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SECTION II
(Modeling for Control)
II.1 Consider a continuous blending process where the water is mixed with slurry to give
slurry the desired consistency (Figure II.1). The streams are mixed in a constant volume
(V) blending tank, and the mass fraction of the solids in the inlet slurry stream is given as
xs, with a volumetric flow rate of qs. Since xs and qs vary, the water make-up mass flow
rate w is adjusted to compensate for these variations. Develop a model for this blender
that can be used to predict the dynamic behavior of the mass fraction of solids in the exit
stream xe for changes in xs, qs, or w. What is the number of degrees of freedom for this
process?

Figure II.1: Schematic of the blending process

Solution:

Let us assume that we have perfect mixing and no volume changes due to mixing. Water
stream is considered to be pure water and t is the density of solid. The mass flow rates of
each stream are designated by w and the volumetric rates are by q. Then, by definition,
we have the following,

w s = sq s
ws 1
s = =
 x s w s (1 −x s ) w s   x s (1 −x s )
+
   + 
 t    t  

1
e =
 x e (1 −x e )
+
 
 t  

The total mass balance yields the following equation,

 d(e V)
= w s + w − we
dt

And since the volume is constant, we have,

d( e )
V = ws + w − w e
dt

A component balance on the solids will give,

d(x e  e V)
= w x −w x
s s e e
dt
Or,

d(x ) d( )
= −V + w x − w x = −x (w + w − w ) + w x − w x
e e
V
s s e e e s e s s e e
dt dt

This equation along with the definitions of the densities, forms the model of this process
to help predict the variations in the mass fraction of solids in the exit slurry as a function
of other process variables.

For a degree of freedom analysis, we have,

• Constants: V, , t
• Number of Equations: 4 (one mass balance + one component balance + two
algebraic relations)
• Number of variables: s, e, w, we, ws, xe, xs

The number of degrees of freedom is 3. Note that one usually needs to specify the
upstream solids content (density or solids fraction) and the flow rate as well as the water
flow rate to fully define the system.

II.2. A binary mixture at its saturation point is fed to a single-stage flash unit (Figure
II.2), where the mixture is heated at an unknown rate (Q). The feed flow rate and feed mole
fractions are known and may vary with time. Assume that x represents the mole fraction of
the more volatile component (e.g., xf is the mole fraction of the more volatile component in
the feed stream) and the molar heat of vaporization is the same for both components. Flow
rate is given in moles per unit time. H represents the molar liquid holdup.
 Figure II.2: Schematic of a flash unit.

1. Derive the modeling equations for this system. State your assumptions clearly
and explicitly.
2. Derive the transfer function between the overhead mole fraction of the more
volatile component and its feed mole fraction. (Hint: Assume constant molar
holdup.)

Solution:

The control volume is the flash tank. We make the following assumptions:

• Negligible vapor holdup in the unit

• Constant stage temperature and pressure
• No heat loss to surroundings
• Negligible heat transfer resistance for transfer of Q.

The equilibrium relationship is given by:

x D = K (T , P)x B

where is K the equilibrium constant

For the energy balance, the quantity of interest is:

Total Energy = U + K + P
Here, U, K, P represent the internal, kinetic and potential energies of the system,
respectively. Assuming thermal equilibrium between the vapor and the liquid streams, we
can also neglect the energy balance on the vapor phase.

Since the liquid in the tank can be considered stationary

dK dP dE dU
 = = 0 and =

dt dt dt dt

For liquid systems, one can assume that

dU dH

dt dt
H denotes the total enthalpy of the liquid in the tank (vapor holdup neglected).
Furthermore,
H = Hc p,B,av (T − Tref )
Where:
cp,B,av : average molar heat capacity of the liquid in the tank
Tref : reference temperature where the specific enthalpy of the liquid is assumed to
be zero.
The average molar heat capacities of the liquid streams can be expressed as:
c p,F ,av = x F c p, A + (1 − x F ) c p,C
c p,B,av = x B c p, A + (1 − x B ) c p,C

Total energy balance can be formulated as:

Accumulation of total energy 

=
Input of total energy  Output of total energy 
−
time time time

+
Energy supplied by steam
time
Or


d Hc p , B ,av (T −Tref ) 
= Fc p,F ,av (Tin − Tref ) − Bc p,B,av (T − Tref ) − D[c p,D,av (T − Tref ) +  ] + Q
dt

where  is the molar heat of vaporization, and Tin = T . At steady-state, this reduces to,

Q = D
Overall material balance yields,

d (H M )
= MF − MD − MB
dt
where HM is the mass holdup of the unit and Mi are the mass flow rates. We can express
the mass flow rate as, for example:

M F = MW A Fx F + MWC F (1 − x F ) = F MWC + x F (MW A − MWC )

This results in the following material balance (molar balance) expression:

d ( H MWC +x B (MW A −MWC ))
= F MW + x (MW − MW )
C F A C
dt
− BMWC + x B (MW A − MWC )
− DMWC + x D (MW A − MWC )

The component balance for component A yields,

d ( Hx B MW A )
= FxF MW A − Bx B MW A − Dx D MW A
dt

d ( Hx B )
= FxF − Bx B − Dx D
dt

II.3. An oil stream is heated as it passes through two well-mixed tanks in series (Exercise
I.11). Assuming constant physical properties, develop the nonlinear state-space model for
this process to predict the time evolution of the temperatures in both tanks. State your
assumptions clearly and explicitly.

Solution:
In this problem the state variables are T1 ,T2 . Possible time-varying inputs are the heat
input and the oil flow rate.

Since the volumes are assumed constant we only need to perform an energy balance
around each tank

Total energy balance can be formulated as:

Accumulation of total energy  Input of total energy  Output of total energy 
= −
time time

+
Energy supplied by the coil  time
time

E = U + KE + PE ,

where U is the internal energy, KE is the kinetic energy and PE is the potential energy.
Since the tank is not moving,
 dKE dPE
= =0.
dt dt
Thus

dE dU
= ,
dt dt
and for liquid systems,
dU dH T
=
dt dt

where, HT is the total enthalpy of material in the tank. H may be written as,
AhC p (T − Tref )

where Tref : is the reference temperature. The energy balance for Tank 1 may be written
as:
d (V1C p (T1 −Tref )) = FC (T − T ) − FC (T − T ) + Q
p in ref p 1 ref
dt

Assuming Tref = 0, we will have:

d (T1 ) Q
V1 = FTin − FT1 +
dt C
p

= (Tin − T1 ) +
dT1 F Q
dt V1 C pV1

Similarly for Tank 2 we have

dT2 F
dt
= (T − T )
V2 1 2

Thus the set of Equation representing the dynamic of the temperatures in the tanks is
given by
d (T1 ) F Q
= Tin − FT1 +

dt V1 C pV1
d (T2 )
=
F
(T1 − T2 )
dt V2
The equations are ‘slightly’ nonlinear due to the multiplication between the flow rate and
the temperatures. Rearranging and taking the Taylor series expansion,
dT1 F Q
= (Tin − T1 ) + = f 1 (F ,T1 ,Q)
dt V1 c pV1

F Q 
  (Tin − T1 ) +  + a1 (F − Fs ) + a 2 (T1 − T1s ) + a 3 (Q − Q s )
V c V
1 p 1 ss

dT F
2
= (T1 − T2 ) = f 2 (F,T1 ,T2 )
dt V2
F 
  (T1 − T2 ) + b1 (F − Fs ) + b2 (T1 − T1s ) + b3 (T2 − T2s )
V 2  ss

We can see that the constant coefficients are given as:

f 1 (Tin −T1s ) f −F s f 1
a1 = = ;a 2 = 1 = ; a3 = 1 =
F V1 T1 V1 Q ss c pV1
ss ss
f 2 (T1s −T2 s ) f 2 Fs f 2 −Fs
V2 T
b1 = = ; b2 = = ; b3 = =
F ss V2 T1 ss
 2 ss V2

By subtracting the steady-state equation and defining deviation variables (like

F = F − Fs ), we obtain the following equations:
dT1
= a1 F + a 2 T1 + a 3Q
dt
dT2
= b1 F + b2 T1 + b3T2
dt

II.4. Consider the stirred-tank heater shown in Figure II.3. The steam is injected directly
in the liquid. A1 is the cross sectional area of the tank. Assume that the effluent flow rate

is proportional to the liquid static pressure that causes its flow.

