+

Introduction to
Network and
Web Application

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
◼ Identify the types of
programming languages

◼ Explain the history of the

Internet and WWW

◼ Recognise WWW
Consortium

◼ Elaborate on the network

architecture

Introduction to
Network & Web Application

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Introduction
Computer Programming Language
Any of various languages for expressing a set
of detailed instructions for a digital cptr.
Such instructions can be executed directly
when they are in the cptr manufacturer-specific
numerical form known as machine language,
after a simple substitution process when
expressed in a corresponding assembly
language, or after translation from some “high-
level” language.
Although there are many cptr lang., relatively
few are widely used.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Language Types
◼ Machine ◼ Document Formatting

◼ Assembly ◼ World Wide Web display

◼ Algorithmic

◼ Business-oriented

◼ Education-oriented

◼ Object-oriented

◼ Declarative

◼ Scripting

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Machine Language
◼ A machine lang. consists of the numeric codes for the
operations that a particular cptr can execute directly.

◼ The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary digits(“bits”),

which are frequently converted both from and to
hexadecimal(base 16) for human viewing and modification.

◼ Machine lang. instructions typically use some bits to

represent operations, such as addition, and some to
represent operands, or perhaps the location of the next
instructions.

◼ Machine lang. is difficult to read and write, since it does not

resemble conventional mathematical notation or human
language, and its codes vary from cptr to cptr.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Machine Language
◼ Advantages of ML

• The fast and efficient use of the computer can be done

by using machine language.

• It requires no translator to translate the code. It is

directly understood by the computer.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Machine Language
◼ Disadvantages of ML

• All operation codes have to be remembered.

• All memory addresses have to be remembered.

• Finding errors in a program written in machine

language is hard.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Machine Language
◼ Q

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Assembly Language
◼ Assembly language is one level above machine language.

◼ Sometimes called assembly or ASM, an assembly language is

a low-level programming language.

◼ It uses short mnemonic codes for instructions and allows the

programmer to introduce names for blocks of memory that hold data.

◼ One might thus write “add pay, total” instead of “0110101100101000” for
an instruction that adds two numbers.

◼ Assembly lang. is designed to be easily translated into machine

language.

◼ Programs written in assembly languages are compiled by an assembler.

Every assembler has its own assembly language, which is designed for
one specific computer architecture.

◼ Although blocks of data may be referred to by name instead of by their

machine addresses, assembly lang. does not provide more
sophisticated means of organizing complex information.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Assembly Language(cont.)
◼ Like machine lang., assembly lang. requires detailed
knowledge of internal computer architecture.

◼ It is useful when such details are important, as in

programming a computer to interact with input/output
devices (printers, scanners, storage devices, and so forth)

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Assembly Language(cont.)
◼ eg

https://www.digitalelectronicsdeeds.com/demos/demopage_micro.html
T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023
+
Machine & Assembly Languages
◼ Example

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
More…
◼ Machine language machine dependent, understood
+1300042774 by computers, defined by the
+1400593419 hardware design of that computer
+1200274027

◼ Assembly language After found that machine languages are

LOAD BASEPAY too slow and tedious. English-like
ADD OVERPAY abbreviations to overcome the problem
STORE GROSSPAY with “strings of numbers”. Need
assembler (translator) to change to
machine language

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Algorithmic Languages
◼ Algorithmic languages are designed to express
mathematical or symbolic computations.

◼ They can express algebraic operations in notation similar to

mathematics and allow the use of subprograms that package
commonly used operations for reuse.

◼ They were the first high-level languages.

◼ Example for algorithmic lang. are:

◼ FORTRAN
◼ ALGOL
◼ LISP
◼ C

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
◼ The first important algorithmic language was FORTRAN
(formula translation), designed in 1957 by an IBM team led by
John Backus.

◼ It was intended for scientific computations with real numbers

and collections of them organized as one- or
multidimensional arrays.

◼ Its control structures included conditional IF statements,

repetitive loops (so-called DO loops), and a GOTO statement
that allowed non-sequential execution of program code.

◼ FORTRAN made it convenient to have subprograms for

common mathematical operations, and built libraries of
them.

