SYLLABUS

Inte rnet of Thin gs (CS7 24P E/EC 732P E)

UNIT-I
Introduction to Internet of Thfnts: .Definition and Characteristics of loT, Phys,tca
l Des~ of loT - loT
l~les - Wireless
Protocols, loT communication models, IoT Communication APis. IoT enabled Techno
ded Systems, IoT
Sensor Networlzs. Cloud Computl~. B~ data analytics, Communication protocols, Embed
s, Aqrtculture.
Levels and Templates, Domain Speclftc JoTs -Home, City, Environment, EnerQY, Retail, ~tsiJc
Industry. health and Lifestyle. (Chapter- I)

UNIT-II
between SDN and NFV
. loT and MIM: Software defined networlzs, networll function virtual1%atlon, difference
SNMP NETOPEER.
. for JoT. Basics of IoT System Manavement with NETCOZP, YANG- NETCONP, YANG.
(Chapter - I)

UNIT-Ill
Introduction to Python : Lanvuave features of Python, Data types, data structur
es. Control of flow.
handlJ ~. Python
functions, modules, paclzaVfnV, . rue handling, data/time operations, classes. Exception
paclz~es -JSON, XML. HTTP Lib, URL Lib, SMTP Lib. (Chapter - 3)
UNIT-IV
(serial. SP!, I2C)
loT Pfl,slcal Devices and Endpoints : Introduction to Raspberry PI. Interfaces
, contro m~
Pr~ram ml~ ~.Pftbon pr~ram with Raspberry PI with focus of lnterfacl~ external gadgets
output, reading ln.,ut from pins._(Chapter• 4)

UNIT-V
communication
loT Physical Servers and Cloud Offerlnts : In~oductlon to Cloud Storave models and
nq a RESTful
APis. Webserver- Web server for IoT, Cloud for IoT. Python web application frameworlz. Deslqnt
web API. (Chapter~ 5)

(Ill)
 TABLE OF CONTEN TS

3.6 Classes and Exception Handling

.,
• -~
r UNIT••'

Unit - I .... ........ 3.,

Ch1pter• 1 Introduction to Internet of Things
(1 -1) to (1 -16)
1.1 Inttoduction to IoT. .. . ... .. ...... .. .. .. .. 1 - 1

J.2 Physical Design ofloT ............... . .. . 1 - 3

3.7 Python Packages -JSON, XML H1TP t 1·b
Lib, SMTP Lib .. . .. .. .. . ' • tJiu.

Fill In the Bianka with Annren lor Mid Tenn

..... :... 1;ii •,.J.7
Eum........... ..........••••••• ~.:,.;,•••l-1
Maltiple Choice Questions wfth Annren·t, ._.,,
J .1
1 Introduc tion to Internet of Things

/ 1.1 : Introduction to JoT I Ans. : • SA and 31 characteristics of the Intemet of

