sVerbal communication

 Uses words that are defined within a language

 Can be finite, beginning and ending with spoken words
Nonverbal communication
 Can be continuous, as the body is always moving
 Can be multi-channeled, using facial expressions, gestures, tone of
voice, and physical distance
 Can be used to complement, reinforce, substitute, or contradict verbal
messages
Functions of Non-Verbal Communication
Expressing identity
 Nonverbal communication can express identity through clothing,
personal presentation, and tone of voice
Communicating emotions
 Nonverbal communication can be used to communicate emotions and
establish social bonds
Regulating interactions
 Nonverbal communication can provide cues to signal the beginning
and end of conversational turns
Influencing others
 Nonverbal communication can be used to assert dominance or gain
compliance
Cultural differences
 In the United States, eye contact is often associated with confidence
and positive attention, but in Asia it can be considered rude
 In the United States, a firm handshake is considered a positive
greeting, but in Asia a bow is more common
 In the United States, people may speak more loudly than in other
cultures, which can be perceived as rude in some contexts

The Nine Principles of Effective Communication

Michael Osborn (2009)
 claims that communication must meet certain standards for effective
communication to take place.
Clarity
 it makes speeches understandable.
  Fuzzy language is absolutely forbidden, as are jargons, cliché
expressions, euphemisms and doublespeak language.
Concreteness
 It reduces misunderstandings. Message must be supported by
facts such as research data, statistics, or figures to achieve
concreteness. Abstract words must be avoided.
Courtesy
 builds good-will. It involves being polite in terms of approach and
manner of addressing an individual.
Correctness
 Glaring mistakes in grammar obscures the meaning of a sentence
also the misuse of language can damage your credibility.
Consideration
 Message must be geared towards the audience.
 The sender of a message must consider the recipient's
profession, level of education, race, ethnicity, hobbies, interest,
passion, advocacies, and age when drafting or delivering a message.
Creativity
 Creativity in communication means having the ability to craft
interesting message in terms of sentence construction and word
choice.
Conciseness
 Simplicity and directness help you to be concise. Avoid using
lengthy expression and words that might confuse the recipient.
Cultural Sensitivity
 Today, with the increasing emphasis on empowering diverse
cultures, lifestyles and races and the pursuit for gender equality,
cultural sensitivity becomes an important standard for effective
communication.
Captivating
 You must strive to make message interesting to command more
attention and better responses.
Ethical Considerations in Communication Ethics
 is a branch of philosophy that focuses on issues of right and wrong in
human affairs.
Ethical Communicators:
 Respect your audience.
 Consider the result of communication.
 Value the truth.
 Use information correctly.
  Do not falsify information

Purposive communication
 is a way of communicating that involves speaking, writing, or
presenting to a specific audience for a specific purpose.
Communication
 is the process of sharing information between people, either
verbally or non-verbally.
 It involves a sender who encodes a message and a receiver who
decodes it.
Language
 is a tool for expressing thoughts, sharing feelings, and
communicating views.
 is a system of sounds, words, and rules that allows people to
understand each other.
Symbol
 refers to anything that represents or stands for something
else, essentially acting as a tool to convey meaning, whether it be a
word, gesture, image, or object, used to communicate ideas, thoughts,
and feelings between individuals; it can be verbal (spoken words) or
 nonverbal (facial expressions, body language) depending on the
context.
Gesture
 is a non-verbal communication action, typically involving body
movements like hand motions, facial expressions, or head
movements, used to convey meaning.
Appearance
 refers to the visual impression someone projects through their
clothing, grooming, body language, and overall demeanor.
Tone of voice
 refers to the attitude or emotional quality conveyed through
your words and delivery, influencing how your message is
perceived by the audience.
Slang
 refers to informal, non-standard words and phrases used within
specific social groups or contexts, often considered casual and not
appropriate for formal settings.
Jargon
 refers to specialized language used within a particular field or
profession.
Denotative
 refers to the literal, dictionary definition of a word, while
Connotative
 refers to the emotional or cultural associations implied by that
word, essentially the underlying meaning beyond its basic definition.
Euphemism
 in purposive communication is a mild or indirect word or phrase
used to replace a harsher or more sensitive term.

Elements of Communication
Sender
 the person, group, or organization that starts the communication.
 also known as the communicator or source.
Receiver
 the individual or group who is intended to receive and interpret a
message sent by the sender.
Message
 a set of ideas, feelings, or information that a sender conveys to a
receiver.
Channel
  the medium used to send a message to a specific audience.

Feedback
 a response to information that helps improve communication and
learning.
Noise
 in purposive communication is any factor that interferes with the
exchange of information.
Context
 the environment in which a message is sent and received.
Speech
 the act of expressing thoughts and feelings through spoken
words.
Audience
 the specific group of people you are intending to reach with your
message
Register
 the level of formality in language used depending on the context,
audience, and purpose of communication.