◼ FORTRAN was also designed to translate into efficient

machine language. It was immediately successful and
continues to evolve.
T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023
+
◼ ALGOL (algorithmic language) was designed by a committee
of American and European computer scientists during 1958-
60 for publishing algorithms, as well as for doing
computations.

◼ ALGOL had recursive subprograms – procedures that could

invoke themselves to solve a problem by reducing it to a
smaller problem of the same kind.

◼ ALGOL introduced block structure, in which program is

composed of blocks that might contain both data and
instructions and have the same structure as an entire
program.

◼ Block structure became a powerful tool for building large

programs out of small components.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
◼ LISP (list processing) was developed about 1960 by John
McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
and was founded on the mathematical theory of recursive
functions.

◼ A LISP program is a function applied to data, rather than

being a sequence of procedural steps as in FORTRAN and
ALGOL.

◼ LISP uses a very simple notation in which operation are given

in a parenthesized list.

◼ For example, (+ a (* b c)) stands for a + b * c.

◼ LISP became a common language for artificial intelligence

(AI) programming

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
◼ The C programming language was developed in 1972 by
Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan at the AT&T Corporation
for programming computer operating systems.

◼ Its capacity to structure data and programs through the

composition of smaller units is comparable to that of ALGOL.

◼ It uses a compact notation and provides the programmer with

the ability to operate with the addresses of data as well as
with their values.

◼ This ability is important in systems programming, and C

shares with assembly language the power to exploit all the
features of a computer’s internal architecture.

◼ C, along with its descendant C++, remains one of the most

common languages.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
COBOL
◼ COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) has been
heavily used by businesses since its inception 1959.

◼ A committee of computer manufactures and users and U.S.

government organizations established CODASYL
(Committee on Data Systems and Languages) to develop and
oversee the language standard in order to ensure its
portability across diverse systems.

◼ COBOL uses an English-like notation-novel when introduced.

◼ Business computations organize and manipulate large

quantities of data, and COBOL introduced the record data
structure for such tasks.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
SQL
◼ SQL (structured query language) is a language for specifying
the organization of databases (collections of records).

◼ Databases organized with SQL are called relational because

SQL provides the ability to query a database for information
that falls in a given relation.

◼ For example, a query might be “find all records with both last
name Smith and city New York”.

◼ Commercial database programs commonly use a SQL-like

language for their queries.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
BASIC
◼ BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
was designed at Dartmouth College in the mid-1960s by John
Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz.

◼ It was intended to be easy to learn by novices, particularly

non-computer science majors, and to run well on a time-
sharing computer with many users.

◼ It had simple data structures and notation.

◼ Its small size and simplicity also made BASIC a popular

language for early personal computers.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
PASCAL
◼ PASCAL is an imperative and procedural programming
language, which Niklaus Wirth designed in 1968-69 and
published in 1970, as a small, efficient language intended to
encourage good programming practices using structured
programming and data structuring.

◼ It is named in honor of the French mathematician,

philosopher and physicist Blaise Pascal.

◼ Pascal was developed on the pattern of the ALGOL language.

◼ Pascal, like many programming languages of today, allows

most kinds of definitions and declarations inside subroutines.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
LOGO

HYPERTALK

More details:
https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer-
programming-language

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Types of Programming Languages

◼ High-level language • Assembly language – increasing comp.

use rapidly.
• HLL – single statement for multi purposes.
Need compilers to translate to machine
languages. Almost similar to everyday
English, mathematical notations

◼ Scripting language • Scripts were created to shorten the

traditional edit-compile-link-run process.
• Scripting languages can also be compiled,
but because interpreters are simpler to
write than compilers, they are interpreted
more often than they are compiled
T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023
+
Types of Programming Languages

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

 Translator Programs
(Assembler vs Compiler vs Interpreter)
Assembler Compilers Interpreter
• Use in assembly • Use in High level • Use in High level
languages. language. language.
• Convert assembly • To speed up • Execute high level
language program to programming language directly
machine language. process compared to without compiling
assembly lang. into machine
language.
• Convert high level
language to machine • Program is
language. recompiled as new
features are added
• Faster than & errors are
Interpreter corrected

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Different Programming Languages

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Properties of Web Languages
◼ Compiled languages:
◼ Java, C, and C++. These languages are "typed" languages in
that every identifier is assigned a fixed data type.
◼ The compiler scans the entire program and then writes machine
language (or in the case of Java, writes to a virtual machine) to
implement the operations.
◼ The key feature is that this code is generated before the
program sees any data and will fail if the data is not of the
expected type.