Things is anywhere, anytime, anyway, anything,
Term Eum ••••••••••••••• ••••••••• • · or "ua
~••• 3 ·• instrumented, interconnected,
anyhow and
J.3 loT Enabled Technologies . ..... .. .... .... . 1 • 8
Q.1 Ddae loT. intelligently.
Unit - IV mobile
1.4 IoT Levels and Templates . .. . .. ... . ... . . .. 1 • 9 Ans. : • By embedding short-range • To. achieve such SA an~ 31 capabilities, some
transreivers into _a wide array of additional gadgets common, horizontal, general-pu,rpose technologies,
I.S Domain Specific loT's .... .. ..... .. .. , ... 1 - 11 Chapter - 4 loT Physlcal Devices and items, enabling new forms · of
and everyday standards, and platforms, especially middleware
Endpoints (4 -1) 16'(4 • 14)
Fill In the Blanks with Aaswen lor MJd Term I •I communication between people and things, and platforms based on common data representations
Eum ................ .. .......... .... 1-15 4.1 Introduction to Raspbeny Pi ... .... . ; ... ::.... 4-1 between things. just like the three-tiered application server
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of middleware, HTML language, and HTIP protocol
Multiple Choice Questions with Aaswen lor Mid 4.2 Raspbeny Pi Interfaces ....... . •..... . .•. . . 4. 4
Term Eum .. . ................ ....... 1 -16 physical objects i.e. devices, vehicles, buildings and in the Internet/web arena, have to be established to
4.3 Programming • Python Program with Rasbeqy PI .. other items embedded wjth electronics, software, support various vertical applications cost effectively,
Unit - II · .. . .. . . .• ·. . . . . .. . . . . ... ...• ;-:; . : . : .' . . . 4 • 1 sensors, and network connectivity that enables these and new applications can be added to the platform
objects to collect and exchange data. unlimitedly.
Fill In the Blanks with Amwen lor MJd Term
Chapter· 2 loT and M2M (2 • 1) to (2 - 12) Eum. • • • .. • •. • .. • ... • . •. • . 1 •.• •. ·.:. • • :f4 ~ 13 • Most of the vertical applications of IoT utilize
• I Q.2 How loT differ &om traditional computing ?
2.1 loT and M2M.......... ... ....... .. .... . 2 • I
0
Ans. : IoT data differs &om traditional computing. · common technologies from the networking level
Multiple Choice Questions with Amweri l~t Mid
and middleware platform fo the application level,
Term Eum .... . ..... ·. •... ; . . .... ~ .. .14-tl The data can be small in size and frequent in
2.2 Software Defined Networks .. .. . ..... .. : .. 2 • 4 transmission. The number of devices, or nodes, that such as standard wired and wireless networks,
Unit - V are connecting to the network are also greater in IoT ·
DBMS, security framework, web-based three-tiered
2.3 Basics ofloT System Management with NETCOZF, middleware, muJtitenant PaaS, SOA interfaces, and
YANO-NETCONF, YANO,SNMPNE TOPEER. than in traditional PC computing.
Chapter· 5 loT Phyalcal Servers and Clo~~ so on.
· · • · · · · · • • · · · · · · · · • · • • · • · · • . . .. . .... . . 2 • 9
Offerings (5 -1) to (5 --~ Q.3 I.lat the cbaracterlstlc:8 of the Internet of Q.8 Deflae loT ? Esplain cbaractmutlc:8 of loT.
-r I
Fill in the Blanks with Amwen lor Mid Term Tblnge.
Eum ................ ................ 2-12 5.1 Introduction to Cloud Storage Models and Ans. : • The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network
Communication APis .. ..... . .... ... ..... S • 1 Ans. : Ow:acteristics of the Internet of Things are
of physical objects i.e. devices, vehicles, buildings and
Multlple Choice Qoestlons with Amwen for MJd Interconnectivity, Heterogeneity, Things-related
other items embedded with electronics, software,
TermEum ..... .. ................ ... 2-12 5.2 Webserver • Web Server for loT .. . .. .. . .... 5 - 2 services and dynamic changes.
sensors, and network connectivity that enables these
5.3 Cloud for IoT.. .. .. ... ... . . ... . . ....... . 5 • 4 objects to collect and exchange data.
Unit - III Q.4 What do ~u mean autoaom11 la loT ?
5.4 Python Web Application Framework ... .. . .. 5. 4 · can be realized by • Wikipedia definition : The internet of things, also
Ana. : Autonomy in IoT
Chapter • 3 Introduction to.Python self-managing systems. · called the internet of objects, refers to a wireless
implementing
(3 • 1) to (3 - 9) 5.5 Designing a RESTful Web API. . ..... . . .... 5. 6 network between objects, usually the network will
SeH-management is the property of a system to
be wireless and self-configuring, such as household
3.1 Introduction to Python .. . ... ..... . ... ..... 3. I Fill Jn the Blanks with Annven lor Mid Term ' achieve management and maintenance of its resources
Eum •••••.•.•..••••• ••••••• • ••• • •• ••• 5-7 appliances.
intrinsically and . internally. Management · and
3.2 Data Types, Data Structures .. .... . . .. . ... . 3 . 2 Charac:art.tlca of the lnt8rnet of Tlllnga
Multiple Choice Questions with Answen lor Mid maintenance is realized through . many levels of
3.3 Control of Flow .. . . . . ..... .. . .. .. . . . . . . . 3 • 3 . Term Eum ••••••••••.••••• ·•••••.•..•• 5-7 decision making. 1. Interconnectivity : Everything can be connected
to the global information and communication
3.4 Functions and Modules ... .... .... ..... . .. 3 • 4 Solved Model Question Paper (M -1) to (M. 2) Q.11 Write lbort note oa SA and 31 cbaracterlstlc:8 infrastructure.
of loT.
3.5 Packaging and File Handling... ... .. .... . .. 3 • 4
(Iv)
(1 • 1)
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...,,configuration :
.z. HetGOP"-'tr: [)eviCel
IoT different
within have • Gateway takes care of various wirelea ltandard
• The system Is capable to readjust itae!f; Dlaadvantagea of loT
l!Mdware and me different networb but they Interfaces and hence one gateway can handle
Readjustment of the system· Is required if 1. LoN of privacy and secarlty : As all the
can •till Interact with other devicles through 111 multiple technologies and multiple aenson.
dlf{ettnt networb.
environment changes or to reach an objective set for houaehold appliances, Industrial madunay,
the system. 1 • The typical wireless techno1ogies used widely are public sector aervices like water IUpply and
3 11tJnp-related ,ervicet : Provides thinp-related
,
6LoWPAN, Zlgbee, Zwave, RFID, NFC etc. transport, and many other devt.ces all are
~ within the constraints of things, such • Self-configuration primarily consists of the ~
Gateway Interfaces with . cloud using backbone connected to the Internet, a lot of Information is
u privacy and aemantic consistency between of neighbor and service discovery, network wireless or wired technologies such as WiFi, available on it. This Information is prone to
physial and virtual thing. organization, and resource provisioning. Mobile, DSL or Fibre. attack by hackers.
4. Dynamfc changes : The state of a device can Q.8 Explain working of loT. 2. Flexibility : Many are concemed about the
Q.9 o.flM loT. Ellplala - to - _ . tbe
change dynamically. flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily
Ana.: tadmololl• and eblft to loT. ·
5. Unique Identity : Each IoT device ha.s a unique with another.
L Collect and trannnlt data : The device can 9el\le Ans. : • Main goal of the loT Is to enable things to
Identity and unique identifier. be connected anytime, anyplace, with anything and 3. Complexity : The loT is a divene and oomplex
the environment and collect information rela~
6. Integrated Into lnfcmnatlon network : IoT anyone ideally using any path/network and any network. Any failure or bugs In the software or
to it and transmit It to a different device or to
devices are integrated with Information network aervwe. It Is a new revolution of the Internet. hardware will have serious consequences. Even
the Internet.
for cmnmunication purpose. It will exchange data power failure can cause a lot of inamvenience.
2. Actuate device baaed on trlggen : It can be • Using 1Pv6 with_ its abundant address spaces,
with othner devices. globally unique object Identification and 4. Compatibility Currently, there Is no
programmed to actuate other devices based on·
7. Self adapting: Self-Adaptive Is a system that can connectivity can be provided In a standardized international standard of oompatibility for the
conditions set by user.
automatically modify itself In the face of a manner without ad~tional status or address tagging and monitoring equipment.
3. Receive information : Device can also receive processing. 5. Save time and money.
changing context, to best answer a set of
Information &om the network.