1. Identify the state variables of the system.

2. Determine what balances you should perform.
3. Develop the state model that describes the dynamic behavior of the system.
 Figure II.3: Stirred tank heater

Solution:

a) State Variables: h , T2
b) Total mass and energy balance.
Total mass balance
accumulation input output
= −
time time time

d ( Ah )
= F1 − F2 + Q
dt
At constant density:

dh Q
A =F −F + Equation 1

1 2
dt
Total energy balance

accumulation input output

= −
time time time

E = U + KE + PE ,

where U is the internal energy, KE is the kinetic energy and PE is the potential energy.
Since the tank is not moving,
 dKE dPE
= =0.
dt dt
Thus

dE dU
= ,
dt dt
and for liquid systems,
dU dH T
=
dt dt

where, HT is the total enthalpy of material in the tank. Total mass in the tank is

V = Ah .
H may be written as,

AhC p (T − Tref )

where Tref : is the reference temperature. The input of total energy into the tank is:

F1 H 1 + H
where, H is the heat supplied by 40 psi steam per unit volume. The output of total

energy from the tank is: F2 H 2 . The energy balance may be written as:

d (VC p (T2 −Tref ))

= F C (T − T ) − F C (T −T ) + H
1 p 1 ref 2 p 2 ref
dt

Substituting for V = Ah , we get

d (AhC p (T2 −Tref )) = F C (T −T ) − F C (T −T ) + H

1 p 1 ref 2 p 2 ref
dt

Assuming Tref = 0, we will have:

d (hT2 ) H
A = F1T1 − F2T2 +
dt C p
Using the product rule:

d (hT2 ) dT dh
A = Ah 2 + AT2
dt dt dt
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Substituting this into the above equation, we get:
dT H dh
Ah 2 = F T − F2T2 + − AT

C p
1 1 2
dt dt

From Equation 1, we have the term A dh in the above equation. Therefore, the energy
dt
balance results in the following equation:
dT2 H  Q
Ah = F1T1 − F2T2 + − T2  F1 − F2 + 
dt C 
p  

Simplifying results in the following equation:

dT2 H Q
Ah = F T − F1T2 + − T2 Equation 2

C p 
1 1
dt

II.5. Most separation processes in the chemical industry consist of a sequence of stages.
For example, sulfur dioxide present in combustion gas may be removed by the use of a
liquid absorbent (such as dimethylalanine) in a multistage absorber. Consider the three-
stage absorber displayed in Figure II.4.
 Figure II.4: Schematic of a three-stage absorber.

This process is modeled through the following equations 2:

dx
 1 = K ( y f − b) − (1 + S )x1 + x 2
dt
dx 2
 = Sx1 − (1 + S)x 2 + x3
dt
dx
 3 = Sx 2 − (1 + S)x3 + x f
dt

H is the liquid holdup in each stage and assumed to be constant, and x and y represent
liquid and vapor compositions, respectively. Also,  = H / L is the liquid residence time,
S = aG / L is the stripping factor and K = G / L is the gas-to-liquid ratio. A and b are
constants.

a. How many variables are there? How many equations (relationships)? What is
the degree of freedom?
b. Is this system underdetermined or overdetermined? Why?

2
Seborg, D.E, T.F. Edgar. D.A. Mellichamp, Process Dynamics and Control, Wiley
 c. What additional relationships, if necessary, can you suggest to reduce the
degrees of freedom to zero?

Solution:

All relevant symbols are given below:

a,b, H (Constants)

x1 , x2 , x3 , x f , y1 , y 2 , y 3 , y f , S, K,G, L, (13 variables)

Here we also included the gas phase compositions (of SO2) although they do not appear
explicitly in the modeling equations. We have three equations that result from the
application of the component balances in each stage and three defining equations for
three variables (given in the problem statement). One can also write the following
equilibrium relationships that must be satisfied at each stage:
xi = f i ( y i ) i = 1,2,3

With these, we have a total of nine equations. The degree of freedom analysis yields:

F = 13 − 9 = 4

This is an underdetermined system. To fully define the system and have a feasible
control problem, we need to remove four degrees of freedom. We can do that by the
following specifications:

1. The SO2 content of the liquid feed should be zero (there is no reason why
dimethylalanine should contain any SO2). x f = 0

2. The feed gas composition y f can be considered as a disturbance as it would be

defined by the operation of upstream units.

3. Similarly, the flow rate of the gas stream may be a considered as a disturbance
because the operation of upstream units (furnaces) may vary.
4. A control problem can be defined. One can suggest a feedback control mechanism
that would measure the SO2 composition in the gas phase, y 3 , and according to the

specified target, y 3,t arg et , manipulate the flow rate of the liquid, L. That establishes a

relationship through the feedback mechanism as follows:

L = f ( y3 )

Hence, we now have one specification, two disturbances, and a feedback mechanism,
resulting in four new relationships, thereby reducing the degrees of freedom to zero.

II.6. Consider a liquid chromatography for the separation of a mixture containing N

components. Assuming that the process is isothermal, and there are no radial
 concentration gradients, the following governing equations for solute j in the mobile
phase and on the adsorbent can be obtained:
c c q  2c j
u 0 j +  t j + (1 −  ) j = DL
z t t z 2
  N 
qj
= k a, j c q 1 −  q i  − k d , j q j
j m, j  

t  i=1 q m,i 

In this model, c is the concentration of solute in the mobile phase, and q is the adsorbate
concentration. Also, u 0 is the superficial velocity,  and  t are column void fraction and

total void fraction respectively, DL is the axial dispersion coefficient, q m is the maximum

adsorbate concentration, and k a, j and k d , j are the adsorption and desorption rate

constants for solute j respectively.

1. How would you classify this system of equations? Why?

2. How many variables are there? How many equations (relationships)? What is the
number of degrees of freedom?
3. Is this system underdetermined or overdetermined? Why?
4. What additional relationships, if necessary, can you suggest to reduce the degrees
of freedom to zero?

Solution:

a. This model should be classified as a nonlinear, distributed model. Distributed

models provide relationships for state variables as functions of both space and time,
whereas a non-distributed (lumped) model will only depend on time. It is also
nonlinear as one can see the terms involving multiplication of state variables.
a. For N components, we have c j and q j as the state variables. One can also consider

the velocity u 0 to be a variable as the throughput for the chromatography column

may change. Then, we have the following parameters:

k a, j , k d , j , q m, j ,  ,  t , DL

This yields 5N+4 variables. We have 2N equations. The degrees of freedom at this
point are:
F = (5N + 4) − 2N = 3N + 4
Can we come up with more relationships? Following assumptions are appropriate:
• Void fractions (  ,  t ) are constant.
 • Maximum adsorbate concentration q m, j is a constant.

This yields N + 2 additional relationships. The adsorption and desorption rate constants

can vary with time during the chromatographic process. They can also be related to the
intrinsic adsorption/desorption rate constants (Lin et al., Ind. & Eng. Chem. Research,
1998). We will assume that they can be expressed as:
k d , j = f (k d , j , q m, j , c0,i ,.....)
k a, j = f (k a, j , q m, j , c0,i ,.....)

This yields 2N more relationships. Finally, the dispersion coefficient can be expressed
as:
d p u0
= 0.2 + 0.011Re 0.48
DL
In summary, we have
F = (3N + 4) − (N + 2) − 2N −1 = 1

Thus, the degree of freedom is one.

b. The system is underdetermined because F = 1  0 .

c. What we, as process control engineers, would do is to use a controller to affect one
variable by manipulating another variable, thus providing one additional relationship
and reducing F to 0. For example, it might be advantageous to control the exit
concentration of one of the species by manipulating the velocity (or the flow through)
u 0 . The feedback yields one additional relationship between two variables, thus
reducing the degrees of freedom to zero.