What is Compiled Language?

A compiled language is a programming language that is
converted into machine code so that the processor can
execute it. The compiled languages are usually compiled, not
interpreted. For better understanding you can go through the
types of compiled language – CLEO, COBOL, C, C++, C#, etc.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Properties of Web Languages
◼ Interpreted languages:
An interpreted language is a language in which the
implementations execute instructions directly without earlier
compiling a program into machine language.
◼ JavaScript, JScript, VBscript, Perl, PHP, Rexx, Python……
◼ These languages are (at least in principle) executed line by line as
the data flow in.

the Difference between Compiled and Interpreted

Language
Both compiled and interpreted are programming languages.
When it comes to compiled languages, they are usually
compiled, not interpreted. While on the other hand, an
interpreted language is commonly interpreted.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Compiled vs Interpreted languages

Compiled Languages Interpreted Languages

• much faster in execution (except • often easier to write as you
Java which is about 10 times slower don't have to pre-specify
than C because it has the data types in advance and
intermediate step of virtual machine- you can fling any data at it
to-real machine translation) with.
• provide very powerful syntax • slower and don't provide the
checking capabilities which let you powerful syntax checking
detect many errors at compile time capabilities of compiler
which can be much, much easier to languages
debug than runtime errors
• best for large programs which • better suited to small
process lots of data, and especially programs created by one
for programs designed by teams of person where runtime errors
people. are easier to find.
T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023
+
Compiled vs Interpreted languages

◼ .

https://byjus.com/gate/difference-between-compiled-and-interpreted-language/

https://byjus.com/gate/difference-between-compiled-and-interpreted-language/
T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023
+
Properties of Web Languages
◼ Object Oriented Languages
◼ Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming
model that organises software design around data, or objects, rather
than functions and logic. An object can be defined as a data field that
has unique attributes and behaviour.
◼ OOP focuses on the objects that developers want to manipulate
rather than the logic required to manipulate them. This approach to
programming is well-suited for programs that are large, complex and
actively updated or maintained. This includes programs for
manufacturing and design, as well as mobile applications; for
example, OOP can be used for manufacturing system simulation
software.

https://www.techtarget.com/searchapparchitecture/definition/object-oriented-programming-OOP
T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023
+ OOP
◼ The structure, or building blocks, of object-oriented
programming include the following:
•Classes are user-defined data types that act as the blueprint for
individual objects, attributes and methods.

•Objects are instances of a class created with specifically defined data.

Objects can correspond to real-world objects or an abstract entity. When
class is defined initially, the description is the only object that is defined.

•Methods are functions that are defined inside a class that describe the
behaviors of an object. Each method contained in class definitions starts
with a reference to an instance object. Additionally, the subroutines
contained in an object are called instance methods. Programmers use
methods for reusability or keeping functionality encapsulated inside one
object at a time.

•Attributes are defined in the class template and represent the state of
an object. Objects will have data stored in the attributes field. Class
attributes belong to the class itself.
T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023
+

◼ This image shows an example of the structure and

naming in OOP.
T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023
+Object-oriented programming is
based on the following principles:

Encapsulation

Abstraction Polymorphism

Inheritance

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

 Object-oriented programming
+What are examples of object-oriented programming languages?
While Simula is credited as being the first object-oriented programming
language, many other programming languages are used with OOP
today. But some programming languages pair with OOP better than
others.

For example, popular pure OOP languages include:

•Ruby
•Scala
•JADE
•Emerald

Programming languages designed primarily for OOP include:

•Java
•Python
•C++
Other programming languages that pair with OOP include:
•Visual Basic .NET
•PHP
•JavaScript
+
Properties of Web Languages

◼ Object Oriented Languages(cont.)