8.
requirements.
Self-configuration primarily consists of the actions
t. Commmdcatlon Uliltance It provides
communication between two devices of same
• There are a number of factors powering the
progression of the loT:
j 1.2 : Phystc:al Design of loT I
of neighbor and service diac:overy, network 1. Powerful new mobile, wearable or connected Q.11 IJat the t,plcal loT dnlca.
network or different network.
organization, and resource provisioning. devices.
• Fig. Q.8.1 shows working of IoT. Am. : Typical loT devices are CPU, GPU, memory
2. Application that fuel demand for mobile data interface, USB host. Ethernet, J/0 interface like SP1,
Q.7 Why do loT -,.tame have to be ..U adapting
and test the limits of the network within most UART and CAN, storage interface like MMC and SD.
and ..U coaftgurtng ?
industry sector.
Am. : • Internet of Things (loT) can be considered a
3. Coud-based apps and those that rely on content Q.12 Dac:rlbe loT device lmaface wttb otba-
highly dynamic and radically distributed networked
stored in the cloud, which will · increase as wlnd and w1re1- devlc:ee.
system, composed of a very large number of smart development _:accelerates on new Am. : Interfaces includes J/0 interfaces for ·sensom,
objects producing and consuming Information. Platform-as-a-Service, .·mobile point of sale and interfaces for Intemet amnectivity,~ meinoif interface,
• The main challenges associated _with the IoT independent software vendor platforms. storage interface and audio/video interface.
paradigm are : dealing with rapidly changing 4. New use cases, such as mobile video, which will
environment, heterogeneity of . devices forming the _ be · significant factors In ,1ch!-~ , ~ v e Q.13 IJat vutoua loT commanlcatl- model.
network and the lack of human capacity in capacity upgrades in networks. -.r.•.-
Am.: IoT communication models are
managing those devices. These challenges cause Request1Respons model, Publish/Subscribe model,
Also refer Q.6.
lncreaslng · uncertainty at design-time about the Push/Pull model and Exclusive Pair model
operational context of devices In their run-time. Q.10 IJat the advanta... and dlaadvantaga of loT.
Ans. : Aclvantagea of loT Q..14 &plain physical dalgn of loT.
. .., adapting :
1. Improved customer engagement Ans.:
• Self-adaptive Is a system that can automatically and
modify itself In the face of a changlns context, to communication. • IoT devices have unique identity and they are refer
as "things" In IoT. Device can perform remote
best answer a set of requirements. · 2. Support for technology optimization
Fig. Q.8.1 Working of loT sensing, actuating and monitoring. loT devices can
• IoT devices may have the capability to dynamically 3. Support wide· range of data collection exchange data between them and process data or
adapt with the changing contexts and take actions • Sensors for various applications are used In 4. Reduced waste send to centralized location for processing and
based on their operating oondltlons. different IoT devices as per different application& storage. Fig. Q.14.1 shows block diagram of lo1
such as temperature, power, humidity, proximity, device.
force etc.

T" TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS~- An up thtuat forknowlffgo

T' TECHNICAL. PUBUCATIONS~- An up 111nm for-,.,.
 l11troductl01t to l11tmtet o/Thlltga
1-4
111u,,,n of Tldng, t •5
3• Controller service : It sends data &om the deVice b. 802.11 WHI • In Beacon mode, when the devices are not sending
to the web service and receives commands &o111 • eommonly referred to as Wi-fi the 802.11 standards the data they may enter a low power state and
the application for controlling the device define a through the air Interface between a reduces the power conslimption.
4. Database : loT generates large amount of iOCaJ. wuetess client and a base station access point or • In Non-beacon mode, the end devices need to be
database and cloud database. betWeen two or more wireless clients. wake up only while sending the data while the
s. Web service : Web services act as a link between • 8()2.lta : The 802.lla standard uses the 5 GHz routers and coordinators need to be active most of
the loT device, application, database and analysis spectrum and has a maximum theoretical 54 Mbps the time.
components. data rate. The 5GHz spectrum has higher •· lloblle Communlca1lon (2GDG/40)
6. Analysis component : It is responsible for attenuation than lower frequencies, such as 2.4 GHz • GSM frequencies originally designed on 900 MHz
analyzing the loT data and generate results. used in 802.llb/g ~ d s . Products with 802.lla range, now also available on 800 MHz, 1800 MHz
Fig. Q.14.1 Block dlagl'IIII of loT devlcu are typically found In larger corporate networks or
7. Application : User use · this interface for and 1900 MHz ranges. The backbone of a G.5M
with wireless Internet service providers in outdoor network is a telephone network with additional
• IoT devices provide interface to various wire and controlling and monitoring various loT system.
wireless devices. Interface includes memory backbone networks. cellular network capabilities.
Interface, 1/0 interface for sensors, Internet Q.18 u.t and apllllll Unk la,- loT protocole. • 8()2.llb : The 802.11 standard provides a maximum • 4G is also called as Long Term Evolution. It's
connectivity interface, storage interface etc. Am. : Link layer protocols decide how data is sent theoretical 11 Mbps data rate in the 2.4 GHz promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps.
on physical medium. Link layer works within the Industrial, Scientific and ~edical (ISM) band.
• Using sensors, IoT collects various information like Q.17 &plain the follostng loT protacole.
temperature, light intensity, humidity, air pressure. local area network. Protocol of link layer is explained • 8()2.llg : It provides 20 Mbps and more in the
L XMPP b. AMQP c. MQTT d. 61.oWPAN
Some application used cloud based storage. below: · 2.4 GHz band.
_Ana. : L · XMPP (Extenalble MNeaglng PnMnce
Collected information is stored In cloud and •• 802.3 Ethernet. c. 802.11 WIMax Protocol)
transmitted to other devices. • WiMAX refers to broadband wireless networks that
• This protocol is used for wired medium. Ethernet, • The XMPP is targeted at delivering instant
• Various types of IoT devices are smart clothing, in its most basic version runs at ti> Mbit/s. are based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which messages and presence information. It ·is an open
smart watch, wearable sensors, LED lights, Ethernet has traditionally been used to network -ensures compatibility and interoperability between and XML -based protocol
automobile industry etc. Fig. Q.14.2 shows. IoT enterprise workstations and to transfer broadband wireless access equipment
• Instant Messaging (IM) -is a service, where
devices. non-real-time data. • The 802.16a .standard will support OFDM in the communicating parties typically end users send
Perwanll :-,,., ,. • The Ethernet standard allows for several different 2-to-11 GHz frequency range. The 802.16b standard messages in one- to-one or one -to -many fashion in

