing

• Logistics – Order fulfillment and delivery

Types of E-Commerce:

• B2C (Business-to-Consumer): Online stores like Daraz

• B2B (Business-to-Business): Corporate supply chains

• C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer): Platforms like Hamrobazar

Applications:

• Online shopping – Retail and wholesale businesses

• Online banking – Digital payments and transactions

• E-learning – Course purchases and subscriptions

Advantages:

• Convenience and accessibility

• Cost-effective operations

• Global reach and scalability

Scope of E-Commerce in Nepal:

• Growth in online shopping due to digital payments

• Expansion of logistics and delivery services

Government Initiatives:

• Introduction of policies for secure transactions

• Promotion of digital payment platforms

Definition:

E-Governance is the use of technology to provide government services online.

Components:

• G2C (Government to Citizen): Tax payments, online applications

• G2B (Government to Business): Business registration, licensing

• G2G (Government to Government): Inter-department data sharing

Advantages:

• Faster service delivery

• Transparency and accountability

• Reduced corruption

Scope of E-Governance in Nepal:

• Online portals for public services

• Digital identity and smart governance systems

Government Initiatives:

• Digital Nepal Framework – Encouraging paperless governance

• Citizen App – Access to multiple government services

Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (IoT)

Cloud Computing

Definition: Storing and accessing data over the internet instead of local servers.

Features and Components:

• On-demand availability – Access resources anytime

• Scalability – Expand storage and processing power as needed

• Security – Encrypted data protection

Classification of Cloud Computing:

• Private Cloud: Dedicated to a single organization

• Hybrid Cloud: Combination of public and private clouds

Scope of Cloud Computing in Nepal:

• Adoption in banking and corporate sectors

• Cloud-based education and government services

Internet of Things (IoT)

Definition: Connecting physical devices to the internet for automation.

IoT Components:

• Sensors: Collect data (e.g., temperature, motion)

• Connectivity: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular networks

• Cloud Storage: Saves collected data for analysis

Types of IoT Wireless Networks:

• Wi-Fi: Short-range high-speed internet

• Bluetooth: Personal device connectivity

• LPWAN: Low power, wide-area networks for smart cities

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Introduction:

AI is the simulation of human intelligence in machines.

Areas of AI:

• Machine Learning: Data-based predictions

• Natural Language Processing: Voice assistants like Siri

• Computer Vision: Facial recognition and image processing

Advantages:

• Automates repetitive tasks

• Improves customer service

Applications:

• AI chatbots in banking

• AI-powered medical diagnostics

• Smart assistants like Alexa and Google Assistant

Scope of AI in Nepal:

• AI-driven customer support in financial institutions

• AI applications in agriculture for crop disease detection

Government Initiatives:

• Promoting AI research in universities

• Encouraging AI adoption in robotics and automation

Multimedia

Introduction:

Multimedia combines text, images, audio, and video for interactive content.

Advantages:

• Enhances communication

• Increases engagement

• Improves learning experiences

Components:

• Text: Digital writing and typography

• Images: Photos, graphics, and animations

• Audio: Sound effects, podcasts, music

• Video: Movies, tutorials, advertisements

Applications:
 • Education: Interactive e-learning courses

• Entertainment: Gaming, movies, social media

• Business: Digital marketing and advertising

Big Data

Introduction:

Big Data refers to large and complex datasets that require advanced processing
techniques.

Characteristics:

• Volume: Large amounts of data

• Velocity: Fast processing speed

• Variety: Different types (structured, unstructured)

Challenges:

• Data security and privacy issues

• Storage and processing limitations

Advantages:

• Helps in business decision-making

• Improves healthcare and financial analytics

Types of Big Data:

• Structured Data: Organized in databases (e.g., spreadsheets)

• Unstructured Data: Text, images, videos

• Semi-structured Data: Emails, JSON, XML files

Example of Big Data:

• Social Media Analytics: Facebook analyzing user behavior

• Healthcare Data Management: Predicting disease outbreaks

Hadoop is an open-source framework for processing large datasets.

• Components: HDFS (storage), MapReduce (processing)

• Use Cases: Data mining, machine learning, cloud computing