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Unit No. 4 - Sampling

The document discusses various sampling methods used in research, emphasizing the importance of selecting a representative sample to draw conclusions about a population. It outlines both probability sampling techniques, such as simple random and stratified sampling, and non-probability methods like convenience and quota sampling. Additionally, it addresses potential sampling errors and best practices for effective sample collection.

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VAISHNAVI KAMBLE
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11 views22 pages

Unit No. 4 - Sampling

The document discusses various sampling methods used in research, emphasizing the importance of selecting a representative sample to draw conclusions about a population. It outlines both probability sampling techniques, such as simple random and stratified sampling, and non-probability methods like convenience and quota sampling. Additionally, it addresses potential sampling errors and best practices for effective sample collection.

Uploaded by

VAISHNAVI KAMBLE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling

1. Sampling

2. Sampling Methods

3. Sample Size
A sample (N) is “a smaller (but hopefully representative) collection of units
from a population used to determine truths about that population”
Why sample?
◦Resources (time, money) and workload
◦Gives results with known accuracy that can be calculated mathematically
Population
A population is a group targeted for analysis or study.

Universe

Census
 Process of selecting fixed number of observations from
larger population.

 A technique which is fundamental for behavioural


research is known as sampling.
1. True representative
2. Free from bias
3. Accurate
4. Comprehensive
5. Approachable
6. Good Size
7. Feasible
8. Goal orientation
9. Practical
10. Economical
 The actual set of units and a list containing every
member of the population from which a sample is
drawn at random is called sample frame
 Relevant

 Complete

 Precise

 Up to date
 Errors that arise due to variations in collected samples.

 Types
◦ Biased sampling error
◦ Unbiased sampling error
 Error may arise after the process of sampling is
complete.
 Types:
◦ Frame error
◦ Non-response error
◦ Measurement error
◦ Data processing error
◦ Data analysis error
 Sampling Errors:
◦ Increasing the sample size
◦ Stratification
1. Responsible collection of samples at appropriate
times
2. Use of an accurate sampling frame
3. Appropriate plan for following-up on non
respondents
4. Designing a comprehensive questionnaire
5. Thorough training of surveyors and data processing
personnel
6. In depth knowledge of factors that affect the research
problem
 Probability Sample
Probability sampling is a sampling technique where a researcher selects a few criteria and
chooses members of a population randomly.
All the members have an equal opportunity to participate in the sample with this selection parameter.

 Non-Probability Sample
The Non- Probability Sampling is a sampling method that involves a collection
of feedback based on a researcher or statistician’s sample selection capabilities and not on
a fixed selection process. In most situations, the output of a survey conducted with a non-
probable sample leads to skewed results, which may not represent the desired target
population.
But, there are situations, such as the preliminary stages of research or cost constraints for
conducting research, where non-probability sampling will be much more useful than the
other type.
a. Simple random sampling

b. Cluster sampling

c. Systematic sampling

d. Stratified random sampling


One of the best probability sampling techniques that helps in saving
time and resources is the Simple random sampling method.
It is a reliable method of obtaining information where every single
member of a population is chosen randomly, merely by chance.
Each individual has the same probability of being chosen to be a part of
a sample.
Example: For example, in an organization of 500 employees, if the HR
team decides on conducting team-building activities, they would likely
prefer picking chits out of a bowl. In this case, each of the 500
employees has an equal opportunity of being selected.
Cluster Sampling is a method where the researchers divide
the entire population into sections or clusters representing a
population.
Clusters are identified and included in a sample based on
demographic parameters like age, sex, location, etc.
This makes it very simple for a survey creator to derive
effective inferences from the feedback.
Researchers use the Systematic Sampling Method to choose the sample
members of a population at regular intervals.
It requires selecting a starting point for the sample and sample size that can be
repeated at regular intervals.
This type of sampling method has a predefined range; hence, this sampling
technique is the least time-consuming.
Examples: a researcher intends to collect a systematic sample of 500 people in
a population of 5000. He/she numbers each element of the population from 1-
5000 and will choose every 10th individual to be a part of the sample
(Total population/ Sample Size = 5000/500 = 10).
Stratified random sampling is a method in which the researcher divides the population
into smaller groups that don’t overlap but represent the entire population.
While sampling, these groups can be organized, and then draw a sample from each
group separately.
Example a researcher looking to analyze the characteristics of people belonging to
different annual income divisions will create strata (groups) according to the annual
family income. Eg – less than Rs.2,00,000, Rs. 2,00,001 – Rs.3,00,000, Rs.3,00,001 to
Rs.4,00,000, above Rs.4,00,001etc.
By doing this, the researcher concludes the characteristics of people belonging to
different income groups. Marketers can analyze which income groups to target and
which ones to eliminate to create a roadmap that would bear fruitful results.
1. Judgment Sampling

2. Convenience Sampling

3. Purposive Sampling

4. Quota Sampling

5. Snowballing Sampling methods


A convenience sample is a type of non-probability sampling
method where the sample is taken from a group of people
easy to contact or to reach;
for example, standing at a mall or a grocery store and
asking people to answer questions. This type of sampling is
also known as grab sampling or availability sampling. There
are no other criteria to the sampling method except that
people be available and willing to participate.
Judgmental or Purposive Sampling are formed at the researcher’s
discretion. Researchers purely consider the purpose of the study,
along with the understanding of the target audience.
For Example, when researchers want to understand the thought
process of people interested in studying for their master’s degree.
The selection criteria will be: “Are you interested in doing your
masters in …?” and those who respond with a “No” are excluded
from the sample.
Select Samples and Ask Them to Refer Them to Refer You to Others Snowball
Sampling is a sampling method that researchers apply when the subjects are
difficult to trace.
For example, surveying shelter less people or illegal immigrants will be
extremely challenging. In such cases, using the snowball theory, researchers
can track a few categories to interview and derive results. Researchers also
implement this sampling method when the topic is highly sensitive and not
openly discussed—for example, surveys to gather information about HIV
Aids. Not many victims will readily respond to the questions. Still, researchers
can contact people they might know or volunteers associated with the cause to
get in touch with the victims and collect information.
In Quota Sampling, members in this sampling technique
selection happens based on a pre-set standard.
In this case, as a sample is formed based on specific
attributes, the created sample will have the same
qualities found in the total population.
It is a rapid method of collecting samples.

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