·-~- implementations such as twisted pair and coaxial will operate in the 5 GHz ISM band. near real - time.
cable. The maximum length · of an Ethernet is • WiMAX receiver : The receiver and antenna could • An open. technology for real-time communication,
determined by the nodes' ·ability to detect collisions. be a small box or Personal Computer Memory card which powers a wide range of applications
T-
... • The worst case occurs when ·two nodes at opposite
ends of the bwi are transmitting simultaneously.
or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi
access is today.
including instant messaging, presence, multi-party
chat, voice and video calls; collaboration,
Ethernet does not provide any mechanism for d. l02.1U ZlgbN lightweight middleware, content syndication, and
acknowledging received ·frames, making it what is generalized routing of XML data.
• ZigBee communications can reach up to 500m, with

--end-
Fig. Q.14.2 loT dev'-
known as an unreliable medium.
• Carrier sense multiple . access with collisi~
detection (CSMA/CD) Is the most commonly used
a data rate of up to 250kbs, for a typical power
consumption of 125 to 400 µW.
• As ZigBee is based on IEEE 802.15.4, there is no
• XMPP support server-to-server communication and
client-to-server communicati(?n.
b. AMQP (Advanced lhuage Queuing Protocol)
protocol for LANs. 10BASB5 is generally used as wake-up signal, but slots for sleep <ir activity, or in • A protocol to communicate between clients and
Q.111 &plain an loT -,.tem component..
low cost alternative for fiber optic media for use as asynchronous mode, devices sleeping anytime they messaging middleware servers (brokers). The
Am. : IoT system consist& of following components.
a backbone segment with in a single building. have nothing to say, with an ever-vigilant Broker is the AMQP Server..
L Device : loT device performs identification,
remote monitoring, sensing and actuating • l0BASET is 10 MHz Ethernet running over UTP coordinator. • AMQP supports both publish-subsaibe model and
functions. - · cable. It also uses passive star topology. The • ·To use a ZigBee module with a microcontroller, point-to-point communication, routing and queuing.
maximum cable segment allowed Is 100 - 150 you need to connect it to a UART. There are two
2. Resource : loT device used software components • AMQP divides the · brokering task between
meters. There is no minimum distance requirements modes of data transfer namely Beacon mode and exchanges and message queues, where the first is a
as resources for accessing, processing, and storing
between devices, such devices cannot be connected Non Beacon mode. router that accepts incoming messages and decides
sensor information. It also controls actuators.
serially but in star wired. which queues to route the messages to, and the

T•TECHNICAL PUBUCATIONS'·. An up rm,,, for knowledge T' TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS~• An u p ~ for lmoWledge
r -~~t.!f.!!'!.!!...- - - - - -- - ·-:---:---:~1~-6~~=--:--=====~=:m:tro-:-:"":i:tl~on=-~=l~n:tmut~-~~
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~ queue stores messages and sends them to
_____ consumers.
"........,.
• AMQP supports usemame and paMWord
authentication as well as SASL authorization. It also
aupports ns enayption.
interested subscribers.
.-~~
• Publlsh/Subsalbe service : It's the mediator/bro~
--.._
that filters and routes events from publishers

• Fig. Q.18.1 shows publish/subscribe model.

··
0

.+
t
1ntnnnof'l1dng,

• HTTP protocol is used by Request/Response model.

For example, a browser client may request a web
page &om the server through a "Request" and the
corresponding web page will be served by the
1-7 lntroihu:tfon to 1ntmrd of IJn,,p
Q.20 Dacdbe an aample of loT eavlce tbat -
WebSoc:ket bllN4I communication.
Ana. : • WebSocket support full-duplex, two-way
communication between client and server.
server as a "Response. . • WebSocket APls redll<l! the netwotk traffic and
c. MQTT (IINNQe Queue Telemet!Y Tranaport) latency as ~ is no overhead for connection setup
• The client and the server. can communicate one to
• MQTf is Open Connectivity for Mobile, M2M and one, or one to many with more requests. and termination requests for each message.
IoT. MQTf is designed for high latency, B<ckor
• This model is stateless communication model and • Fig. Q.20.1 shows WebSocket model
low-bandwidth or unreliable networks. The design
prlndple minimizes the network bandwidth and each request-response pair is independent of others.
RaqlMSI 1 o r - . comec11on
devire resource requirements. 2. Push/Pull Model : ~(ACK)
• MQTI Is a lightweight broker-based • Data procedure push the data to queues and Data
publish/subscribe mes..aging protocol designed to consumers pull the data from the queues. Client Server
Data
be open, simple, lightweight and easy to Fig. Q.11.1 Publlah/Subecrlbe model
• Fig. Q.19.2 shows push-pull model ~ for cloalng connection
implement.
• The publishers and subscribers are autonomoi"is R-=se for closlll!l connection
• The MQTI protocol works by exchanging a series
which means that they do not need to know th; r,:Q:::u:eu-::e'.'-:1:7-----l Consumer A
of MQTI control packets in a defined way. Each
presence of each other. Publisher Fig. Q.20.1 Webeocut model
control packet has a specific purpose and every bit
1 - - - - . . i Queue 2 ConsumerB
in the packet is carefully crafted to reduce the data • This model is highly suited for mobile applicati9ns, • WebSocket uses a standard HTrP request-response
transmitted over the network. ubiquitous computing and distributed embedded sequence to establish a connection. When the
Consumer C connection is established, the WebSocket API
systems.
• A MQTI topology has a MQTI server and a MQTI provides a read and write interface for reading and
• Failure of publishers or subscribers does not bring · Fig. Q.11.2 P111h-Pull model
client. MQTI control packet headers are kept as
writing data over the established connection in an
small as possible. down the entire system. . , • Sometimes queue act as buffer in between produa!r
and consumer. asynchronous full duplex manner.
• Having a small header overhead makes this • No strong guarantee on broker to deliver content-to
• Produa!r does not need to be aware · of the • WebSocket also provides an interface for
protocol appropriate .for loT by lowering the subscriber. After a publisher publishes the event, it .
consumers. asynchronously closing the connection &om either
amount of data transmitted over constrained assµmes that all corresponding subscribers. wouid
receive it. · side.
networks. 3. Exclusive Pair Model :
• Potential bottleneck · in brokers when subscribe~ • This communication model is full duplex, Q.21 What ue the an:bltec:tural conatralnta of
• MQTI is the protocol built for M2M and IoT which
and publishers overload them. bi-directional communication model ·It uses REST?
is used to provide new and revolutionary
persistent connection between client and server. Ans. : The architectural constraints of REST are as
performanre.
Q.19 Explain different t,pee of lot communication follows:
d. lLoWPAN model. .• Fig. Q.19.3 shows exclusive pair model.
1. Oient-Server : Requires that a servire offer one
• IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Ans. : 1. Request/Response model : • Oient send request to server for opening the or more operations and that services wait for
Network enables 1Pv6 in low-power and lossy • In the ~est/Response model, client requests connection. This connection is open till the client clients to request these operatiQllS.
wireless networks such as WSNs. information from the server arid waits till the send request for closing the connection. 2. Stateless : Requires communication between
• 6LoWPAN defines header compression mechanisms. response is served from the server. Fig. Q.19.1 servire consumer (client) and service provider
Request for connection
shows Request/Rl.!Sp<>nse model. (server) to be stateless-
Q.18 Daatbe an aample of loT aervlce that UH8
3. Cache : · Requires responses to be clearly labeled
publim-bac:rlbe communlc:atlon model. Response (ACK)
as cacheable or non-cacheable.
Am. : Publlah/Subecrlbe Model :
Data
Server
4. Uniform Interface : Requires all service providers
Client
• Publishen : Publishers generate event data and . and consumers within a REST-compliant
publishes them. Data+ACK
architecture to share a single common interface
Request for closing connection for all operations.
• Subscribers : Subscribers submit their subscriptions HTTP2000K
and process the events received. (content) Response for closing connection S. Layered System : Requires the ability to add or
remove intermediaries at runtime withoul
Fig. Q.19.1 Requnt/Rnpon1e model
disruptlpg the system.
T' TECHNICAL PUBLJCA noNS' - An up thru•t for knowledge
T . Fig. Q.19.3 Exclu1lve pair model

