lOMoARcPSD|44781507

Computer Network unit 1

Computer Networks (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

Compute Netovots
Uhit-1
hat s Data
is information Hat
Ih Computing, olota
kas been taanslated nto a form that is s liciet fo7
mouement
or procesing
Data Comnication!
Data communiction refns to tha
Crchange dota betavten to
Connected duis. Jhase dics mst be capabl e
Schding ahd seceiuing data oueA a commnication
medium. Ebamples Such duics nctude persohal
Computes, mobile phond, daptops , ce.
hat is Netasorks?
A netawork cohsists tuo or

Comptees) thot are linked in ordu to

more hoces Ceg
sla resowrces CSuch as rinters ahd CD), ebchang fils,
electronic comnmeinications. Jhe Computes on
a natosok may be linkad doyh Cables, telephone
Dines Satellites or ifrared ligkt beans
hoals o Netuoork!
e Resowce shaiy,

) A secohd goal is to pouide high eliabilidy by tauip

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

alternatie Sowhces p,all iles cout

be replicated two machines So ohe
Copies Couldd be
alsailahle
6) Ako then goal is to fncease Hhe syttems
peformance
Qoad incheases by just adeig more
procarsObS with central maintahes, usken dhe 8ytem
be replaced by a dagen ohe, a

whally et
at geat eopehse and
and ah
asit een geate
dis uption to the Uses.
Computen notors pro uiole a powefl Commeatat'oh
Commuicotion a

meddium. A le that ans updoted

a neteok can be seeh by

inmeollately
Agplications Netusork
AccesS to remote proghams
A
ccess to remote data bases.
Value ado commnication faclities .
t alloess you to sh
shae oesous such as pntens,
SCahhes ete.
allocs the eochange daa and infoation
It
among users thoyh a netwok.

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

es Netwosks
Ohe
) hocal Avea Netots CLAN)
- Opele on Sal0 Phycal alea such as ha/
So iety ete
3 Eay to oes igh anol tooubleshoot
, RING Topodogy e gheleally vsed

LANK
RING
BRIDaE

Bus
CResoc 3hasing) Butlding2

litan Area Netusork CMAN)'

)Metopo
entire Ciy 50 Km, optical ibres 7
’ Entenhd over
Router

BuS

LAN1
RING
Roten

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 i) i)
v) iV) M)
dcatting
vii)Use vi) Oed Ouened Compausoh
Area
Nles
5WIDE
Minimum Opesate LANCkocal Delhi darge
Migh Co tag
-
asial to by AREA
data dasigh over
distoace
Pooþogation a
Cabls erson-Pivately blo
Rote Smae
ahd
LAN RouterLxternet
Such
SoverNETWORKCWAN)
Useol maitoin Route
duly Area
lOMoARcPSD|44781507

coutry
WAN
) argeD) i)
Vi) V) jv)distace,across - /states
vi) Coutied. an WAN Tmbai

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

Éxcessive
LoJ
Diticlt
Satellite
be
Cwide RTNG ,
Saitching
Use Pivate
dlota
Progation làks to Aea
ate or
mantain
Used Pablic Nle)
dalay
 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

yahigation lntent )
Oho Itexnel, an autonnrnolw,
intexconnected etam, loosely strutuud irntesredona!
Cooeatioh, aeilitates ont- to- keat communicabok,
protoca.la,and
Voduntaily follrairg trakspavert
stodado
Prceds set owt in he Iterhol
Itonet gitu at
alho
bea o isconheated
Jhee ao a num
Zkternil, bt we Itent
dhe
do not Cohhet to
en Intereanneted netuoot se
Stondorold: Jo
poides mutual
heb Coh sish o hey
Iho digtal
cooperatioh Rouyhly 3o0 sevce
itexconnection and esith dhe hteut
ctedl
intercohhe
proids ae Cuntly
Cbcginniy sn 1996).
ISoc)
Iy Interet Sociehy C
Jhe Irternet SocietyCIS)
onganizatioh dhat Js Concenasd cuith
us a proJessional
and aduaheameiit re Dtenat
he dulopnent
Jinanclal politicaland
corld aide, ib use and iB
techanlogical issus
LAB nominatio hom he Candlela
Jke appOual e ho.
Nominoty Comittee a de TAB s the
Sent by he
Desponsibilid,

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

tert Achitectu Board CIAR)!

Jhe ISOC te ctleal adusoxy Com mitte

he Iatesnt Architectue Boa>d CIAB). Tt s
chanteud to Conbal ne tntehet iastrutue and
Ptcals an to 3ee as au bedy hhouyh shih
IFS4 decisions can be appeald in he Joom
he Intemet starolad poocaawe.
4 Jhe TA8 s sespohSiblo fo ae appo al IE SG
ppointets by he cardidates Submitte by te IETP
Committee mominatons

3) Ihtent Engineeriy Steesing CroupCTESG )!