◼ JavaScript, JScript, VBscript, Java, and C++
◼ Instead of concentrating on the "processes" that are to be
performed, you concentrate on the "classes" and "classes-of-objects"
that make up the entities that are manipulated by your program.
◼ Procedure oriented programmers may have a difficult time making
the transition to OOP, especially as OOP usually takes more time in
the design phase, and the solutions are often more general then
they need be. But the code is usually much more reusable, robust,
and easier to modify and extend.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
What are the benefits of OOP?
◼ Benefits of OOP include:

• Modularity. Encapsulation enables objects to be self-contained, making troubleshooting and

collaborative development easier.

• Reusability. Code can be reused through inheritance, meaning a team does not have to write the
same code multiple times.

• Productivity. Programmers can construct new programs quicker through the use of multiple libraries
and reusable code.

• Easily upgradable and scalable. Programmers can implement system functionalities independently.

• Interface descriptions. Descriptions of external systems are simple, due to message passing
techniques that are used for objects communication.

• Security. Using encapsulation and abstraction, complex code is hidden, software maintenance is
easier and internet protocols are protected.

• Flexibility. Polymorphism enables a single function to adapt to the class it is placed in. Different
objects can also pass through the same interface.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Criticism of OOP
◼ The object-oriented programming model has been criticized by
developers for multiple reasons. The largest concern is that OOP
overemphasizes the data component of software development and
does not focus enough on computation or algorithms.

◼ Additionally, OOP code may be more complicated to write and

◼ take longer to compile.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Web languages examples
◼ Client-side
◼ JavaScript
◼ JScript
◼ VBScript
◼ Tcl
◼ Cascading Style Sheets (Designing)
◼ HTML(Structure)
◼ DHTML
◼ AJAX
◼ jQuery
◼ TypeScript
◼ ActionScript
◼ React
◼ Angular
◼ Vue
◼ Swift
◼ SASS(Syntactically Awesome Style Sheet)
◼ Elm
◼…
T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023
+ Web languages examples
◼ Server-side
◼ Active Server Pages (ASP)
◼ Java Server Pages (JSP)
◼ ColdFusion
◼ IPTSCRAE
◼ Lasso
◼ MIVA Script
◼ PHP
◼ ASP.NET
◼ SMX
◼ XSLT
◼ Ruby
◼ Python
◼ Java
◼ Node.js
◼ PERL
◼ C#
◼ ...
T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023
+

Programming

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Languages

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Future of Internet Computing
◼ Mobile
◼ GSM,2.5G,EDGE,3G,
◼ H+,4G, LTE, 5G, 6G
◼ WiMax
◼ Wireless Mesh Networks
◼ Wireless Sensor Networks
◼ Interactive/Multimedia
◼ 3D
◼ Virtual reality
◼ Haptic (sense of touch)
◼ Smell?
◼ Cyber-Physical Systems
◼ Telepresence
◼ Tele-Medicine/Tele-Surgery
◼ Unmanned transportation
◼ Robotics
◼ Assisted Living
◼ Grid computing
◼ Internet of Things
◼ More?

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Future of Internet Computing
◼ Mobile
◼ GSM,2.5G,EDGE,3G,
◼ H+,4G, LTE, 5G, 6G
◼ WiMax
◼ Wireless Mesh Networks
◼ Wireless Sensor Networks
◼ Interactive/Multimedia
◼ 3D
◼ Virtual reality
◼ Haptic (sense of touch)
◼ Smell?
◼ Cyber-Physical Systems
◼ Telepresence
◼ Tele-Medicine/Tele-Surgery
◼ Unmanned transportation
◼ Robotics
◼ Assisted Living
◼ Grid computing
◼ Internet of Things
◼ More?