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS' - An up thtu•I for knowledge

r ~
,.,~,•~rt~o~
fl»,,~~------:--:---==~::/- ~reso::urces
~Dmwld : Allows logic within clients
J-B _______...

(e.g.,
Introll11ctlon to In~~[~

networks, .servers, . storage

applications, services) that can . be :rapid};
Inurnd of1111nll' .
·-·-·······-·-··
• WSNs nowadays usually include sensor nodes,
1-9 Introlllldlon to Intmld of 11d11p

• Embedded system is an e1ec:tronic system which is

..,_., bro··--) to . be updated released actuator nodes, gateways and clients. A large
"
(sud! a, '"'"
ti
..~~
from · server-side logic using •
visi ed
pro on
and
'd
with mi;.,_ •.
--""181
management effort or service-provi er interaction. number of sensor nodes deployed randomly lnside
designed to perform one or a limited set of
functions uslng software and hardware.
~ l ecoder shipped from service providers of or near the monitoring area, form networks
_,._......., • Ooud storage services may be accessed through a • General definition of embedded ey1teme 19
through self-organization.
to ainsumers. web service APJ, a cloud storage gateway. · or embedded systems are computing systems with
Q.22 &plalll tmP nqa1t metlaoda and •di-- through a web-based user interface. , ,:
• Sensor nodes monitor the collected data to transmit
along to other sensor nodes by hopping. During the
tightly coupled hardware and software integration
that are designed to perform a dedicated function.
ADI. 1
HTfP request methods and actions : . . • Ooud computing services are offered lo, aaera~1n process of transmission, monitored data may be The word embedded reflects the fact that,. these
L GET : Return whatever Information is identified different foIDIB : Infrastructure - as •·a - Se,rvice handled by multiple nodes to get to gateway node systems are usually an integral part of a larger
by the Request-URI. (laaS), Platform-as-a-5ervice (PaaS) and after multi-hop routing, and finally reach the system, known as the embedding system. Multiple
2. HEAD : Identical to GET except that the server Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). .- :' l management node through the internet or satellite. embedded systems can coexist in an embedding
must not return a message-body in the response, system.
• Software as a Service (SaaS) : Model in w~ch an • Standards for WSN technology have been well
only the metadata.
application is hosted as a service to customers who developed, such as Zigbee (IEEE 80215.4). The IEEE . • An embedded system has three main components :
s. omONS : Return information about the
access it via the Internet. The provider. does all, the 802.15.4 is simple packet data protocol for Hardware, Software and time operating system.
Qlllllllunication options available on the
patching and upgrades as well as keeping•: t!te lightweight wireless networks. • Hardware parts includes power supply, proces.sor,
requestlrespons chain identified by the
infrastructure running. The traditional model of • It works well for long battery life, selectable latency memory, times and communication ports, system
Request-URL
software distribution, in which software is for controllers, sensors, · remote monitoring and application specific circuit etc.
&. PlTJ' : Requests that the enclosed entity be .'-JO
purchased for and installed on personal compu~ portable electronics.
stored.under the supplied Request-URI. • Software parts includes the application software is
• PlatfolDl as a Service (PaaS) : Platform as a service Q,25 Wrlta ehort note on •l . Big data aaalytlc b) required to perform the series of tasks. An
5. POST : Requests that the origin server accept the
entity enclo9ed in the request as a new
is another application delivery model and also Embedded . . . . embedded system has software designed to keep in
known as cloud-ware. Supplies all _the · resources Ans. ;
a) Big data ~ytic : view of three constraints :
subordinate of the resouia! identified by the
Request-URL required to build applications and servi~ a. Availability of system memory
• A category of technologies and services . where the
completely &om the Internet, without having'i~ capabilities provided to collect, store, search, share,
6. DELETE : Requests that the origin server delete b. Availability of proces.sor speed
download or install software. Services includ~ analyze and visualu.e data which have ~e
the ft!SOU1'ce identified by the Request-URL
application design, development, . testing, characteristics of high-volume, high-velocity and c. The need to limit power dissipation when
• The first three are read-only operations, while the deployment, and hosting, team collaboration, w~b hfgh-variety. · running the system continuously in cycles of
last three are write operations. wait for events, run, stop and wake up.
servia! .integration, database integration, security,
scalability, storage, state management, 4!1d • Demand for low c:ost and higher density platform
/ 1.3 : loT Enabled Technologies / versio~. PaaS is closely related to SaaS -~\it Data . Data Data Data requires the integration of devices. As integration
collection processing analysis exacutlon
delivers a platform &om which to work rather. than levels increases, more and more logic is added to
Q.23 u.t dlffenmt loT mabbas tacbnolOff which an application to work with. the processor die, creating families of applications
p1ap a u, rule.
Fig, Q.21,1
specific service proces.,ors.
Am. : loT enabling technologies are cloud computing, • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) : SaaS and I;'~
are providing apples to customers, laaS doesn't. 'It • System-on-Oup (SoC) designs inaeasingly become
Big data analytic, WSN, Embedded system. • Examples of big data generated by IoT systems :
offers the hardware so that your organization can the driving force of a number of modem electronics
Q.24 Writ. abort note oa a) Cloud computing b) put whatever they want onto it. Rather than a) Weather' monitoring stations systems. A number of key technologies integrate
WINI- . . _ network. purchase servers, software, racks, and having· to together in forming the highly complex embedded
b) Machine sensor data &om industrial systems platform.
Am. : I) Coud Computing : pay for the datacenter space for them, the servi~
• Coud computing has the almost unlimited capacity provider .rents for resources like server space, c) Health and fitness data ,...-1._4_:_I_oT_Lev_e_ls_an_d__-T-em
_ p_la_te_s7 \
of storage and pro0!Ssing power which is a more · f ?twork equipment, memory etc. '
d) Location and tracking systems
mature technology at least to .a certain extent to &) ·Wireless Sensor Network: Q.28 Uet vuloae level• of loT.
solve the problem of most of the Internet of things. I b) Embedded system :
• f> Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network Ans.: Levels of loT · system are IoT Level-1, loT
• Coud computing is a pay-per-use model for • A system is a set bf interacting or interdependent Level-2. IoT Level-3, IoT Level-4, loT Level-5; loT
formed by a large number of sensor nodes where
enabling available, convenient, on-demand network component parts forming a complex unit. It is a Level-6.
each node is equipped with a sensor to de~
amw lo a shared pool of configurable computing physical phenomena ~ch as light, heat, pressure,
fixed plan to perform one or many task.
etc.
T• TECHNICAL PIJBLJCAOONS, ._ An up lhtU,t for knowledge
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...... Q.27 o-atbe foT lAwJ 1 uc1 loT IAwl ll wftll