Jhe IESa s esponsible for he stbategic Contal
IETE actiuites and dhe Ttunet Stondad utem

4) Lrteet Erginuing Tast force CTETE)'

C

Jke TE TE s a loasely stauctued commnidy o

incliuduok ho make teckhical and othe contibutiond
techhologal nnovation
to te Tternet and ib
and delopment

S) tert Asstghed Numbe Authority CIANA)

fos mmaintaining a calleetion e
Co.latioh
It us res ponsible global co ordihattu
e gistaies that ade clitieal in ehsuing
and othe Intest
he DNS reot zore IP
addessig
Porotbcol reSowces
Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

hternet Sexvice Pooutdr! (TS P)

An ISP s a Company hat prouds iniduals ad
Organigations access to ho itehet and ohu reloted

Seices.
Crtomes to access the
ISß make it possible fo
poouiding adoditioral seruics Such
intert while alo
email doain registratioh ad web hostirg

Computel Netaok Arehiteetue -

Compute Nl Avchitectue àss dlind as te Phyteal

e trahsmissiOn data . Simply e

medlia
Can say hat ecso computers
ae allocated to the compute
tocs tasks
etaok architectuue au use!
Jhe tuco dypes !

Compter Netoat

(Peer-To--Peer
Cliest /Seee
netwok
Netaso

’ Peer - To-Pee Network

cliet / Seuw Neto

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

Peen - To- Peex hatuo

s a hotook n hich all
’ Peoa - To - Pee notoxk
togetku csitn egual Pri uilegi
Jinked
Comptees ae liakid
and esponsibi.lidies or procsiy la dota
Jhis nw s Usefal fos Snall
Shmall ehuiron met, wsaall
lñ to lo Computes
’fee - To- Pees mo kas mo dolicated Sel
- Special pesmissions aviged to each compte
to
Soutces, but hs Con laad
he oe SowcL
a problem i dha compteu casith

fee - To- Peer Netok

Aduanto-gu
it does hot cotain any
Castly as
’ Tt s ds
dadicated ser
Otzen computel ca,
Oe
Computel stof
cwo eaily maintain as each Compte
maitain
to set tup and
anc
às eay
manags itsey
To- Peer Netat
Disadua.tags d feer
Pee-
-To - Peeh netoos, it oloes hot
n the Case Pees
’ cahnot
Contain the centyaligd syutem,Jheyoe, it
Jle data as he dlata s dileret n
back uf
dilfeut docatlons
a secuiy issue as the oluice
iesue
itsey Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

tra et /Seau Netaook!

Client /Seu netcaooxk ds a netwosk mol desigred
for dhe Chd Uses calld clients, to access tae
Such as Sorgs , ttdio video ete froM
Central Conpute Kho
Khocoh Se

Jhe cektoal Controlles s KhOCIh as a sey wthils

all od Computers in the netwoyk ae callhd liets.
’A SeAu peoforms all ne nmajor operations such
Security anol hetok management
A Ser Js respo nsible or managing all the
reSoces Such as eles, directoies, Pteu ete
)Al0 the clients communicate cesith each or thoth
a serun Foo eoample
Ome dlata to liet2
I client 1 ants to seno
to ho se to
hon it rst sendds te segst
sen Sercs he es po nse to
de per missios Jhe
Communication
Jhe cliet 1 to énitiate i
lient

Ltenet
cliests
geu

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

Adautags od clieut /Sew hotwork'

’A Clicst /Senuu metok Contafs tha coutoalitdSy
Ihenejose cwe cah back up he dala eanty
’A Client | Se hetok has a decicated se
hat imrues the ovehall pes formnee af tae ashale
System
It also in Cheases tae sped < he Shaine

Disadustags Client /sere netwo !

’ Cliet /seu hetso s espehsiu as it oeguire!
he se ceidh darge mmey.
’ A Ser has a Network Operotiiy SytemCNOs)
to prouoe te resoces to tae clients, bt he
Cost Nos s vey igh
a deiated netwot acministrator
to manage alD tao sesowsces

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

n Syntem Ttercomedticn (oST)Tlodal!

