(1) Algebric formula

a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
(a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(a – b – c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc – 2ca
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2+ b3 ; (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2– b3
a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
(a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2+ 4ab3 + b4
(a – b)4 = a4 – 4a3b + 6a2b2 – 4ab3 + b4
a4 – b4 = (a – b)(a + b)(a2 + b2)
a5 – b5 = (a – b)(a4 + a3b + a2b2 + ab3 + b4)
If n is a natural number an– bn = (a – b)(an-1 + an-2b+…+ bn-2a + bn-1)
If n is even (n = 2k), an + bn= (a – b)(an-1 + an-2b +…+ bn-2a + bn-1)
If n is odd (n = 2k + 1), an + bn = (a + b)(an-1 – an-2b +an-3b2…- bn-2a + bn-1)
(a + b + c + …)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + … + 2(ab + ac + bc + ….)
Laws of Exponents (am)(an) = am+n ; (ab)m = ambm ; (am)n = amn
am 1 −m = 1
Fractional Exponents a0 = 1 ; n
a
= am−n ; am =
a−m ; a am
Roots of Quadratic Equation

For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c where a ≠ 0, the roots will be given by the equation as
−b±√b2 −4ac
2a
Δ = b2 − 4ac is called the discriminant
For real and distinct roots, Δ > 0
For real and coincident roots, Δ = 0
For non-real roots, Δ < 0
If α and β are the two roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c then, α + β = (-b / a) and α × β = (c /
a).
If the roots of a quadratic equation are α and β, the equation will be (x − α)(x − β) = 0

Factorials
 n! = (1).(2).(3)…..(n − 1).n
n! = n(n − 1)! = n(n − 1)(n − 2)! = ….
0! = 1

(a + b)n = an
+ nan−1 b
+ n(n−1)
2!
an−2 b2
n(n−1)(n−2) n−3 3
+ 3!
a b
n
+ … . +b , where ,
n>1

(2) LOGARITHM FORMULA

1. if n and a are positive real numbers, and a is not equal to 1, then

If ax = n, then log a n = x

2. log a n is called logarithmic function. The domain of logarithmic function is positive real numbers
and the range is all real numbers.

3. log of 1 to any base is 0

log b 1 = 0

4. log of any number to base as itself is 1,

log a a = 1

5. Logarithm of a Product
log a pq = log a p + loga q

6. Logarithm of a Fraction
log a (p/q) = log a p – log a q

7. log a pn = n log a p

8. a(log a p) = p
9. Base Change Rule of Logarithms:
log a n = log b n × log a b

10. log a b = (log nb)/(log n a)

11. if the base is 10, then

log a b = (log b)/(log a)

12. (log a b) × (log b a ) = 1

13. log a b = 1/log b a

14. log (m + n ) is not equal to log m + log n

15. log an p = 1/n (log a p)

16. log an bm = (m/n)log a b

17. log 10 b is called common logarithm because the base is 10

18. log e b is called natural logarithm. It is denoted by ln b.

19. log 1/a b = -log a b

20. log a (1/b) = -log a b

21. log 1/a (1/b) = log a b

(3)Trigonometry Formulas
 Sum/Difference Identities:
sin(x+y) = sin(x)cos(y)+cos(x)sin(y)
cos(x+y) = cos(x)cos(y)–sin(x)sin(y)
tan(x+y) = (tan x + tan y)/ (1−tan x •tan y)
sin(x–y) = sin(x)cos(y)–cos(x)sin(y)
cos(x–y) = cos(x)cos(y) + sin(x)sin(y)
tan(x−y) = (tan x–tan y)/ (1+tan x • tan y)

Double Angle Identities:

sin(2x) = 2sin(x) • cos(x) = [2tan x/(1+tan2 x)]
cos(2x) = cos2(x)–sin2(x) = [(1-tan2 x)/(1+tan2 x)]
cos(2x) = 2cos2(x)−1 = 1–2sin2(x)
tan(2x) = [2tan(x)]/ [1−tan2(x)]
sec (2x) = sec2 x/(2-sec2 x)
csc (2x) = (sec x. csc x)/2

Half Angle Identities:

= ±√‾‾‾‾‾‾ ‾
x 1−cos x
sin 2 2

cos 2x = ±√‾1+cos
‾‾‾‾‾‾x
2

tan( 2x ) = √‾1+cos(x)
‾‾‾‾‾‾
1−cos(x)

= √‾1−cos(x)
‾‾‾‾‾‾
x x 1−cos(x)
Also, tan(
2) 1+cos(x) So, tan(
2) = sin(x)

= √‾(1+cos(x))(1−cos(x))
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
(1−cos(x))(1−cos(x))

‾(1−cos(x))
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾2
= √ 1−cos2(x)
‾(1−cos(x))
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾2
√
=
sin2 (x)
1−cos(x)
= sin(x)

Product identities:
 sin x ⋅ cos y
sin(x+y)+sin(x−y)
= 2
cos x ⋅ cos y
cos(x+y)+cos(x−y)
= 2
sin x ⋅ sin y
cos(x+y)−cos(x−y)
= 2