II.7. Consider a distillation process (Figure II.5) with the following assumptions: binary
mixture, constant pressure, constant relative volatility, constant molar flows, no vapor
holdup, equilibrium on all stages, and a total condenser. The modeling equations are
given as follows:

Figure II.5: Schematic of the distillation column

Total material balance on stage i:

dmi
=L − L +V −V
i+1 i i−1 i
dt

Material balance for light component on stage i:

d(mi xi )
= Li+1 xi+1 − Li xi + Vi −1 y i −1 − Vi y i
dt

The above equations apply to all stages except the top (condenser), the feed and the
bottom (reboiler) stages.
From the assumption of constant molar flows and no vapor dynamics, we arrive at the
following expression for the vapor flows:

Vi −1 = Vi = V

The liquid flows depend on the liquid holdup on the stage above. We may use Francis'
Weir formula:
Li = f (mi )

The vapor composition yi is related to the liquid composition xi on the same stage
through the vapor-liquid equilibrium relationship:

x i
yi =
1+ ( −1)x i
Feed Stage: i=nF

dmi
= Li +1 − Li +Vi −1 −Vi + F
dt

d(mi xi )
= Li+1 xi +1 − Li xi + Vi −1 y i −1 − Vi y i + Fz F
dt

Total Condenser: i=nT

dm i
= −Li +Vi −1 − D = Vi −1 − R − D
dt

d(mi x i )
= −L x +V y − Dx = V y − (R + D)x
i i i −1 i −1 D i −1 i −1 D
dt
 Reboiler: i=1
dm i
= Li +1 −Vi − B = Li +1 − B −V
dt

d(m i x i )
= Li +1 x i +1 −Vi y B − Bx B = Li +1 x i +1 − (B +V )x B
dt

1. How many variables are there in this model? How many equations
(relationships)? What is the degree of freedom?
2. Is this system underdetermined or overdetermined? Why?
3. What additional relationships, if necessary, can one suggest to reduce the degrees
of freedom to zero?

Solution:
Variables:
mi ; Li ; xi ; yi ;V ; B, D; F; z F ; R
Thus, we have 4N+6 variables and  is a parameter to be specified.

Equations:

2N differential equations and 2N algebraic equations →4N Equations

Degrees of freedom DOF=6

System is underdetermined since DOF>0

We need to specify some variables and/or define possible control loops to reduce the
DOF to zero.

Feed conditions F and zF are specified from conditions elsewhere in the plant
(disturbances) this reduces the degrees of freedom to 4.

We can define the following control loops which will add additional relationships among
the variables:

• Distillate flow rate (D) can be adjusted to control the level of the condenser drum
• Bottom flow rate (B) can be adjusted to control the level of the reboiler
• Reboiler heat duty can be adjusted to control the amount of vapor in the system
• Reflux flow rate can be adjusted to control the composition on the top of the
column

This will reduce the degrees of freedom (DOF) to zero

II.8. For the single-stage flash unit introduced earlier in Exercise II.2, derive the transfer
function between the overhead mole fraction of the more volatile component and its feed
mole fraction.

Solution:

We assumed constant molar holdup, hence, we have the following component balance:
d ( xB )
H = Fx F − Bx B − Dx D
dt

Using the equilibrium relationship (and also the fact that T and P are constant), we have:
x D = Kx B
This results in,

H d (xD ) B
= Fx F − x D − Dx D
K dt K
B 
= Fx F −  + D  x D
K 
In standard form

H d (xD ) B 
= Fx F −  + D  x D
K dt  K 

 B + KD  x
= Fx F −   D
 K 

H d (xD ) KF
= xF − xD
B + KD dt B + KD

d (xD )
 + x D = kx F
dt

H KF
where  and k = .
B + KD B + KD

This is a linear equation (as all flows are constant now). Defining deviation variables,

x D = x D − x D,s
x F = x F − x F ,s

And taking Laplace transform and rearranging, we have the following transfer function:
 sx D (s) + x D (s) = kx F (s)

k
x D (s) = x F (s)
s + 1

x (s) k
g(s) = D =
x F (s) s + 1

where we have
H KF
 and k =
B + KD B + KD

II.9. A liquid-phase isothermal reaction takes place in a continuous stirred-tank reactor.

The reaction is first-order,
A→ B r = kC A

We assume that the vessel has a constant volume, operates isothermally (constant
temperature) and is well mixed.
For this system:
1. Derive the process transfer function between the outlet (tank) concentration and
the feed concentration of component A.
2. Obtain the time evolution of the concentration as function of the feed
concentration and the process parameters. Hint: use partial fraction expansion.
3. For the design and operating parameters, F0 = 0.1 mol/m 3 , V = 2 m 3 ,
3 3

C A0 = 0.1 mol/m , k = 0.050 1/min and C A0 = 1 mol/m , calculate the outlet

concentration when t = V / (F + Vk ) and when t = 40 min .

Solution:

From Example 4.5 in the book, the state equation for our reactor that provides the time
evolution of the reactant composition is given as
dC A F F
= C − C − kC
A0 A A
dt V V

Rewriting
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 F
+  + k C A = CA0
dC A F
dt V  V

 V  dC A F
C
C
  + A= A0
F + Vk dt F + Vk

 
dC A
 + C A = kC A0
dt

Note that k in the last equation is the steady-state gain. Defining deviation variables and
taking Laplace transform to both sides of the equation

sC A (s) + C A (s) = kC A0 (s)

(s + +1)C A (s) = kC A0 (s)
C A (s) = C A − C As and C A0 = C A0 - C A0s
Finally,

C A (s) k
= g(s) =
C A0 (s) (s + +1)

V F0
where:  = and k = .
F0 + V F0 + V

To obtain the time domain solution, we use partial fraction technique

M C A0 k M
C s
A0 ( ) = = C A (s) =
s s (s + +1) s
1 A B
= +
(s + 1)s s (s + 1

s As Bs 1
s=0 = + =A =A

(s + 1)s s (s + 1 (1)

(s + 1) A(s + 1) B(s + 1) 1

s=-1/ = + =B = − = B

(s + 1)s s (s + 1 −1/ 

A B  1  
 C A (s) = kM  +  = kM  − 
s (s + 1)   s (s + 1) 

Inverting (using Table of Laplace functions)

  e −t /  
C A (t) = kM 1−   = kM (1 − e −t /  )
  
Substituting

C A0 (1 − e −t /  )
F0
C (t) = C +

F0 + V
A As

A0
For the conditions
F = 0.1m 3 /min V = 2m 3 C A0 = 0.8mol/m 3  = 0.0501/min C = 1 mol/m 3

First we need to find the steady-state value for the concentration CAs.
dC
 A + C A = kC A0
dt
At steady-state

0.1
C As = kC A0s = 0.8 = 0.4
0.1 + 2 0.05

Substituting for this value

1(1 − e −t /  )
0.1
C A (t) = 0.4 +
0.1+ 2 0.05

C A (t) = 0.4 + 0.5(1 − e −t /  )

For t= C A (t) = 0.4 + 0.5 (1- 0.3679) = 0.7161

V 2
= = = 10
F + Vk 0.1 + 2 0.05

A
( ) (
C (t) = 0.4 + 0.5 1 − e −t /10 = 0.4 + 0.5 1 − e −40 /10 )
For t=40 min = 0.4 + 0.5(1 − 0.0183)
= 0.4 + 0.498 = 0.8908

Figure II.S1 illustrates a plot of the concentration as function of time.

 1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Figure II.S1: Concentration response as function of time.

II.10. Consider the same liquid-phase, isothermal, continuous stirred-tank reactor as in

Exercise II.9 where the component balance can also be expressed in terms of the product
concentration.

1. Derive the process transfer function between the outlet (tank) concentration
for component B (product) and the feed concentration of component A.
2. Obtain the time evolution of the concentration as a function of the feed
concentration and the process parameters and compare your results with those
of Exercise II.9.
3. Assuming the same design and operating conditions as before what is the
value of the concentration when t = V / (F + Vk ) and t = 40 min ?

Solution:
Balance on CB
dC B F
=− C + kC
B A
dt V
dC B F
+  C = kC
  B A
dt V 
V dC Fk
  B + CB = C
A
V
 
 F  dt
dC B
1 + C B = k1C A
dt
where k1 is the new steady-state gain.