It is a dayened hameosk Jor la dosign of
Nlo Systend
that alloKS Comnuhication betacen ll dypes e Compte
Systemt I Contais 7 layus. Each Joyu calls upon
te
Seyices ne Layu
dayen just beloco it.

layu Aprlicatioh kayu

layu -6 Poesentation kayn
kayu- 5 Session layu
Transpest ayu
Layu - 3 Neteoo laye Modil
Data lik Aoy

Phyial layu
|Ae peohle Seems to Nea Domios i33a
Send Recsiun
Applicatlenlayed
Agplicotion laye
Preseataton kayu
Besertotion kayeu fees-To-feesNeo
Session kaye
Sessioh hayu Toahspost kay
Toanspora laye (Netwo haye
Netaoo kayu Data link layc
Doto ink lay Transimission Media
Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

1t is vesponsibla for mouíng indi

bis om Ohe Chodo) to the nest
To dota
functions Csendu) CReulyu
) Toans mission Media ‘Phytal
Tsansmisslon mea
ko

im) ata Rate [ho- e bik sent each second

iv) Synchsonigatioh bít
) line, Configuation ’Point -to- oit
SMultipoit
vi) Topo logy Mesh

Bus
Ring
Vií) Trans missioh Mode Símpli
hay-dupl
Full-duplu
Data link layu
Tt trasfomd the phycal Jayu
into a reliable

futionb) From hyily

) rraming i- Convesion bits ’forames
1) Phyical Add ssing ;- Headu s added to ame
I) Flow Contral
iv) Access
EroY Contyal
Cotrol
Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

Netoost loyn
id Resonsihlo for Souco -to dstiationdeliny
funetion
i) Logical Addaessing Head to dte Aockal Coming fom
upþe

i) Routig Reating algosithas

4) Trans post dayn!
Rocponsibla for Procs -to- Pare%
deliuy
i) Sesia - poit Addhssing cPost Addben)
i) Segmeutotion ad Reanembly
II
at eceu Side
at sendi Side
Cøthestionles
iú) Conmedtion Control Conneotton Onested
iv) Floes ad ErTor Control

6) Sessiok kayu'

fuetion a tine )
Jay at
i> Dialog Covtrol Hal) Dupls (ohe cway Cehmuniation
t a time )
full Duals Ctwo ways,

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

ii) Syhckenigatioh!- Addiy checkpoirs

(AC)

) Presentation hoyu!
asith dhe Synto It deal
hd Sematics of de inoratlon ebckaneud
blo too
Systens

fnctiows
i> Translation!- cohweting a message to compatible bit
Stream
) Eheryption'- Corvesting Rlattet to Ciphutet
(yia
Convetiy Ciplutot to Rlatatot LDeenypid
Ti) Compessioh)- Realucirg mo" bid cotoind un the
information
7) Agelicatiok Aayu
Tt ehahles ae useSs CHuan/sto)to
access he Nl.
funstious)
1) N vtstual
Terminal . slo vestoh ef Phical teminal
(Reote Host dogin is facilitated)
i) Hle Transu,access anc
Mahageherd
iv) Diretoy Seus
Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

fce|IP Rylunce Modal or Potocal Suit

5H as dulaped before OSJI Modal
’ Ih àe fast it cotain 4 lay, bet hoco it Cantains 5Joy
SApeliata)
layu /-’ Agpliatio Posetoto
Session
TeP/IP
Taanspot Protocal
Neteo
Suit
layn Netaetk Iterface bata lk layu
kay s Phyiallayu

Unit Comication ès
Singl bit
’ No sp eaic. Protocol {Same as
OsT modal?
Comnication blo dwo hopes Conputers
Data ink kayul
2 No specie Prstocol Sana as OST modl
’ Communioton bleo to kops /hods

) Tatet Postocol (IP) s used o ah issieh

-) Dnit e mechanism
’ Comnicat'on s calu data gkam
Comenicaton b end to end

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])
lessage. CoMmunleotion Unit
moolel OSI kayes
n
Presetoton
and Session, Combination is Tt
iaten
lauul Appliation s)
lohneatin
ls
) C Oriented) Cionnestion
cal Paote datagan Use otaal Contol
Transni'ssien
TP
Porotocals Taso
Segtant calld Commneatlo
is h Urit -’
mesage aholedelivering JorResponsibl ’
LoyeTranspot
lOMoARcPSD|44781507
 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

Aetasork Deuiad
N| duuices ar phyrtal duiers dat
alloo Ro oh a Compute nlo
n/ to interat ard Com wiate
cerídn ahodhe.
As a hotewort
Con be f vaious dypes , suck as
LAN, MAN, WAN Hehce there le a dot dafet
hetok deuices compute etaorks

Repeoteu -
Tepeater es a hetwo duce
A

hat us ud to beost up weak sigaols Its forto

is to seghsate weak ignals
dis takce
{ a a sighal trauels fo Sohe
TV Cable,is fntensith stats to cop Here,
n a
a repeate Can reqenesate dhe same
CoPyig t bit by bit Regeated Signal
Neckabud Siya

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

HUB
A ub Às a
lsco to Cohhed ltialo Compters or conhetions ih.
hetoK.
In othe word, hub s a mutipot repeote .
’ It broadcasts die infox mato n to all tho compts
Conheted to it , re , it autoaticolly sercs a he
format'on to all the Conheteol dics wia porb
It liyually useo to conneet Computes in a LAN.
’ A kub Cahnót lte data.
Hub coyts on the haly- ouplo traxshission eds
ie, it counot re ceiue anol sehe itornatou ot he
Same tine.
Hub dpes
loes ot proe any secuidy
client

HUB

clints

Abaidge
to Separate hocal Area Netoosk CLAN) to a numbe
el Setioks

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

A bodge eceives oata/infounaton or Ae Jist etook

’ In he eiatn preceas t netes docon the MAC

addhes and he oat ude o each ub

hetwok accordiy to oacis YAC adldeses.