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Introduction to
the Internet
◼ TCP/IP is the communication
protocol for the Internet.
◼ TCP/IP defines the rule computers must
follow to communicate with each other
over the internet.
◼ Your Browser and Server use
TCP/IP
◼ Browsers and servers use TCP/IP to connect to the Internet.
◼ A browser uses TCP/IP to access a server. A server uses TCP/IP to send
HTML back to a browser.
◼ Your E-Mail uses TCP/IP
◼ Your e-mail program uses TCP/IP to connect to the Internet for sending and
receiving e-mails.
◼ Your Internet Address is TCP/IP
◼ Your Internet address "58.26.136.5" is a part of the standard TCP/IP protocol
(and so is your domain name).

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Internet Protocol
◼ The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol used for communicating
data across a packet-switched internetwork using the Internet
Protocol Suite, also referred to as TCP/IP.
◼ IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet
Protocol Suite and has the task of delivering distinguished protocol
datagrams (packets) from the source host to the destination host
solely based on their addresses.
◼ IP address
◼ Same as a person name.
◼ Assigned as numeric address.
◼ IPv4 – 32-bit number
◼ Example: 131.123.35.92

◼ 128-bit address in IPv6.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Internet Protocol
◼ IP :

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Internet Protocol
◼ IP :

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Internet Protocol
◼ The Internet Protocol (IP)

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+ Domain Names
◼ Textual names for machines on
the Internet.
◼ Name of host machine called domain.
◼ They may be two, three or more domain names.
◼ The last domain name identifies the type of
organisation.
◼ Example:
◼ www.uum.edu.my | www.nyu.edu | www.msn.com.sg
◼ www.yahoo.com | www.lancs.ac.uk | www.hu.ac.th
◼ www.jpa.gov.my | www.yahoo.co.uk | www.ugm.ac.id

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Domain Names

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

Domain Names
◼ Conversion from IP address (number)
to domain name (textual) is done
by name server.

◼ This implement Domain Name Server (DNS).

Domain Name

Internet

Client System
IP IP
Name Internet Web
Server Server

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
World Wide Web
◼ Created by group led by Tim Berners Lee at CERN (Conseil
European pour la Recherce Nucleaire)

◼ To allow scientists around the world to use the Internet to

exchange documents and search and retrieve documents
from database.

◼ Form of documents– hypertext. Which is text with embedded links

to text in other documents.

◼ WWW simply known “The Web”.

◼ “the Web” – vast collection of documents some of which are

connected by links.

◼ This documents accessed by Web Browsers and are provided

Web Servers.
T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023
+
Internet vs Web
◼ Bear in mind,
◼a collection of computers and other devices
connected by equipment that allows them to
communicate with each other.
◼ collection of software and protocols that has been
installed on most, if not all, of the computers on the
Internet.

◼ Therefore; Internet and Web is not the same

thing!!! WEB >are the pages you see when you're at a device
and you're online.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Terminologies

◼ Client

◼ Server

◼ Web Browser

◼ Web Server

◼ URL

◼ HTTP

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+

◼ Client & Server

◼ Client: initiates communication
◼ Server: send information's back to client.

◼ Browser
◼ Program running at client.
◼ Allow users to browse the resources available at servers.
◼ Text browser (no graphic) – 1993 Mosaic: The first browser with
GUI.
◼ Common protocols is HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
◼ HTTP provide standard form of communications between
browsers and Web servers.
◼ Example: ????

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Web Servers
◼ Programs that provide documents to requesting
browsers.

◼ Most common Web servers: Apache and IIS.

◼2 separate directories:
◼ Document root: stores web page.
◼ Server root: stores the server and support software.

◼ Web server can interact with database system through

CGI (Common Gateway Interface) and server-side script.

◼ Other protocols supported by Web servers

◼ FTP, Gopher, News and mail
T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023
 Web Server & Web Browser In Action
1. Type the URL in Web Browser
5. Close the connection
www.uum.edu.my
4. Send the information's

2. Sending URL (documents or

program)
to initiate a connection.

Internet
Browser

Server 2. Sending URL (documents or

program)
to initiate a connection
4. Send the information's

3. Accept incoming connection through specific port.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023
+
URL – Uniform Resource Locators

◼ To identify documents (resources) on the Internet.