Delivery Method Impromptu

 a speech that is given without preparation and the purpose is
to communicate a message to an audience.
Extemporaneous
 a well-prepared speech that is delivered without being fully
memorized, relying on key points arid outlines while appearing to
speak conversationally to the audience, allowing for flexibility and
adaptation to the situation based on audience response
Manuscript
 a fully written document containing the exact words a speaker
intends to deliver in a speech
Memorized
 a speech delivery method where the speaker recites a prepared
text entirely from memory, without relying on notes, allowing them to
maintain full eye contact with the audience and deliver a precise
message with exact wording.
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
 Discuss the Effects of Cultural and Global issues on Communication
 Discuss the essay “The Flight from Conversation” by Sherry Turkle
Culture
 is one of the most challenging aspects of business today.
 can be defined as the beliefs, behaviors, norms, values,
attitudes, customs, rules, and language that people share in a
particular area or group.
 influences how people collaborate within a team and their
performance. When people with different cultural backgrounds work
together, misunderstandings can arise. When a person understands
and appreciates other people's culture, they are more likely to have
successful interpersonal communication.
Interpersonal Communication
 occurs when at least two people share ideas and information,
mainly in face-to-face communication. Such an engagement can
use words or nonverbal cues.

Some examples of interpersonal communication are:

 Friends gathering in a coffee shop for a talk
 A couple holding a private conversation
 Workmates having different cultural backgrounds waving at
each other to communicate.

Cultural Sensitivity
 refers to the awareness of commonalities and variations in
people's cultures without labeling them as desirable or undesirable.
Being culturally sensitive requires understanding that the similarities
and variations in people impact their behaviors, perceptions, and
values.
 This enables a person to adjust behaviors to be at par with people from
a different culture. Cultural sensitivity helps a person understand how
the receiver may interpret their words. Hence, one can know how to
 communicate effectively and avoid words that can cause
misunderstandings.
gender sensitivity
 It refers to the aim of understanding and taking account of the
societal and cultural factors involved in gender-based
exclusion and discrimination in the most diverse spheres of public
and private life.

gender-sensitive language
 It is the realization of gender equality in written and spoken
language.
 it is attained when women and men and those who do not conform to
the binary gender system are made visible and addressed in language
as persons of equal value, dignity, integrity, and respect

Cultural Issues Affecting Communication

Cultural barrier
 in communication occurs mainly when communication happens
between two different cultural backgrounds. We encounter cultural
barriers in everyday life. In the age of globalization and digital media,
the whole world is performing and participating on one platform. Here
mutual understandings between communicators are very much
important for the effective, fruitful process of communication.
Sources of Cultural Barriers:
1. Language (Semantic):
 is considered as the most crucial barrier in cross-cultural
communication. Since verbal communication is important in every
context, the understandings of the meaning of words are also
important. The language barrier occurs not only because of differences
in language but also in the forms of a variety of dialects. The examples
are of Chinese and Russian language where different dialects are used
in several parts of the country. If one communicator is not aware of the
exact meaning, it will create misunderstanding and lead to a conflict of
ideas.
2. Cultural norms and values:
 Each culture holds its own values, meaning and norms different from
another. This difference is caused because of truth, belief and
judgment through which they acquired knowledge about society and
culture. For example, in eastern countries like India, Pakistan, Srilanka
 the meaning of physical proximity is different from that in western
countries. In western culture, people share physical proximity or
closeness only with the persons whom they know. This is the reason we
can find a calm and quiet environment in public transportation in
western countries. On contradictory, we can find a huge, crowded
environment in Indian suburban and metro rail transports.
3. Stereotypes:
 Stereotypes are any negative image or preconceived notions on a
particular community and identity. These are created through mass
media and their content agenda. For example, the status of
transgender is considered in the different level of standard in various
cultures. Same like the role and respect for women also varies from
culture to culture. In social psychological viewpoint, positive
stereotypes are also considered as the cultural barrier. It is
representation of a particular group of people or culture in a positive
way. This may be different from reality. The positive stereotypes create
frames of reference in the mind of people in cultural context. For
example, it is considered as people in Italy are having a great interest
in art. This might be true in some sense since Italy was gone through
various art movements. But if a foreigner visits Italy and interact with
the Italians with that mindset, he may find it difficult to encounter the
reality.
4. Values and Beliefs:
 The differences in values and beliefs in cultures also create a barrier in
communication. The difference in the level of acceptability in cultures
is an example. The reasons behind these are influenced by religion,
political environment or epistemology. Values tell us about people’s
behaviour. Values may be explicit (stated overtly in a value judgement)
or implicitly (inferred from nonverbal behaviour), and they may be
individually held or seen as a part of a cultural pattern or system.
Every country has numerous religions practised by its people. So the
differences in their values and beliefs are also an example of cultural
barriers.
5. Body language and gestures:
 Body language and gestures are other elements of the cultural barrier.
It is impossible to communicate without body language and gestures. It
provides meaning and justification for communication. In conservative
societies like Arab and African countries, greeting opposite gender by
shaking hands or hugging is considered as ill-manner or even moral
 crime. But in the western world it is common practice to shake hands
while we meet people.