 1 sC B + C B = k1C A
( 1 s +1)C B = k1C A
CB k1
=
C A ( 1 s + 1)
V Fk
1 = k1 =
F V

C A (s) k
=
C A0 (s) (s + +1)
Thus,

C B C A (s) k k1
=
C A C A0 (s) (s + +1) ( 1 s + 1)

CB kk1
=
C A0 (s) (s + +1)( 1 s + 1)

M C A0
C A0 ( s) = =
s s

kk1 M
C B (s) =
(s + +1)( 1 s + 1) s

Inverting using the Laplace Table,

   
C B (t) = kk1 M 1 + 1 e −t /  1 − 2 e −t /  2 
  2 −1  2 −1 
 1 

= kk1 M 1 + (
 1e −t /  1 −  2 e −t /  2  )
  2 −1 



C B (t) =
F F
C A0 1 +
1
( e
1
−t /  1
− e
2 −t /  2
)


(F + Vk) Vk   2 −1 
A0

F = 0.1m 3 /min V = 2m 3 C A0 = 0.8mol/m 3  = 0.0501/min C = 1 mol/m 3

 V 2
= = = 10
F + Vk 0.1 + 2 0.05

V 2
1 = = = 20
F 0.1
 C B (t) =
+
0.1 0.1 
1 +
(0.1 2 0.05) (2 0.05) 
1
−
(
10e −t / 10 − 20e −t / 20 )

20 10 

= 0.5(1 + 0.1(10e −t / 10 − 20e −t / 20 ))

Steady-state value
C Bs = kC As

CAs=0.4 then
F 0.1
C = C = 0.4 = 0.4
Bs As
Vk 2 0.05

For t=
C B (t) = 0.4 + 0.5(1 + 0.1(10e −10 /10 − 20e −10 / 20 )) = 0.4774
For t=40
C B (t) = 0.4 + 0.5(1 + 0.1(10e −40 /10 − 20e −40 / 20 )) = 0.7738

0.9 CA

0.8
CB

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Figure II.S2: Plot of the concentrations as function of time.

II.11. Consider the same liquid-phase isothermal continuous stirred-tank reactor as in

Exercise II.9 but now the reaction is second-order,
A→ B r = kC A2

1. Obtain a linear state-space model for this system.

2. Derive the process transfer function between the outlet (tank) concentration and
the feed concentration of component A.
3. Compare the characteristic parameters with those of Exercise II.9 and discuss.
Solution:

From Example 4.5 in the book, the state equation for our reactor that provides the time
evolution of the reactant composition is given as
dC A F F
= C − C − kC 2
A0 A A
dt V V

We have to linearize,
VkC 2 = (VkC 2 ) + (2VkC )(C − C )
A As As A As
Substituting

dC A
V = F (CA0 − C A ) − (VkC As2 ) + (2VkCAs )(C A − C As )
dt

At steady-state,
0 = F (C − C ) − VkC 2
Substracting A0s As As

dC A
V = F(C A0 − C A ) − (C A0s − C As ) + (2VkCAs )(C A − C As )
dt

= F (CA0 − C A )  + (2VkC )C A
dC A
V
dt As

dC A
V = FC A0 − FC A + (2VkC As )C A
dt

= FC A0 − F + (2VkC As )C A
V dC A F
+C = C

F + 2VkC As dt F + 2VkC
A A0

dC A
 + C A = kC A0 As

dt
where:

V F
= and k =
F + 2VkC As F + 2VkC As

and the definition of the steady-state gain should be clear. Taking Laplace transform of
both sides of the equation
sC A (s) + C A (s) = kC A0 (s)
(s + +1)C A (s) = kC A0 (s)
Finally,

C A (s) k
= g(s) =
C A0 (s) (s + +1)

To obtain the time domain solution, we use partial fraction technique

M C A0 k M
C s
A0 ( ) = = C A (s) =
s s (s + +1) s
1 A B
= +
(s + 1)s s (s + 1

s As Bs 1
s=0 = + =A =A

(s + 1)s s (s + 1 (1)

(s + 1) A(s + 1) B(s + 1) 1

s=-1/ = + =B = − = B

(s + 1)s s (s + 1 −1/ 

A B  1  
C A (s) = kM  +  = kM  − 
s (s + 1)  s (s + 1) 

Inverting (using Table of Laplace functions),

 e −t /  
C A (t) = kM 1 −   = kM (1 − e −t /  )
  