Am. : loT Level 1

1 _10

system.
.
Introiltldlon to I n ~ o/71,~

the soil moisture level and controls the lrrigati

.

" Controller service monitors continu<>us1y th

moisture level. If the moisture level drops below e
~

~
0 1111
l' ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - -~1~•!:U~ - - - - ----~~~~~!!!!:~rlf.!:~!!...
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• Qoud can send a1erta If the vibration levels Is
greater than threshold level.
roT Level 4
brtro4Malon to llltnlfn ofTldltg,

• Data ls stored and analysis In the cloud and

application ls also cloud based. Forest me detection
system uses level 5 loT system.
• Physical devices and controllers that might control 1
multiple devices. These are the "things" in the IoT, threshold, the irrigation system is turned ON. . • Level 4 IoT ' system ·uses multiple nodes (sensors) • Multiple sensor are kept at different location to
and they include a wide range of endpoint devices and processing is performed on local node. Data ls monitor- temperature, humidity, carbon · dioxide
that send and receive information.
Q.28 Dacr1be loT IAwl 3 and loT Lewi 4 9'lth stored on the cloud and application is stored on the level Coordinator node (sensor) coiled: data for end
cllapam. . . . cloud storage. · · .node and these nodes act as gateway and provides
• Fig. Q.27.1 shows IoT level ·1. Internet services to the IoT systems.
Ana. : loT Level 3 . • Fig. Q.28.2 shows block diagram ofLevel 4 IoT.
• Level I JoT systems are suitable for modeling
low-<X>St and low complexity solutions where the
data Involved is not big and the analysis
• Single n~e is used in level 3 internet of things.
Collected data is stored on the cloud and F<>c:essed
I 1.S : Domain Spedflc loT's I
requirements are not computationally intensive. on the cloud. Application is also stored on the Q.30 Daalbe loT . - ud c:baUen.--
• Eg : Home automation. cloud. Ana. : • From· the . beginning, IoT devi~ present
• The system consists of a single node that allows inherited challenges since they are constrained
controlling the lights and appliances in a home . devices with low memory, processing, communication
remotely. The device used In the system Interfaces Perfonn local and energy capabilities.
analysis I. The first . key challenge for a ubiquitous
with the light and appliances .using electronic relay Data storage and Fig. Q.28.2 deployment is the Integration of multi-technology
switches. The status information of each light or performed ana1ya18'
Fig. Q.28.1 • Level 4 loT ~ hvo observer sensor for local and networb in a common all-IP network to ensure
appliance ls maintained In the local database. The
cloud. These sensor subsaibe and receive that the communication network ls reliable and
controller service continuously monitors' the state of • This is suitable for huge data and analysis, scalable. For this purpose, loT relies on the
each light or appliance and triggers
the relay requirement are computationally Intensive. r 1
Information form the loT device to cloud.
connectivity and reliability . for its
switches acmrclingly. • The observer.,sensor can process information and communications on Future Internet architecture.
• RE.ST or websocket is used for communicating .with
loT uvel 2 used .·for various purposes. Control function is not 2. The second key ~ . is . to gi,iaran1l!e
client machine. Consider an example of tracking
performed by this observer sensor. security, privacy, integlity of information and
• In level 2, single node performs sensing and local package handling.
• Noise monitoring system is used loT level 4. user confidentiality. The majority of :the loT
analysis. Fig. Q.27.2 shows block diagram. applications need to take into considerations the
. • Single nod~ monitors . the vibration level for '. the Sensors are not depends upon each other. Each
Performed
. package being shipped. For monitoring vibr~tion sensor runs its own controller service that sends the
support of mechanisms to •carry out the
authentication, authorization, access control, and
level, accelerometer and gyroscope sensor is used. data to the cloud.
analysla key management
• Accelerometer and gyroscope sensor is used. 3. In addition, due to the reduced capabilities from
Q.29 Dacrlbe loT IAwl 5 with cllagram.
System allows shippers tracking cargo io the constrained devices enabled with Internet
Fig. Q.27.2
communicate with the devices, changing repor:fulg
Ana. : • It contains · multiple end sensor and one
connectivity, a higher protection of the edge
frequencies and Investigating alerts generated by coordinator sensor. Fig. Q.29.1 shows IoT level 5 networks needs to be considered with IeSpect to
• Both data and application is stored on th~ cloud.
attached sensors. · block diagram. the global.network.
This type of system is suitable for big .data used for
analysis and that to performed on local side. • Controller device iiends the sensor data to the cloud 4. The third key challenge is to offer support for the
In real time using WebSocket seryice. Data is stored · mobility, since the Future Internet presents a
• Smart irrigation is an example of level 2 · IoT more ubiquitous and mobile Internet. Mobility
on the cloud and analysis is also performed on th,
system. System uses single sensor for monitoring cloud. . · support Increases the applicability of Internet to