Overcoming Cultural Barrier

It is important to avoid or overcome any kind of barrier for any successful
and effective communication. Especially in context of cross-cultural
communication, it is important to avoid all types of cultural barriers. It will
create tension between different cultural contexts. The reasons for wars
between two countries, business revelry are may be due to cultural barriers
between communications.
The following are the points which we need to keep in mind to avoid
cultural barriers in communication:
1. Avoid frame of reference
2. Use mutual language and signs
3. Ask questions when in doubt
4. Provide space for mutual respect
5. Open to new ideas
6. Accepting and adapting the different culture
7. Understand the context of communication
8. Avoid Stereotyped notions
9. Promote positive reception of cultural divergences
10. Learn about other cultures and their norms

How Does Culture Affect Communication?

Instant communications and an ever-expanding internet have made the
world a much smaller place, presenting both barriers and opportunities as we
interact across borders with people of different cultures. In this new, complex
world of communication, cultural differences stand out as one of our biggest
challenges. Different cultures affect how individuals participate in groups and
how they work within communities.

The five patterns of cultural difference can help you understand people
who are different from you. Learning the basics about the culture and
language of the people you work with.
1. Understand that a person's behaviors and reactions are often culturally
driven, and while they may be different than yours, they are still appropriate.
2. Accept the different languages, different religions and other cultural
differences of team members.
3. Consider special needs of team members such as different holidays and
different hours of operations.
4. Ask questions if you are unsure of cultural differences.
5. Show the way by being courteous to ensure team members follow a path
of understanding and acceptance.

Sherry Turkle's The Flight from Conversation (published in The New

York Times in 2012) explores the effects of technology, particularly
smartphones and social media, on communication. The article delves into
how technology has changed the way people connect with each other, often
leading to a decline in face-to-face interactions. Here are the key points from
her argument:
1. Technological Impact on Conversations: Turkle argues that as technology
has advanced, especially through smartphones, people are increasingly
avoiding deep, meaningful conversations. Instead, they rely on brief,
superficial exchanges through texts, tweets, and status updates.
2. Decline of Face-to-Face Interaction: The prevalence of digital
communication has led to a decline in face-to-face interactions, which are
essential for developing empathy, understanding, and genuine emotional
connection. People are more comfortable texting or emailing than having real
conversations in person.
3. Lack of Empathy in Digital Communication: Turkle emphasizes that the
lack of nonverbal cues (such as body language or tone of voice) in digital
communication makes it harder for people to connect on a deeper emotional
level. This results in conversations that are often more transactional than
relational.
4. The Comfort of Solitude in Technology: One reason people may avoid real
conversations, according to Turkle, is that digital technology provides a sense
of control over interactions. People can curate what they share, avoid difficult
conversations, and even take breaks from communication when they feel
overwhelmed.
5. Paradox of Connectedness: Although technology connects people globally,
Turkle suggests that it can also create a sense of isolation. Social media
gives the illusion of being connected, but in reality, it might leave people
feeling more disconnected and lonelier.
6. The Need for Reconnection: Turkle urges society to reconsider its
relationship with technology, advocating for more intentional and meaningful
conversations in person. She calls for individuals to carve out time for face-
to-face discussions, where deeper, more authentic connections can be made.
COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
 to persuade and argue
 discuss on how to present ideas persuasively using appropriate
language registers, tone, facial expressions, and gestures

COMMUNCATION FUNDAMENTALS
Know your Purpose
 Why are you speaking?
 You need to have a specific purpose in mind.
 You may want to entertain, inform, or persuade your audience.

Know your Audience

 To whom will you speak?
 As a communicator it is important that you need to analyze, cater, and
respect the needs of your audience.

Organize your Ideas

 How will you put your ideas together?
 Create and outline to diagram how your communication will be
organized.