Substituting

C A0 (1 − e −t /  )
F
C A (t) = C As +
F + 2VkC As
For the conditions

A0
F = 0.1m /min V = 2m C A0 = 0.8mol/m  = 0.0501/min C = 1mol/m 3
3 3 3

First we need to find the steady-state value for the concentration CAs. At steady-state,
F
0 = C A0 FC 0= −FC
V V A
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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Twm liked Moses, but not his logic; which implied a want of courtesy
and due deference to his better half, whose indisputable right to
warm petticoats claimed precedence to all the pots, pans, and every
earthly consideration.
“Here take this bale, take it all, for I have lost my yard and scissors,
and pay me when you grow rich;—confound your thanks! away with
you, bestow it safe, then return here; perhaps I may get thee an
iron pot at as cheap a rate as the flannel.”
Moses did not want twice bidding to induce him to avail himself of
his good fortune, but entering into the spirit of the scene at once,
appeared to understand our hero’s joking propensities, although he
had no suspicion that it was the veritable Twm himself. Off Moses
ran with his enormous present, and immediately returned; when our
hero accompanied him to the shop of an old curmudgeon of an
ironmonger, whose face, hardly distinguishable behind his habitual
screen of snuff and spectacles, seemed of the same material as his
own hardware.
The man of rags was quite in luck, and as instructed, followed his
benefactor into the shop in silence. Twm examined the culinary
ware, with all the caution of an old farm-wife, asking the prices of
various articles, and turned up the whites of his eyes in the most
approved puritanic fashion, expressive of astonishment at such
excessive charges. Old hammerhead repelled the insinuation, and
swore that cheaper or better pots were never seen in the kitchen of
a king. “Then you must mean the king of the beggars,” quoth Twm,
“for you have nothing here but damaged ware.”
“Damaged devil! what do you mean?” roared the enraged
ironmonger. “I mean,” replied Twm Shon Catty, with provoking
equanimity, “that there is scarcely a pot here without a hole in it;
now this which I hold in my hand for instance, has one.” “Where!
where!” asked the fiery old shop keeper, holding it up between his
eyes and the light: “if there is a hole in this pot, I’ll eat it: where is
the hole that you speak of?” “Here!” bawls the inexorable hoaxer,
pulling it over his ears, and holding it there, while Moses took the
wink from his patron, and walked off with a most choice article,
which he had selected from the whole lot.
Here was a predicament for a respectable old tradesman! Our hero
fairly held his sides with laughter as the old curmudgeon sprawled
about, vainly endeavouring to free himself from the pot, in which his
terrible shouts for help were entirely lost. Having tied his hands
behind his back, Twm left him howling and sweating beneath his
huge extinguisher, and made as he took his departure, this
consolatory speech—“Had there not been a hole in it how could that
large stupid knob of yours have entered such a helmet?”
Twm left the enraged ironmonger to get out of his dilemma as best
he could, having very little sympathy with him in his distress. When
once more in the street, he found that the people were all moving in
one direction, and Twm discovered shortly that there was some
unusual attraction at the Town Hall. As the assemblage increased,
the way, like a choaked mill-dam, became more and more impeded,
until the whole restless mass was consolidated, and stood still
perforce.
Our hero had forced his way till near the entrance of the hall, where
he ventured to ask what cause had drawn together such a crowd;
but he got no immediate answer, as many came there, like himself,
drawn by the powerful influence of curiosity.
At length he heard his own name buzzed about; one said that Twm
Shon Catty whose humorous tricks were the themes of every
tongue, was discovered to be a great thief: and that he who had
fought against highwaymen, had at last become one himself, and
committed all the robberies which had taken place in that country
for years past. One said that he could never be taken; and a third
contradicted that assertion, declaring that he was then fettered in
the hall, and waiting to be conveyed to Carmarthen gaol. One
assigned him to the gallows as his due, while another tenderly
replied that hanging was too good for him. Opposing the sentiments
and opinions of all these, more than one declared that the hemp was
neither spun nor grown that would hang Twm; and pity it should, as
he was a friend of the poor, and an enemy to none but the stupid,
the cruel, and the oppressive.
The disputed argument was disposed of summarily by the
appearance of an important functionary, resplendent in the gorgeous
dress which he wore in virtue of his exalted office. This individual,
who was the town crier, obtaining silence, informed the assembled
multitude that the magistrates who were now sitting, required that
any “person or persons” who might have been defrauded in the fair,
should now come forward, so as to form a clue towards the identity
of the robber, which it was generally believed was no other than the
notorious Twm Shon Catty. The crier retired, and in a few minutes
re-appeared, and read the court’s proclamation, offering a reward of
twenty pounds to any person who would apprehend the said Twm
Shon Catty; which was answered with loud hisses by the majority of
the crowd, and effectually drowned the applause of the rest.
This was a most flattering ovation for Twm, and his spirits rose
accordingly; while, at the same time, he felt himself aggrieved by
this public proclamation concerning him by the authorities, who, he
considered, had, in this instance, somewhat exceeded their
vocation. He resolved to “beard the lion in his den,” or in other
words, to enter the hall and give the lie to any base-minded cur who
should dare to associate his name with common robbers and felons.
Softly, Twm, softly, my boy! On second thoughts he came to the
conclusion that that would not be quite prudent—he would make his
way into the Hall of Justice, and preserving his disguise, see how
matters were progressing, and try if he could not secure a little
personal entertainment for himself.
Daring Twm! thy genius adapted itself to circumstances; many
people would be doubtless astonished that our hero should venture
on such cause, but when enthusiasm, and the pride of achievement,
even in a worthless cause, actuates the passion-fraught breast,
supplanting the place of reasoning calculation, the wonder vanishes.
The desperate outlaw, whose temerity is applauded, feels the gust
of heroism in as warm a degree as the generous patriot whose claim
to renown is better founded and graced with national approbation.
Twm soon found himself in the hall; for it was his own native
energies stood him in better stead than the fabled cap of
Fortunatus: he wished, and obtained; hated, and was revenged;
desired to tread a difficulty under foot, and gained his purpose;
while the generality of men would be analyzing every shadow of
obstruction that impeded their aim.
He took his stand in a conspicuous place near the bench, the “awful
judgment-seat,” which was at this time filled by three magistrates
including his laughter-loving friend Prothero, whose ruddy happy
round face deprived law itself of half its terrors. Before him, he
found his old friend Evans of Tregaron, who had been sputtering a
confused account of our hero’s gracelessness from his childhood, to
the last trick he had played him, by stealing his grey horse at
Machynlleth. How he had cheated the heir of Graspacre-Hall of the
horse at Welshpool; and how the same horse was traced into the
possession of a simple fellow in straw boots and cow-hide breeches,
who that very day had sold it to his friend Mr. Powell; which sale, he
contended, could not stand good, as the stolen horse was his
property to all intents and purposes, which he could prove by
credible witnesses.
This recapitulation of Twm’s tricks tickled the gravity of Prothero
amazingly; and at every pause which Evans made in his narration,
he was answered by the loud “ho, ho, ho!” of that merry magistrate.
Mr. Powell then told his story, and, in conclusion, said he was in the
commission of the peace in the town of Brecon. “Ho, ho, ho!”
roared Prothero, “here we are, three magistrates, ho, ho, ho! three
magistrates, and all fooled by Twm Shon Catty.—Clever fellow, ho,
ho, ho! wild dog, ho, ho, ho!—means no great harm—never keeps
what he steals—gives all to the poor fellows that want—ho, ho, ho!
Never mind, gentlemen, the fun of the thing repays the loss, which
can be shared between you. Let Mr. Evans take the horse, on
paying Mr. Powell what he gave young cow-breeches, ho, ho, ho!
better than lose all.”
Mr. Powell immediately acceded to the arrangement, but the
unaccommodating Evans insisted on having the horse without the
payment, and made some tart remarks on conniving at a rascal’s
tricks and villanies. “For my part, I’d shoot him dead like a dog!”
cried the reverend preacher of peace and concord; drawing at the
same time, a pair of pistols from his pocket, and replacing them, in a
fiery fit of passion. “Ho, ho, ho!” roared Prothero, “but you’d catch
him first, brother, ho, ho, ho!—too cunning for you, for me, and all
of us—might be here this moment, laughing in his sleeve at us, for
what we know, ho, ho, ho!”
Twm thought it was now time to be taking a more active part in the
scene, so taking out a small book, while appearing to be deeply
absorbed in its perusal, he gave a deep groan as if much moved by
what he read, and the mourning sound at once attracted notice.
Prothero, alive to everything allied to comicality, burst out into a loud
ho, ho, ho! Evans arrayed his naturally gloomy brows in a