Skesjoe) a bndge s vepecteh cohiah ean

tilte Content by eaclin MAC adolie
Sowlce anol alestinatA

HU8
fBoidgeHUS

Syskn
hidge
Can
etend No by using a
OhCe it tas bvodastd
It conhot stp

Routes a Local Asea Aetest (2AN)

A routel alloS
to talk to a ceiols Area Aletutoak CNAN) JAeeferit
iA a Ntwo
Js Deuice . As su khecw
aye Deeice
duies e comheded to a nbee Stcás
hnther cohhectd tr a etel
Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

ooute ws soute data Paoteti

a
bas he IP addhees

Routee

Quaitch

luiat
douice 3
Auicy

ds a teminology to ConhE
AAgateeay
et htor
two hetots that may cwosk upon
hess ehgu ageta iat take

data om One sytem, intespret it, andd tbate

ahe alo call
it to ahodu Sytem. hatecy
Protocol convetes and operate at ony
netwo
s abo Calld as pootoco
Convertes.

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

Netwo Components
Compute retwosts componets
Compzie bothe phyical pats as well as the sl regured
o installiy copten hetoots, boh at organiations
and at ome

Hls omponents'
Sens
Se-ues kigh - cotsurationcompates
that manag in ae seuee
installad
ogeratiy Sytem is typically
Useh acce Sses
to the hetwok
varous Rincs !
Sees Can be
dotaba sees

chet
Clients compites that egut and
he sers to accesS
recuie see hom

Transmission Melia e the

Trans miss ion Mecia

thich dota
chatnels royh hetook
anodh n a
pom ohe dvice to cuuieled media lie
be
Tronsmission meaia nay
optc!
co aial Cable , Fibe

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

Comnetig Deucs'
Cohmeoting deues act as
bko hetaosks
computors, by binlt,
middlne
de heto media togethe Some
outes Bidgs , Hubs,
Connectig oies ae'
Seusitches.
Repeaters ateoys )

Netasorti Operatin ystem Nl opestiy Syotos

gere and daciliAt
typitally insta lld i te
hetwor to shae ls, datay
csost statous in a
appicatio,Printers ete.
Protocal Seite!

by each computeL for dota

guslelie follocoed suite s a set f
Comnioton. Po tocal
elated rotocals trat are laial decOn fos
dwo
so populan paotocals
compute hetwos Ihe
uites
Sytem DnterCohhectioNS
’ OsI Copeh
Tep | LP Todlel
’

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

Phyical laye
ompta Netaost Tog logies.
A Netao* topolog is dle arrageat aitn hiih
Comptr Systens nyeo dcs ae Conrected
to each od
Topodogès may dalie bo'r pyrial
and eogcal aspect ad e Nw. Bo Logical and
Phyrical hyg.logies Could be sohe oo dierent n
Same o

Bus Topologyl
Dh this typology , all ducs
Share single corunication die
topaleyy may taue Prublem chile meltale
hoss seolin data at a Saetime

Data flo c

Teominator

8od end od e slaved chahel Kaue lie teoiatoo.'

oedoetioh and as
Soon ad entrene ehd, Re tesminatr
da data om dhe line
Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

Stau
Toplagy!
AlL tasts n stastopalegy e Cohe
to a cental duice, Kheoh as
ub dunce, Winy
poYnt t-bit oNneetion

HUB

Euey communatioh bleo hesk, tokus place Jough

he hub.

Rug Topology!
In ing topolegy, eack tast me
Connects to eyactly two oret mles, Ceatig a
cisular etuode structue.

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|44781507

(4)
esk Topalog
to Ohe
multiple kast shs topalog tas tosth
Point -to- point Cohnetion aun ey oae
host or may alho taue tau hoss skich ae in poit
to -poit conheton to uo ost only

connetion to
AQ ask hau a poit- to- point
othen host a sae hetwork Jhus for eey
Rost n(h-)2 Cohnectons ar eguired.
It rouidls 0 most reliabk Ne stntue aoy

Free Topalagy
hocn as kiesachg topales)

Downloaded by Anshika Saxena ([email protected])