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Lect. 5 Protection 2022

The document discusses directional overcurrent and earth fault relays, emphasizing their importance in protecting electrical systems from faults. It explains the settings and operation of these relays in various configurations, including parallel feeders and ring mains, and highlights the need for directional capabilities to prevent unnecessary disconnections. Additionally, it covers the use of polarizing signals for directional relays and the advantages of using residual current for earth fault protection.

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Abdulrahman Mohammed
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13 views20 pages

Lect. 5 Protection 2022

The document discusses directional overcurrent and earth fault relays, emphasizing their importance in protecting electrical systems from faults. It explains the settings and operation of these relays in various configurations, including parallel feeders and ring mains, and highlights the need for directional capabilities to prevent unnecessary disconnections. Additionally, it covers the use of polarizing signals for directional relays and the advantages of using residual current for earth fault protection.

Uploaded by

Abdulrahman Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Relays Theories

Lecture 5

Direction Over current &


Earth fault Relays
Presented by:
Professor Dr. Saady Abd-El hamid
From last lecture OC Protection:
The pickup current for over current protection
“is the minimum value of the operating current of the
relay”
In T.L protection using OC
a- Phase Relay setting
■ 1/3 Ifmin ≥ Ipu ≥2ILmax
b- Ground Relay
• Ipu >I permissible unbalance
In Motor protection using OC
a- Phase Relay setting Ipu ≥1.3 Istarting
b- Ground Relay Ipu ≥0.01 Irated
Directional Over Current Protection

When fault current can flow in both directions, it may be


necessary to make the response of the relay directional by the
introduction of a directional control facility. The facility is
provided by use of additional voltage inputs to the relay.
3
Directional over-current protection comprises over-current
relay and power directional relay- in a single relay casing.
The power directional relay does not measure the power but
is arranged to respond to the direction of power flow.
The directional relay recognizes the direction in which
fault occurs, relative to the location of the relay. It is set such
that it actuates for faults occurring in one direction only. It
does not act for faults occurring in the other direction.

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Directional Elements ?

Additional discrimination to distinguish between faults that it should


respond to, and others that it should not respond.
The relay should operate if fault is at F1 because it is on
primary feeder but not behind i.e. at F2.
Directional Overcurrent Relays – Parallel Feeders
If non-directional relays are applied to parallel feeders having a
single generating source, any faults that might occur on any one
line will, regardless of the relay settings used, isolate both lines and
completely disconnect the power supply.
With this type of system configuration, it is necessary to apply
directional relays at the receiving end and to grade them with the
non directional relays at the sending end, to ensure correct
discriminative operation of the relays during line faults

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This is done by setting the directional relays R1’ and R2’ in
with their directional elements looking into the protected line,
and giving them lower time and current settings than relays R1
and R2.
The usual practice is to set relays R1’ and R2’ to 50% of the
normal full load of the protected circuit and 0.1TMS

7
Directional OC Relays- RING MAINS
A particularly common arrangement
within distribution networks is the Ring
In a typical ring main with associated
overcurrent protection, current may flow in
either direction through the various relay
locations, and therefore directional
overcurrent relays are applied.
With modern numerical relays, a
directional facility is often available
for little or no extra cost, so that it
may be simpler in practice to apply
directional relays at all locations 8
The usual grading procedure for relays in a ring main circuit is to
open the ring at the supply point and to grade the relays first
clockwise and then anti-clockwise.
The relays looking in a clockwise direction around the ring are
arranged to operate in the sequence 1-2-3-4-5-6

The relays looking in the anti-clockwise direction are arranged to


operate in the sequence 1’-2’-3’-4’-5’-6.

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The arrows associated with the relaying points indicate the
direction of current flow that will cause the relay to operate.
A double-headed arrow is used to indicate a non-directional
relay, such as those at the supply point where the power can
flow only in one direction.
A single-headed arrow is used to indicate a directional relay,
such as those at intermediate substations around the ring
where the power can flow in either direction.
The directional relays are set in accordance with the invariable
rule, applicable to all forms of directional protection, that the
current in the system must flow from the substation busbars
into the protected line in order that the relays may operate.

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The polarizing quantity of a directional relay
1. It is the reference against which the phase angle of
the other quantity is compared. Consequently the
phase angle of the polarizing quantity must remain
fixed when other quantity suffers wide change in
phase angle.

2. The voltage is chosen as the “polarizing” quantity in


the current-voltage induction type directional relay.
In order to give directionality to an Overcurrent relay we need :
Suitable reference, or polarizing signal. The reference generally
used is the system voltage, as its angle remains relatively
constant under fault conditions.
So we use the quadrature phase-phase voltages, as reference
value.
Protected Phase Operating Signal Polarizing Signal

Phase A IA VBC

Phase B IB VCA

Phase C IC VAB
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For earth fault the reference, or polarizing signal is Vres, it obtained from broken
delta.
The directional earth fault protection is activated when the following two
conditions happened:
– the residual current is higher than the setting threshold;
– the residual current phase in relation to the residual voltage in a tripping zone.
Protected Phase Operating Signal Polarizing Signal
Ground Ires=3Io Vres=3V0

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1. Residually connected Earth-fault Relay
More sensitive protection against earth faults can be obtained by
using a relay that responds only to the residual current, since a
residual component exists only when fault current flows to earth.
In absence of earth-fault the vector sum of three line
currents is zero. Hence the vector sum of
three secondary currents is also zero.
The earth-fault relay is connected
such that the residual current flows
through it.
In the absence of earth-fault,
therefore, the residually connected earth-
fault relay does not operate
16
Proactive frequency control for high renewables penetrated power systems 17
Proactive frequency control for high renewables penetrated power systems 18
Proactive frequency control for high renewables penetrated power systems 19
Restricted Earth-Fault Protection for Star Winding

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