[, -- - l
new areas.
o The most present nowadays are mobile
platforms such as smart phones and tablets
which enable a tremendous range of
·applications based on ubiquitous location,
Fig. Q.29.1 context awareness, social networking, and
--- - - - - RNOUrceo
• The end sensor perform sensing and/or actuation. interaction with the environment ·

' ....__ _____ ___________ ___ _ . . ,/ i Coordinator sensor collect data from the end sensor
and sends to the cloud .
o Future Internet potential is not · limited to
mobile platforms,· else IoT is another emerging
area of the Future Internet, which is. offering a
high integration of the cybernetic and physical
Fig. Q.27.1 world.
'
. ~

T TECHNICAL PUBUCAnoNS - An up - for knowledge

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 1 • 12 Introhdlon to INfenin ofn.,._
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equipment _,._ -......._ Intemd o/Tlimg, 1-13 Introil,,alon to lntmtet of TIiing,
5 Other challenges are also arising from e inventory. ....., illld
· appllcalfOJI, eoonomical, and techno~~cal • In automatic light control system, Ught Dependent • Smoke or gas detector sensor which detects the
perspec11ves. For example, from an applica~on 4. Vehicles : Vehicles including .cars, trucks sill Resistor (LOR) sensor is used to detect
point of view are the reqwrements for processmg smoke and turns on the buu.er alarm and all these
aircraft, and trains; condition-based maln~Ps, bright/medium/dim/dark conditions. are update on the web page.
large amOWtts of data lor a growing number of usage-based design, pre-sales analytics . ce. • MQ2 is a semiconductor type sensor, which can
devi_ces, it is called Big Data. 5. Otles : Public spaces and infrastructure
urban settings; adaptive traffic control, In appropriately sense the presence of smoke, LPG,
Q.31 DdDe loT. DIICIIN vulo• application area meters, environmental monitoring, re Slnart methane, butane, propane and other hydrocarbon.
of loT. managemenl 90Urce • When it comes In contact wi•h the gas to be
Am.: • The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network monitored, the . electrical resistance of the sensor
6. Worksites It is custom FOdu
decreases; enabling the microcontroller to respond
of physical objects ie. devices, vehicles, buildings and environments like mining, oil and ctlon to the situation
other items embedded with electronics, software, construction; operating efficiencies, predj gas,
sensors, and network connectivity that enables these Q.33 &plala weather lll0Dltodn9 -,.tem with the
maintenance, health and safety. Clive
help of loT.
objects to collect and exchange data. Q.32 &plain amart home loT application 1lllna Ans. : • Remote weather monitoring system which
• Wilcipedia definition : The Internet of Things, also figure. Fig. Q.32.1 measures the following weather parameters :
called The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless Ans. : • Energy saving applications, for example • It is simple enough to envision the addition of L Daylight : Using a photodiode as a wired
network between objects, usually the network will control indoor climate and electricity . usage .,; sensors and communications to aeate that initial binary switch sensor.
be wireless and self-configuring, such as household concept of smarter, more adaptive lighting. 2. Humidity : Using a wired analog humidity
employing context information to switch off
sensor.
appliances. appliances (e.g., lights, computers), ~uce room • U people are present, tum the lights on; if not, tum
them off. 3. Temperature i Using a digital bit-stream
L Home : Buildings where people live. It controls temperature, close windows, ·or stop warm water temperature sensor via wireless medium
home and security systems: circulation • Or use your smart phone to connect to the lighting employing wireless RF modules.
10 system and tune it to the desired brightness level or • The sensors are the miniaturized electronic devices
2. Offices : Energy management and security in • Smart control the lights with automation signal to a particular color.
office buildings; improved productivity, used to measure the physical and environmental
including for mobile-employees. system to save energy. Smart, connected .lighting ii • Smart lighting is considered the one of the main parameters.
3. Faclodes : Places with repetitive w9rk routines, the next-generation energy-efficient LED products solutions for energy reduction by means of • By using the sensors for monitoring the weather
including hospitals and farms; operating · controlling lighting level according to desired need conditions, the results will be accurate and the
with additional sensors to sense things sucJi'i u
with minimum energy consumption entire system will be faster and less power
occupancy and temperature. I'
• Smart-lighting systems utilize motion and light consuming.
sensors for performing the control algorithms. • The system monitors the weather conditions and
,,-,.,,:-<
• The role and scope of smart appliances in the home updates the information to the web page.
'
·. :_,_~,:~ (washer, · dryer, refrigerator, dishwasher, fridge,
freezer, air conditioner, vacuum cleaner and so on)
is on the increase with the market being estimated
• The reason behind sending the data to the web
page is to maintain the weather conditions of a
particular place can be known anywhere in the
\~>~-/~ OOIS {'I to have a year on year compound growth of world. The weather condition is also displayed on
slightly over 15 %. the systems LCD.
, I • Connecting everyday objects to the internet is an
essential element of the IoT. . Q.34 How IOT bclpa ID developing amut city ?
What· are the raean:h challensee ior emart dty
• Some appliance suppliers use a low power wireless IOT appllc:atlon ?
network to communicate over such as Bluetooth,
while others utilise the existing., higher powered Am. : • The number of urban residents is growing~,
Wi-Fi network used for a tablet or computer by nearly 60 million every year. In additi~ more
Dodc!fcarw
wireless connectivity. -...er• · than 60 percent of the world's population will be
st- • Once a network is in place objects can populate the living in cities by 2050.
home environment .and communicate with the user • As a result, people occupying just 2 percent of the
and each other. world's land will consume about three-quarters of
• The ability of an object to respond to remote its resources. Moreover, more than 100 cities of 1
commands and change its behaviour makes it . an million people will be built in the next 10 years.
active device, such as
the new Hive heating
• Over the past decade, the city of Amsterdam, the
thermostat or a Sky+ box.
Netherlands, has developed a V1S1on for
• Where the remote object has no ability to respond collaborating, envisioning, developing and testing
Poky - to remote control requests then it is considered numerous connected solutions that could pave the
passive as with some fixed cameras, microphones
Fig. Q.31.1 way to a smarter, greener urban environmenl
or temperature sensors.
'
. , . TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS~• An up thnJat for kMwledge T• TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS, ._ An up thtWI for knowled(ltl
 _ ln.troactlonto~
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, . _ , of'ltllrll '
shows application in • Innovations .
will aim th - ---....
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to Improve e quality of <Ill! ---3. Mechanisms for cost efficient deployment and
lntrodiu:tion to lntfflret ofTlilng,