Sum to Product Identities:

sin x + sin y = 2 sin
x+y x−y
2 cos 2
sin x − sin y = 2 cos
x+y x−y
2 sin 2
cos x + cos y = 2 cos
x+y x−y
2 cos 2
cos x − cos y = −2 sin
x+y x−y
2 sin 2

(4) Inverse Trigonometric Formulas

Inverse Trigonometric Formulas

S.No

1 sin-1(-x) = -sin-1(x), x ∈ [-1, 1]

2 cos-1(-x) = π -cos-1(x), x ∈ [-1, 1]

3 tan-1(-x) = -tan-1(x), x ∈ R

4 cosec-1(-x) = -cosec-1(x), |x| ≥ 1

-1 -1
5 sec-1(-x) = π -sec-1(x), |x| ≥ 1

6 cot-1(-x) = π – cot-1(x), x ∈ R

7 sin-1x + cos-1x = π/2 , x ∈ [-1, 1]

8 tan-1x + cot-1x = π/2 , x ∈ R

9 sec-1x + cosec-1x = π/2 ,|x| ≥ 1

10 sin-1(1/x) = cosec-1(x), if x ≥ 1 or x ≤ -1

11 cos-1(1/x) = sec-1(x), if x ≥ 1 or x ≤ -1

12 tan-1(1/x) = cot-1(x), x > 0

13 tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1((x+y)/(1-xy)), if the value xy <

1

14 tan-1 x – tan-1 y = tan-1((x-y)/(1+xy)), if the value xy >

-1

15 2 tan-1 x = sin-1(2x/(1+x2)), |x| ≤ 1

16 2tan-1 x = cos-1((1-x2)/(1+x2)), x ≥ 0

17 2tan-1 x = tan-1(2x/(1-x2)), -1<x<1

18 3sin-1x = sin-1(3x-4x3)

19 3cos-1x = cos-1(4x3-3x)

20 3tan-1x = tan-1((3x-x3)/(1-3x2))

21 sin(sin-1(x)) = x, -1≤ x ≤1

22 cos(cos-1(x)) = x, -1≤ x ≤1

23 tan(tan-1(x)) = x, – ∞ < x < ∞.

24 cosec(cosec-1(x)) = x, – ∞ < x ≤ 1 or -1 ≤ x < ∞

25 sec(sec-1(x)) = x,- ∞ < x ≤ 1 or 1 ≤ x < ∞

-1
26 cot(cot-1(x)) = x, – ∞ < x < ∞.

27 sin-1(sin θ) = θ, -π/2 ≤ θ ≤π/2

28 cos-1(cos θ) = θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π

29 tan-1(tan θ) = θ, -π/2 < θ < π/2

30 cosec-1(cosec θ) = θ, – π/2 ≤ θ < 0 or 0 < θ ≤ π/2

31 sec-1(sec θ) = θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2 or π/2< θ ≤ π

32 cot-1(cot θ) = θ, 0 < θ < π

33 sin−1 x + sin−1 y
= sin−1 (x√‾1‾‾‾‾
− y‾2
+ y√1‾‾‾‾‾
− x‾2 ), if x, y
≥ 0and x 2 + y2 ≤ 1
34 sin−1 x + sin−1 y, if x, y ≥ 0 and x2+y2>1.
= π − sin−1
(x√‾1‾‾‾‾
− y‾2
+ y√1‾‾‾‾‾
− x‾2 )
35 sin−1 x − sin−1 y, if x, y ≥ 0 and x2+y2≤1.
= π − sin−1
(x√1‾‾‾‾‾
− y‾2
− y√‾1‾‾‾‾
− x‾2 )
36 sin−1 x − sin−1 y, if x, y ≥ 0 and x2 +y2>1.
= π − sin−1
(x√‾1‾‾‾‾
− y‾2
− y√‾1‾‾‾‾
− x‾2 )
37
−1 x+ −1 y
 cos−1 x + cos−1 y , if x,
= cos−1
(xy
− √‾1‾‾‾‾
− x‾2 √‾1‾‾‾‾
− y‾2
)
y >0 and x2+y2 ≤1.

38 cos−1 x + cos−1 y , if x, y >0 and x2+y2>1.

= π − cos−1
(xy
− √‾1‾‾‾‾
− x‾2 √‾1‾‾‾‾
− y‾2
)
39 cos−1 x − cos−1 y , if x, y > 0 and x2+y2≤1.
= cos−1
(xy
+ √‾1‾‾‾‾
− x‾2 √‾1‾‾‾‾
− y‾2
)
40 cos−1 x − cos−1 y ,if
= π − cos−1
(xy
+ √1‾‾‾‾‾
− x‾2 √‾1‾‾‾‾
− y‾2
)

(5) Exponential Formulas

We can use the product rule for exponentiationto derive a corresponding product rule for logarithms.
Using the base b = e 𝑏 = 𝑒, the product rule for exponentials is

ea eb = ea+b
𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑏 = 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑏

for any numbers a 𝑎 and b 𝑏. Starting with the log of the product of x 𝑥 and y 𝑦, ln(xy) ln(𝑥𝑦), we'll use
equation (3) (3) (with c = xy 𝑐 = 𝑥𝑦) to write

eln(xy) = xy.
𝑒ln(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 .