magisterial frown, and Powell smiled, with an expression of wonder.
“What are you reading, friend?” asked Prothero, chuckling as he
surveyed the black Welsh wig. “The wisdom of Solomon,” quoth the
man of solemnity, drawing the muscles of his face most ludicrously
long; “but mark you, worshipful gentlemen, I mean not the Solomon
of the scriptures, but our own Cambrian Solomon—that is to say,
Catwg the Wise, the excellent and erudite abbot of Llancarvan, and
teacher of the Bard Taliesin.”
“That’s all right enough. Catwg was doubtless a clever man, but
why do you bring him here?” enquired Prothero, with a broad smile
on his face. “Wherever I go, I have resolved to make his wisdom
known, and to reprove all deviators from it, in the sage’s own
words,” quoth Twm. “Poor man, poor man, he’s crazy, his brain
turned, perhaps by too much study,” observed Prothero. “An
impudent fellow!” cried Evans; “but you are strangely lenient here in
Carmarthenshire; were I the king, I would have such fellows put in
Bedlam.”
Twm looked at the clerical magistrate, then read from the book, “If a
crown were worn by every fool, we should all of us be kings.”
“Gentlemen, he calls us all fools!” cried Evans. Twm, without raising
his eyes from the book, read on, “were there horns on the head of
every fool, a good sum might be gained by showing a bald man.”
“Gentlemen, he makes us all cuckolds!” cried Evans, in his usual
sputter; “however it may fit you, gentlemen, I can safely say, that no
disgrace as a horn belongs to my brow.”
Twm read on:—“If the shame of every one were written on his
forehead, the materials for masks would be surprisingly dear.” “Ho,
ho, ho!” roared Prothero, till the hall echoed with his loud laughter,
which the Cardiganshire magistrate seemed to take as a personal
affront, and sulkily observed, that this was no place for foolery, but
for gravity, wisdom, and truth.
Twm read on:—“If no tongue were to speak other than truth and
wisdom, the number of mutes would be astonishingly great.” The
consequential Inco, mumbled something about his own mode of
doing business at Cardigan, and declared that he would commit such
a fellow to gaol for three months, at least, for disturbing a court of
justice. Twm cut him short with another passage from Catwg:
—“Were the talkative to perceive the folly of his chattering, he would
save his breath to cool his broth.”
Here Powell of Brecon entered a little into the spirit of the scene, by
quoting also from the well-known aphorisms of Catwg, applying the
passage to Twm himself;—“If the buffoon were to see the vanity of
his feat, he would leave it off for shame.” This feeble hit excited the
applause of the good-humoured Prothero, who clapped the speaker
heartily on the back, and, amid his eternal ho, ho, ho! exclaimed,
“Well said, brother, well said; better silence him with wit than by
authority; well done, well done.”
Twm was not slow in taking up the gauntlet which the Breconshire
magistrate had thrown at his feet, and so turning pointedly to him,
he read;—“If the lover were to see his weakness, terror would drive
him to a premature end.” A general laugh at the expense of Powell,
instantly followed. To him that passage was considered peculiarly
applicable, as the unsuccessful woer of the gay widow of Ystrad
Feen. It was a tender string to touch so roughly. Losing his ease
and temper at the same instant, he cast a most ungracious frown at
the utterer of proverbs, and said in an undertone of threatening
energy, “Whoever you may be, it were not wise of you to repeat
such conduct towards me again.” “Again?” said Twm, pretending to
misunderstand him, “Oh, certainly, I’ll give you the passage again, or
any other, to you; ‘If the lover—’” here Powell’s face blazed with
anger, as he clenched his fist, and cried, “You had better not.”
Twm began again,—“If the lover—of war, were to see his cruelty, he
would fear that every atom in the sunbeam might stab him as a
sword.” The dexterous evasion, with the point given to the words
“of war,” had its full effect in restoring the good humour, so suddenly
disturbed; but that beautiful passage from the aphorisms of the old
Welsh abbot failed to elicit the applause which its moral merits
deserve.
At this moment the attention of all present was attracted by the
noisy entrance of the ex-proprietress of the flannel, who almost
deafened them by the vehemence of her complaints; which,
however, were too incoherently expressed to be immediately
understood.
“Oh! my roll of flannel, my fine, my excellent flannel! all of my own
spinning too,—eight and twenty good yards, and a yard and a half
wide—my wooden shoe too, that I lost in the crowd—and my poor
corns trod off by the villains—my dear sweet flannel, all of my own
carding and spinning—nobody but the devil himself, or his first
cousin Twm Shon Catty, could have taken it in such a manner—it
was whisked from me as if a whirlwind had swept it away.”
At length she paused for want of breath, and Twm approached her
with the air of a comforter, and read from his book,—“Were a
woman as quick with her feet as with her tongue, she would catch
the lightning to kindle her fire in the morning.” It is probable that
she did not perfectly hear this passage, as on perceiving Twm, she
gave a shout of joy, and then as incoherently as before, appealed to
the magistrate; “This honest man, your worship, knows it all. I told
him, the moment I lost my flannel—this worthy man, your worship—
a good man, a man who reads books, your worship, he can witness.”
This vehement outburst of eloquence was brought to a sudden
termination, and the old woman’s wordy complaint effectually
strangled by the laughter and applause which greeted the
appearance of a more ridiculous applicant for justice and his right.
Supported by two constables, who rather dragged forward, than led
him, came Twm’s friend the hardwareman, crowned with the
identical iron pot before named, which the officers, as a matter of
official formality, or to indulge their own facetiousness, refused to
remove, till in the presence of a magistrate. When his laughter had
a little subsided, Prothero ordered the pot to be removed, and his
hands untied. The hardwareman then told his lamentable tale in a
few words; in conclusion, he declared, that having overheard certain
words between the robber and his accomplice, he had learned that
the thief was no other than Twm Shon Catty. His eye now caught on
the figure of our hero, and with a yell as astounding as if the eternal
enemy of man stood before him, he cried, “There he is! there he is!
As heaven shall save me, there stands the man, or devil, who
crowned me with the iron pot, while his accomplice ran off with the
other.”
“And who robbed me of my flannel!” roared the old woman, who
now changed her opinion, as her earliest suspicions became thus
suddenly confirmed.
“And who stole my grey horse!” bawled Evans of Tregaron.
“And who sold it to me when disguised in straw boots and cow-hide
breeches!” cried Powell of Brecon, who had now closely examined
his features.
Things looked desperate as far as Twm was concerned, as an attack
was now made upon him by three or four of his most determined
enemies; but Twm eluding their eager attempts to grasp him, sprang
upon the table before the bench, and drawing a couple of pistols
from his coat pockets, held one in each hand, and kept them all at
bay, protesting he would shoot the first who would advance an inch
towards him. Loud was his laughter when they all started back: but
Prothero, now sat silently on the bench, alarmed for his safety,
which he had thought to secure by giving him warning of his danger,
in the feint of his proclaimed reward for his apprehension.
As he stood in this manner, with extended arms, watchful eyes, and
grasping the pointed pistols with a finger to each trigger, Powell of
Brecon exclaimed, “Thou art a clever fellow, by Jove, Twm! very
clever for a Cardy; but wert thou with us, the quick-witted sons of
Brecon, thou wouldst soon find thyself overmatched. I dare thee to
enter Brecon, to trust to thy cunning—come there, and welcome,
and thou shalt stand harmless of me, in the affair of the grey
horse.” Twm smiled, and nodded, in token of having accepted his
challenge.
Rather daunted by the failure of their first attempt to seize Twm, his
assailants had held back awed by his resolute and defiant attitude,
but recovering their courage on reflecting upon the odds against
him, they now, headed by Evans of Tregaron, got behind him, and
clung to his right arm, but with one violent effort Twm shook them
away, as the mighty bull throws off the yelping curs that dare to
attack him. Then, with a single leap, he sprang from the table into
the crowded court, where a lane was formed for him, and rushed
out of the door unimpeded, and pursued by his accusers. They soon
lost sight of him among the moving multitude, some of whom
dispersed from fear of accidents, while others followed him as
spectators.
To the great astonishment of his pursuers they next caught a view of
him mounted on that grand subject of contention, the grey horse.
He took the route of Ystrad Feen, followed by several constables in
the employ of Evans of Tregaron, and many disinterested persons
from the fair. Loud were the shouts of the numerous riders; loud the
tramp of galloping horses; and wild the disorder and terror created,
as Twm at different intervals turned on his pursuers, and fired his
pistols. This caused a powerful retrograde movement among them,
by which the foremost horses fell back to those behind them,
unhorsing some who lay groaning and crying with fright on the
ground, and frightening others altogether from the pursuit.
It was on this occasion that a bard of that day wrote the stanza
which appears on the title page, thus translated by the late Iolo
Morganwg:—