• Flg. Q.34.1 on previous page in dties, encompassing security · issues and en-._ integrates new and improved technologies into the
even more important maintenance of such
mwt dty. resourcefulness. Smart city includes : --•5y
mstallations, including energy scavenging. operation of the grid.
1. smarter management of city infrastructure \lllh,~ 4. Ensuring reliable readings from a plethora of
Big Data analytics. ~'II sensors and efficient ~tion of a large
2. Collaboration aaoss multiple and,.,.,diapar. number of sensors deployed everywhere from
agencies using cloud technologies. • le lamp-posts to waste bins.
3. Real-time data collection, ~)µlg qulcJt 5. Development of low energy protocols and
response using .mobile technology. . algorithms.
6. Algorithms for analysis and processing of data
. 4. Enhanced security : improved public: -safety 'and acquired in the city. and .making "sense" out of
., '

law enforcement, and more efficient emersency

it
response. ' ,o-,_,...
7. loT large scale deployment and integration. a.ct,k .

s. Better city planning improved schematics

· A
project management and delivery. ' • With smart · city applications producing continuous
6. Networked utilities smart metering and, grid large data from heterogeneous sources, existing
management relational database technologies are inadequate to
Y/tr:!J p(;'"1 --11f'19
Gtd~
7. Building developments more . automation, and handle such huge amounts of data given . the Fig. Q.35.1 : Smart grid
Fig. Q.34.1 : Appllc■tlon In 1111■11 city better management and security. limited processing speed and the significant storage
expansion cost \ • The ·smart grid will require wide, seamless, often
• RNNrch challenges for amart city loT ■ppllcat10111 : real-time use of. applications and tools that enable
• A number of projects were launched, beginning in • To address this problem, · big data processing
2006, as Amsterdam identified ways to improve 1. To overcome the traditional silo'~'-:based grid operators and managers to make decisions
IIUStainable living/working, public: spaces, and
organization of the dtie.9. · ·· ~' technoiogies, which ~ based on distributed data quickly.
mobility. 2. Creating algorithms and schemes to ' desc:ribe management and parallel processing, have provided • Decision support and improved interfaces will
. • Most rea!ntly, the city has been exploring the , information created by sensors in .. . diffetertt enabling platforms for data repositories, distributed enable more accurate ·· and timely human decision
potential for a connected public lighting applications to enable useful ex~ge of processing, and interactive data visualization. making at all levels of the grid, including the
infrastrµcture. information between different city &efVic:es;
"'::
Q.35 Write ehort note on amllit enera,. and 8lllart consumer level, while also enabling more advanced ·
• Fig. Q.34.2 shows concept of smart city. grid. operator training.
Am. : • Smart .grids are an advancement of the • Energy storage systems are highly versatile and this
electricity grids that are being used currently. A is a technology that can meet _the needs. of.various
smart grid is an electrical grid that uses modem users and be utiliud in.diverse fields.
technology . (digital or analog) to collect and • These include power ~tors that use renewable
communicate electricity related information .of both energy, grid equipment like energy transmission
the suppliers ~d consumers. and distribution equipment, as well ·~ commercial
• It not only enhances efficiency and reliability, but facilities, factories and homes.
also improves the production and distribution of
electricity to the consumers. IFill In the Blanks ·for Mid Term Exam I
• The process of installing a smart grid necessarily Q.1 RESTful web service is a web API
means technical re-designing of the infrastructure at implemented using and
different levels. principles.
• One such measure means replacing the existing Q.Z IEEE 802.15.4 is a collection of standards for
electronic: meters (or .electromechanical meters) 'with _ _ wireless personal area networks.
smart meters, to enhance the sustainability and
Q.3 CoAP stands for _ _.
efficiency of the entire electrical system.
Q.4 MQTT is a light weight messaging protocol
• Fig. Q.35.1 shows smart grid. }iased on the _ _ model.
• It uses information technologies to improve how
el~ctricity trav~ls from power plants to consumers
and allows consumers to interact with the grid,- It
Fig. Q.34.Z
-..• TECHNICAL PUBUCAT/ONS~ • An up lhnisl for know/eel~
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