Then, we'll use equation (3) (3) two more times (with c = x 𝑐 = 𝑥 and with c = y 𝑐 = 𝑦) to write
xy 𝑥𝑦 in terms of ln(x) ln(𝑥) and ln(y) ln(𝑦),

eln(xy) = xy
= eln(x) eln(y) .
𝑒ln(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦

= 𝑒ln(𝑥) 𝑒ln(𝑦) .

Lastly, we use the product rule for exponents with a = ln(x) 𝑎 = ln(𝑥) and b = ln(y) 𝑏 = ln(𝑦) to
conclude that

eln(xy) = eln(x) eln(y)

= eln(x)+ln(y) .
𝑒ln(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑒ln(𝑥) 𝑒ln(𝑦)

= 𝑒ln(𝑥) + ln(𝑦) .

When we take the logarithm of both sides of eln(xy) = eln(x)+ln(y) 𝑒ln(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑒ln(𝑥) + ln(𝑦) , we obtain

ln(eln(xy) ) = ln(eln(x)+ln(y) ).
ln (𝑒ln(𝑥𝑦) ) = ln (𝑒ln(𝑥) + ln(𝑦) ) .

The logarithms and exponentials cancel each other out (equation (4) (4)), giving our product rule for
logarithms,

ln(xy) = ln(x) + ln(y).

ln (𝑥𝑦) = ln (𝑥) + ln (𝑦) .

The quotient rule

The quotient rule for logarithms follows from the quotient rule for exponentiation,

ea
= ea−b
e𝑎
b
𝑒 = 𝑒𝑎 − 𝑏
𝑒𝑏
in the same way.

Starting with c = x/y𝑐 = 𝑥/𝑦 in equation (3)(3) and applying it again with c = x 𝑐 = 𝑥 and c = y 𝑐 = 𝑦, we
can calculate that

x
eln(x/y) =
y
eln(x)
=
eln(y)
= eln(x)−ln(y) ,
𝑒ln(𝑥/𝑦) =𝑥
𝑦
ln(𝑥)
=𝑒
𝑒ln(𝑦)

= 𝑒ln(𝑥) − ln(𝑦) ,

where in the last step we used the quotient rule for exponentation with a = ln(x) 𝑎 = ln(𝑥) and
b = ln(y) 𝑏 = ln(𝑦). Since eln(x/y) = eln(x)−ln(y) 𝑒ln(𝑥/𝑦) = 𝑒ln(𝑥) − ln(𝑦) , we can conclude that the
quotient rule for logarithms is

ln(x/y) = ln(x) − ln(y).

ln (𝑥/𝑦) = ln (𝑥) − ln (𝑦) .

(This last step could follow from, for example, taking logarithms of both sides of
eln(x/y) = eln(x)−ln(y) 𝑒ln(𝑥/𝑦) = 𝑒ln(𝑥) − ln(𝑦) like we did in the last step for the product rule.)

Log of a power

To obtain the rule for the log of a power, we start with the rule for power of a power,

(ea )b = eab . (5)

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑏
(5) (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 .

Starting with c = x y 𝑐 = 𝑥𝑦 in equation (3)(3) and applying it again, this time just once more with
c = x 𝑐 = 𝑥, we can calculate that
y
eln(x ) = x y
= (eln(x) )
y

= ey ln(x)
𝑦
𝑒ln(𝑥 )
= 𝑥𝑦

= (𝑒ln(𝑥) )𝑦

= 𝑒𝑦ln(𝑥)

where in the last step we used the power of a power rule for a = ln(x) 𝑎 = ln(𝑥) and b = y 𝑏 = 𝑦.
𝑦
From eln(x ) = ey ln(x) 𝑒ln(𝑥 ) = 𝑒𝑦ln(𝑥) , we can conclude that
y
 ln(x y ) = y ln(x),
ln (𝑥𝑦 ) = 𝑦ln (𝑥),

which is the rule for the log of a power.

Log of e 𝑒

The formula for the log of e 𝑒 comes from the formula for the power of one,

e1 = e.
𝑒1 = 𝑒 .

Just take the logarithm of both sides of this equation and use equation (4)(4) to conclude that

ln(e) = 1.
ln (𝑒) = 1.

Log of one

The formula for the log of one comes from the formula for the power of zero,

e0 = 1.
𝑒0 = 1.

Just take the logarithm of both sides of this equation and use equation (4) (4) to conclude that

ln(1) = 0.
ln (1) = 0.

Log of reciprocal

The rule for the log of a reciprocal follows from the rule for the power of negative one

1
x −1 =
x
1
𝑥−1 = 𝑥

and the above rule for the log of a power. Just substitute y = −1 𝑦 = − 1 into the the log of power
rule, and you have that

ln(1/x) = − ln(x).
ln (1/𝑥) = − ln (𝑥) .