“In Ystrad Feen a doleful sound

Pervades the hollow hills around;
The very stones with terror melt,
Such fear of Twn Shon Catty felt.”

Fortune still favoured Twm, who reaching the foot of Dinas

somewhat in advance of his motley train of pursuers, dismounted,
sprung from stone to stone, that formed the ford of the Tower, and
climbed the steep side of that majestic mount, with the utmost
ease. Like a prudent sea-captain, Twm was chased in his small boat
by a fleet of rovers, till he reaches his own war-ship, and springs up
her fort-like side, and treads his deck in the ecstasy of surmounted
peril, conscious strength, and superiority.
Thus Twm now attained the summit of a prominent knoll, and waved
his hand triumphantly, in defiance of his foes below. Evans of
Tregaron, with his crew of catchpoles, made an attempt to climb
also; Twm permitted them to advance about twenty yards above the
river, when he ended the warfare, by rolling down several huge
stones, that swept them in a mass into the bed of the river Towey,
sadly bruised, but more frightened, from whence they were
extricated by the amazed and terrified spectators.
Evans of Tregaron met with an accident, which during the remainder
of his life reminded him of his hasty chase after Twm Shon Catty. In
starting aside to avoid the dreadful leaping crags that threatened to
crush him, his pistols went off in his pockets, and carried away,
besides his coat skirts and the rear of his black breaches, a large
portion of postern flesh, that deprived him forever after of that
agreeable cushion which nature had provided.
Amusing to the population of Tregaron was the singular sight of their
crest-fallen magistrate and his hated gang, brought home in woeful
plight, as inside passenger of a dung-cart, which had been hired for
the purpose; and more than all, that his discomfiture should have
been caused by their long-lost countryman Twm Shon Catty.
Our hero was clearly in an unassailable position, and his enemies
were not so stupid as to be entirely blind to that important fact. So,
like a princely chieftain of the days of old, enthroned upon his native
tower of strength, marking in his soul’s high pride the awkward
predicament of his baffled foes, perceiving them all depart; leaving
him the undisputed lord of his alpine territory, the glorious height of
Dinas.
After witnessing, with his limbs stretched upon his mountain couch,
the glorious beauty of the setting sun, he entered the cave, tore
from its top a sufficiency of fern and heather to form his bed, threw
on it his fatigued, over-exerted frame, and slept soundly until
morning.
 CHAPTER XXXVI.

Twm at Brecon. An angling feat. Twm in a musical character.