Purposes of Communication
1. To inform - to inform is to impart knowledge, to clarify information,
and to secure understanding.
2. To evoke - to evoke means to rely on passion and controversy to make
a point. Evocative communicators must show a lot o enthusiasm and
concern or the topic and must use personal experience to draw the
audience. Using government research, statistics and data can all help
to make their topics more believable and more engaging.
3. To entertain - to transmit a feeling of pleasure and goodwill to the
audience. The communicator is considered gracious, genial, good-
natured, relaxed, and demonstrates to his or her listeners the
pleasant job of speaking to them.
4. To argue - to present a reasoned case or viewpoint, using evidence
and logical reasoning to persuade an audience to accept a particular
position or idea, often with the goal of influencing their opinion or
action on a specific topic; it's essentially a form of persuasive
communication focused on presenting strong arguments with
supporting facts and analysis.
5. To persuade - to use communication strategies to convince someone
to believe or act in a certain way, essentially aiming to influence their
thoughts, opinions, or behaviors by presenting compelling arguments
and evidence to adopt a specific viewpoint or take a particular action;
 it's about actively trying to change someone's mind or motivate them
to do something specific.

TYPES OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

• INFORMATIVE SPEECH - This speech serves to provide interesting and
useful information to your audience.
• DEMONSTRATIVE SPEECH – This has many similarities with an informative
speech. A demonstrative speech is also teaches you something. The main
difference lies in including a demonstration on how to do the thing you’re
teaching.
• PERSUASIVE SPEECH - This speech works to convince people to change in
some way: what they think, the way they do something, or to start doing
something they are not currently doing.
• ENTERTAINING SPEECH - The speaker provides pleasure and enjoyment
that make the audience laugh or identify with anecdotal information.
Persuasive Communication
a. It provides a choice among options.
b. It advocates something through a speaker.
c. It uses supporting materials to justify advice.
d. It turns the audience into agents of change.
e. Asks for strong audience commitment.
f. It gives importance to the speaker’s credibility.
g. It appeals to feelings
h. It has higher ethical obligation.

Argumentative Communication
It relies heavily on sound proof and reasoning. The nature of proof has been
studied since the Golden Age of Greece and has been improved through
time. According to Aristotle, logos, ethos, and pathos are the three primary
forms of proof. In our time, whoever, many scholars have confirmed the
presence of the fourth dimension of proof, mythos, which suggests that we
respond to appeals to the traditions and values of our culture and to the
legends and folktales that embody them.

Lucas (2007) claims that to avoid defective argumentation, the following

must be avoided:
1. Defective evidence
a. Misuse of facts
b. Statistical fallacies
 c. Inappropriate evidence

2. Defective Patterns of reasoning

a. Evidential fallacies
i. Slippery slope
ii. Confusing facts with opinion
iii. Red herring
iv. Myth of the mean
b. Flawed proofs
c. Defective arguments

To present ideas persuasively in a purposive communication setting, ensure

your language register aligns with the audience and situation, maintain a
confident tone, use appropriate facial expressions to convey emotions, and
employ purposeful gestures to emphasize key points while remaining mindful
of cultural context and the overall message you want to deliver; essentially,
tailor your communication style to effectively engage your audience and
convince them of your ideas.
Key elements to consider:
 Language Registers
1. Formal Register:
Use professional language with precise vocabulary when addressing a
formal audience, like in a business presentation or academic setting.
2. Informal Register:
Adapt to a more casual tone with familiar language when interacting with a
close group or in a relaxed setting.
3. Adjust based on context:
Consider the audience's level of understanding and tailor your language
accordingly.

 Tone of Voice:
 Confident Tone: Speak with conviction and authority to establish credibility
and influence.
 Enthusiastic Tone: Show passion and excitement about your ideas to
engage the audience.
 Empathetic Tone: Demonstrate understanding and connection with the
audience's concerns.

Facial Expressions:
 Eye Contact: Maintain steady eye contact to establish a personal
connection with the listeners.
 Smiling: Use a genuine smile to appear approachable and friendly.
 Expressive Brows and Eyes: Utilize subtle facial movements to emphasize
key points or convey emotions.

 Gestures:
 Open Gestures: Use open hand movements to appear confident and
welcoming.
 Purposeful Gestures: Employ gestures that directly relate to your words,
like pointing to highlight specific information.
 Avoid Distracting Movements: Limit fidgeting or unnecessary hand
movements that might detract from your message.
Important Considerations:
Audience Awareness:
 Be mindful of the audience's cultural background and adapt your
communication style accordingly to avoid misinterpretations.
Non-Verbal Cues:
 Pay attention to your body language, posture, and stance to project a
positive image.
Practice and Preparation:
 Rehearse your presentation beforehand to deliver your ideas
smoothly and confidently.
Example Scenario:
Example Scenario:
Situation:
 Presenting a new marketing strategy to a company's senior
management team.
Language Register:
Formal, using technical terms relevant to the industry while explaining
complex concepts clearly.
Tone:
 Confident, assertive, and enthusiastic about the potential benefits of
the proposed strategy.
Facial Expressions:
 Maintaining eye contact, using a positive smile to convey confidence
and openness.
Gestures:
 Using open hand gestures to illustrate key points on the presentation
slides, emphasizing important data with appropriate hand
movements.