◼ URL format
◼ Scheme: object address
◼ Scheme is a communication protocols.
◼ http, ftp, gopher, telnet, file, mailto and news.
◼ Default web server port number is 80.
◼ URL paths:
◼ http://www.uum.edu.my
◼ http://www.google.com
◼ http://www.nytimes.com

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Uniform Resource Locater (URL)

Domain Name
http://www.uum.edu.my
Location

Indicates the protocol the

browser will use to Function
retrieve the page
Host Computer

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

◼ As communication transactions

◼ Formally defined as RFC 2616

◼ Consists 2 phases:
◼ Request
◼ Response

◼ Each HTTP communication (request & response between

browser and web server consist 2 parts:
◼ Header: information about the communication
◼ Body: the data of the communication

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Markup languages

◼ Markup languages, such as HTML, DHTML, HTML4.0, HTML5

XML, XSL, and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) have a major
effect on the role of web languages

◼ As these markup languages develop they give more and more

power to the client side web languages, such as JavaScript.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Markup languages
characterization
◼ Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
◼ Specifies
◼ How a document shall be presented
◼ How documents cross-reference each other (hyperlinks)

◼ Why HTML succeeds?

◼ Open and free standard
◼ Simple tag markups for hyperlinks.
◼ Simple, standard, and platform independent ASCII
characters.
◼ Only needs open, free, and simple text editors for editing and
publishing.
◼ Platform independent for publishing and presentation.
◼ Simple and easy to learn.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Markup languages
characterization
◼ HTML 5.0:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Markup languages
characterization
◼ CSS:
◼ Cascading Style Sheets make possible the "D" in "Dynamic" HTML

◼ Style sheets let user define a set of characteristics for a group of

HTML elements, such as color, font, position, and visibility.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Markup languages
characterisation
◼ eXtensible Markup Language (XML):
◼ the newest markup language. Unlike HTML which is concerned with
appearances only, XML is concerned almost wholly with content as
opposed to form. Thus the tags identify information that is relevant to
a particular discipline
◼ Tagging information this way has many advantages: client side
languages will have much more information that they can manipulate
in meaningful ways
◼ The combination of this tagging information and a client language
should greatly enhance interaction, reduce the load on the Internet
(since most interactions take place on the client) and make
information much more retrievable
◼ XML is available in most browsers.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+ Markup languages
characterisation

◼ Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)

◼ XSL is mostly concerned with the appearance of XML documents.
◼ By separating the content and the appearance, XSL makes it easy
to render the XML document in many different formats, such as
text, images, speech, or control over equipment.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

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Markup languages
characterisation
◼ XHTML
◼ XHTML is essentially HTML 4 which conforms to the very strict
syntax required by XML.
◼ For example, all beginning tags must have ending tags, so that
<p> must be balanced by an </p> tag, and all tags must be
lower case.
◼ Following such rules greatly increasing the portability of HTML
code.

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

◼ Founded: October 1994 – Tim Berners-Lee

◼ Organisation called W3C

◼ Goal: to make the Web universally accessible- regardless of

disability, language or culture

◼ Standardisation organisation for Web tech.

◼ Recommendations – doc. That specifies tech’s role, syntax,

rules etc.

◼ E.g: XHTML, CSS, HTML, XML

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

+
Network Architecture
◼ Network architecture is the design of a communication
network.

◼ It is a framework for the specification of a network's physical

components and their functional organization and
configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as
well as data formats used.

◼ In telecommunication, the specification of a network

architecture may also include a detailed description of
products and services delivered via a communications
network, as well as detailed rate and billing structures under
which services are compensated.

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OSI Network Model
◼ Open Systems Interconnection Model
◼ PDNTSPA

◼ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_architecture

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+ Summary
◼ Programming language: Machine, assembly & high-level

◼ The Internet began in 1960s as the Arpanet.

◼ The Web began in 1980s as CERN

◼ Two kind of addresses: IP address & DNS

◼ Browser: to browse resources at server

◼ Web Server: provide resources to browser

◼ URL: identify resources on the Internet

◼ HTTP: communication protocol

◼ Network Architecture

T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023

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T. Zalizam T. Muda © 2023