Wins the prize offered for a poem. A new style of marriage—and
some other little “odds and ends.” Conclusion.
With the earliest rays of the morning’s sun Twm was astir, and
during a long ramble on the hills, was busily turning over in his mind
the exciting-incidents of the previous day. Unable to account for his
second disappointment of seeing his mistress, according to promise,
he gave way to despondency, and conjectured the worst—that she
was no longer true to his vows, but had yielded to the persuasions
of her haughty relative, and become a renegade both to love and to
honour. He was now, however, so near her residence, he would at
least ascertain how matters stood; and, after many efforts of
resolution, he descended the hill for that purpose.
On crossing the Towey, he was surprised to find that the “gallant
grey” was still left for him; he was busily feeding in an adjoining
field, and the saddle and bridle hung dangling from a storm-stricken
old thorn. He felt this, directly, as a handsome piece of attention to
him, on the part of Powell of Brecon, who, doubtless, had left it
there for convenience.
On examining further, he found a note, tied to the bridle, from that
generous individual, inviting him to be present at the Eisteddvod, the
Races and the Ball, which were to take place successively in the gay
town of Brecon.
He was doomed to disappointment; for on reaching Ystrad Feen he
found nobody but the servants, who informed him that their lady,
Miss Meredith, and the late visitors, were all gone to Brecon, and
would not return for some days. This intelligence determined him to
go there also; and recollecting a trunk of clothes of his, which had
been left ever since his sojourning there, he called for it; and having
dressed himself, and placed with other things, in his saddle-bags, an
elegant suit which he had brought from London, he mounted his
horse, and rode off for Brecon.
About a couple of miles beyond Trecastle, he overtook a poor fellow
driving an ass, laden with coarse crockery ware, who turned out to
be no other than Ready Rosser. Having long been married to a
Cardiganshire lass, they both, pretending to be single, entered
Squire Prothero’s service at the same time; but the circumstance
being at length discovered, they were both discharged a few days
since, and now commenced the crockery business for a livelihood.
After a few jests on the white bull, ox, and sheep, Twm spurred on,
but not before he had purchased the whole of Rosser’s stock, which,
however, that worthy was to take to Brecon, for a purpose to be
hereafter described.
At Brecon he took lodgings at the Three Cocks’ inn, to which he gave
a preference, on account of the sign being the armorial bearings of
the celebrated David Gam, (Shakespeare’s Captain Fuellin,) the hero
of Agincourt.
Crowds still poured into the town from all points of the compass,
until it seemed impossible that the streets would hold them. While
our hero looked through the window to observe Rosser, who
arranged his crockery in front of the inn, his attention was suddenly
caught by the sound of a harp, which proceeded from the kitchen.
To his great surprise, he found the performer to be his old friend the
venerable Ianto Gwyn of Tregaron.
The old man was very glad to see him, and after learning the
particulars of the fortunes he had met since he left his native town,
proceeded to inform him of the Tregaron news. His mother was well
three weeks ago, and had received the various sums which he had
sent her at different times, and was in daily hopes of burying her
churl of a husband. Rachael Ketch was now dead; having broken
her heart for the loss of her money, which had been stolen by Watt
the mole-catcher, who was transported.
In conclusion, the old man said that he had come to the Eisteddvod
rather as a spectator than a candidate for the prize, having
accidentally hurt his right hand, which nearly disabled him altogether
from playing. “That circumstance is now the more provoking,” said
the old man, “as I am convinced that were my hand well, I should
certainly win the noble silver harp, which is to be the meed of the
best player.”
Twm took his musical friend upstairs, and, after dining together,
began coquetting with the harp, which with the hand of a ready
player, he soon tinkled into alternate fits of grief and laughter, as he
ran over many of our most popular airs.
The old man jumped up from his seat, and embraced him with
rapture, protesting that he could not fail to win the harp, if he chose
to be a candidate. Our hero, having practised but little on the harp
since he left London, felt considerable diffidence in becoming a
competitor among proficients in music, but resolved, at any rate to
avail himself of the instructions of his friend Ianto Gwyn.
Intensely anxious to meet his mistress once more, he sought an
early opportunity of a walk through the streets; but instead of the
desired one, it was his lot to meet Powell the magistrate, who gave
him a jocular and right hearty welcome. They were soon joined by
two other high bloods of the town, one a wealthy attorney, named
Phillips, and the other a reverend and right-portly son of the church,
who shone more at the punch-bowl than in the pulpit. They all
adjourned to the parlour of the Three Cocks, where the best of wine
was soon in request, and a gay scene of conviviality and good
fellowship ensued.
Twm’s fame had of course preceded him, for Powell’s tongue had
been busy in his praise, although he had done him no more than
justice, and those four worthies soon understanding each other, they
spent a pretty jolly time of it. Being all lads of the turf, the practice
of betting was familiar to them; and the lawyer offered to oppose
Twm in a match of angling for five pounds; and the bet should be,
that “whoever fished the largest weight, no matter of what kind, in
half an hour, should be declared the winner.” Our hero, although a
poor angler, accepted the wager, and Powell, as the umpire, wrote
down the terms of it, which was signed by each.
Possessing himself of angling paraphernalia, he repaired with them
to the bridge, and had the upper side of it assigned to him, while
Phillips had the lower. The latter displayed a grand morocco pocket-
book, filled in the neatest order with the most choice artificial flies,
of every description, and soon had his handsome rod in order; while
the former had nothing better than what could be procured at a
shop. The lawyer landed fish after fish, with great rapidity, and
when half the given time had expired, Twm found himself much in
arrears, and the continued good fortune of his antagonist left him,
apparently, no chance of ultimate success.
“Confound these good-for-nothing flies! fetch me a beef steak!” cried
he at last, and gave money for that purpose to a by-stander, who
immediately brought the article wanted.
“There’s a Cardy angler, fishing for trout with a beef steak!” cried the
Breconians, with an exulting laugh. Twm made no reply, but
fastened several hooks in different parts of a strong line, to each of
which he attached a small piece of beef; and, watching the
movement of a flock of ducks that floated in luxurious ease down
the Usk, he threw the whole among them.
Loud was the clamour of the aquatic crew, as they hustled each
other, in their eagerness to partake of the showered feast, which
they soon gobbled, and were drawn up to the top of the bridge by
the singular angler above, amid the shouts of laughter of the
numerous spectators.
This feat was greeted by the by-standers with shouts of derision, as
they thought that Twm, in thus trifling, had practically confessed his
inability to win the wager. Powell called time, saying that the half
hour had struck. Phillips, as the conscious winner, produced a
goodly show of trout, and, as Twm had caught but four small fish,
said it would be idle to weigh them.
“Not so,” replied our wag, “let the written terms of the bet be read,
and you will find that my ducks have a right to be weighed against
your boasted trout, aye! and shall make them kick the beam.”
Phillips started at such an assertion made in earnest, and Powell
read, “Whoever fished the largest weight, no matter of what kind,
would be declared the winner,” and as umpire, awarded the five
pounds to our hero.
Some merriment at the expense of Powell was caused by his
declaring himself the unlucky proprietor of the said flock of ducks;
but with his usual good-humour, he proposed that the ducks and the
trout should be cooked at his house for their supper, in which Phillips
acquiesced.
After dinner, when the bottle had passed pretty freely, and all were
prepared for any fun which might fall in their way, our hero contrived
to bring Powell, who had hitherto fought shy, into a bet with him.
He declared that a stranger as he was to Brecon, he firmly believed
that he could command, and be obeyed there, with greater
promptitude than himself, although a justice of the peace and one of
the quorum.
“I’ll lay you twenty pounds to the contrary,” cried the magistrate.
“Done!” replied Twm, “and we can prove it without quitting this
room, by opening the window, and practising on some of those
people opposite.”
“Let it be yon crockery-wareman, who is the most conspicuous,” said
Powell, and Twm, of course, could have no possible objection.
The magistrate opened the window, and called in a tone of authority,
“Come here, you fellow; go directly to the Black Lion, and tell the
landlord to let you have Justice Powell’s black mare, and bring her
here to me.”
“I can’t quit my goods, sir,” said Rosser, “or I would willingly oblige
you.”
“I tell you, fellow, do as I order you, or I shall kick you and your
ware out of the town,” said Powell in a blustering tone, and with a
look the most terrifying that he could assume.
Rosser repeated his former answer; and when the magistrate
increased his threats, he burst out into a rude laugh, and, without
further difference, said he really believed that his worship was
drunk: this was enough, and the worthy magistrate felt himself
completely put down.
Our wag now took his turn, and commenced with him: “I say, fellow,
did’st thou ever see or hear of Twm Shon Catty?”
“Yes,” replied Rosser, “often at Llandovery; once at Cardigan; and
now I see him before me at Brecon.”
“Well then,” continued Twm, “I order thee to give us a dance in the
middle of the crockery.”
“With all my heart, if you order it, for I should dread to disobey Twm
Shon Catty more than twenty times my loss.” On which he jumped,
capered and danced, in the midst of his brittle commodities, kicking
and treading the dishes, pans, basins, and other articles, to powder
beneath his feet.
“By the Lord, thou art a strange fellow!” said Powell, as he paid him
the amount of his forfeit; “and I foresee that there’s much more luck
for thee than thou dreamest of: and I confidently anticipate what
will come in thy favour, my Cardiganian hero.”
Twm was much surprised to hear Powell speak thus, as his manner
implied much more than his words; but his astonishment was
considerably augmented when, in a subsequent conversation, our
hero discovered that Powell knew all his affairs and connections with
the lady of Ystrad Feen.
“She once,” said he, “played me a jade’s trick; but no matter, we are
now friends, and she has even assisted me in my suit with her
amiable friend, Miss Meredith. In heart and soul, she is attached to
you, Jones; but she is a weak yielding woman beneath the terrors of
her father’s frown, and in some evil hour might again sacrifice
herself, if you are too long out of her sight. She is proud of you and
of your wild achievements, and even finds excuses for your most
blameable courses. Now, my advice is, that you will endeavour to
distinguish yourself during the races, and start for the gold plate: the
grey horse, I suspect, has blood in him, and will beat the best that is
to run.”
“But why,” asked Twm, “did she not keep her promise to meet me at
Llandovery fair?”
Powell replied that she was prevented by her father’s sudden illness;
and great is her sorrow for the disappointment she must have
caused.
On the following day the town speedily put on its gala dresses, and
flags waved from every corner. Bells were rung and guns fired in
honour of the festival, which consisted of a rather extensive
programme, namely the Eisteddvod, Races, and Ball. Between
eleven and twelve o’clock, our hero, with other musical and literary
competitors, entered the Town-Hall, in bardic trim, with the harp of
his friend Ianto Gwyn, slung by a blue ribbon, and attached to his
shoulder.
The audience included all the intellect, taste, and fashion of the
district, and the competitors were greeted on their appearance, with
hearty and long-continued applause.
At length the business of the meeting was begun by a speech from
the president, who occupied a central seat on the raised platform.
He dwelt emphatically on the laudable object of the Eisteddvod; “to
preserve from annihilation one of the most ancient languages
spoken by mankind, remarkable for its perspicuousness, energy, and
expression; that, like a perpetual living miracle, kept its firm stand in
this solitary nook of country;—to revive and preserve the beautiful
melodies which had been the delight of our gallant and patriotic
forefathers;—and lastly by emulation, to keep alive the brilliant blaze
of the native Awen, the darling poesy of the land, which yielded their
fragrant and refreshing blossoms, lovely sacrifice on the altar of
Taste.”
Penillion singing succeeded; in which the minstrels of Merionethshire
excelled. The rest went on in rotation, minutely according to the
description given by the ever-faithful Drayton, to whose pages we
refer the reader.
There was a surprise awaiting Twm. Among the given subjects for
the Cowydd, or Poem, was “Govid,” or Affliction, for which it turned
out that there was but one who had written on it; and, to his
unutterable astonishment, he heard his own poem on that title
recited, and more than all, a prize awarded to it by the umpires.
Lady Devereaux, who had attached her name to this effusion, was
called upon to receive the meed of her talents. That lady, who sat
by her father, as one of the audience, now rose, and said, with some
emotion, that the poem so highly honoured was not of her
composition, but had been sent to her by its author, a person of
taste and ingenuity, whom she was bound ever to esteem; as to his
valour and courtesy she had once been indebted for the preservation
of her life. Then naming Mr. Thomas Jones as the author, she
pointed him out; and, amid loud and long applause, a handsome
silver medal was placed round his neck.
We will not occupy more space in relating what the reader can so
readily imagine. Our hero was the most successful competitor at the
Eisteddvod, and at the Races. At the Ball too he won the admiration
of the ladies, and withal, the wonder and esteem of the Breconians.
But alas! the buoyancy of spirits, and the exultation of heart, which
owed their evanescent existence to these distinction, were soon
doomed to give way to feelings of contrasted severity.
Now, while in the zenith of his glory, confidently anticipating, as the
final crown of his happiness, the willing hand of his mistress, a note
for him arrived at the inn, from the fair widow, that threw him into
absolute despair. She told him in plain terms, that unless he could
outwit her, all his hopes of her hand would be utterly in vain. This
intimation he could understand only as a formal permit to wear the
willow as soon as he pleased; that she was otherwise engaged, and
had altogether done with him.
His reasoning and conclusions in this argument received absolute
and entire confirmation by the tantalising conduct of Miss Meredith,
who accidentally meeting him one day, did nothing but laugh and
jest at his anxious-looking face and restless behaviour. She would
give no answers to his eager, importunate questioning, and ran away
and left him, half wild and desperate. The next hour, at least, was
spent by Twm in railing bitterly the “vile caprice and inconsistency of
woman.”
Hearing that her company had preceded her in the way home, next
evening, and that she was about to follow them alone, he resolved
to way-lay and put her under contribution, at any rate; which he
conceived would be one way, at least, of out-witting her, and
perhaps the right one.
He hastily assumed a dress which thoroughly disguised him, for his
features were almost altogether concealed by a large hairy travelling
cap, which he wore well down over his ears, and his figure was
equally lost amongst the ample folds of a great coat, which had
never been made for him.
His preparations made, he took his stand by the gate that in those
days led from the town into the mountains, through which the road
ran to Llanspyddyd, Trecastle, and Llandovery.
At length the gay widow arrived, and Twm immediately caught hold
of her bridle, and, in an assumed snuffling tone of voice, demanded
her money. She begged hard for mercy on her pocket, but in vain;
and gave at last a considerable sum, which, she said, was the whole
contents of her pocket. Our hero, having placed the booty in the
crown of his cap, declared himself quite satisfied; “And so am I!”
cried the spirited widow; and, at the same moment, grasping his cap
and its whole contents, laughing aloud as she galloped away from
him, she cried, “Thus the widow outwits and triumphs over Twm
Shon Catty!”
Had Fortune determined to spite poor Twm Shon Catty as much as
she had previously favoured him? It looked most unpleasantly like;
for he had never been in such a deplorable condition as now,
standing there in the road, glancing wistfully at the fast retreating
figure of the widow. He was shorn of his laurels completely, and at
once a bankrupt in love and fortune; as the cap contained the whole
of the money he brought with him to Brecon, as well as what he had
gained there.
This inauspicious adventure, although it damped his spirits for a
time, had the ultimate effect of rousing his latent energies to the
highest pitch. He was not long in hatching a scheme to forward his
purposes, which, however, required the aid (which was soon offered
to him) of Powell and his two friends.
Twelve o’clock the next morning saw him dismounting at the door of
Ystrad Feen, accoutred in a military undress; originally used by him
in London, as at present, for masquerading purposes. In this
disguise, he expected immediate admittance as a stranger; but to
his unutterable dismay, instead of finding the door fly open to his
knock, it appeared to have been doubly barricaded against him.
After his repeated summons, the lady of the mansion, with pompous
formality, appeared at the window, like the warder of a fortress
holding a parley at the outpost. In a gay spirit of bantering, she
declared that the military uniform became him exceedingly, and
begged to know what rank he held in the army. Our hero parried
these home-thrusts but with an ordinary degree of grace, and, in a
bowed spirit, entreated admission to the inner walls. The lady Joan
was quite peremptory in her refusal, declaring, that having lately
heard so much to his disadvantage, she had decided on breaking off
all future acquaintance with him as a lover; “especially,” added she,
“as, instead of the witty person I thought you, I find you quite a dull
animal, that any school-girl might outwit.”
Here she indulged in a provoking laugh, and bade him “good bye,”
as she turned to close the window.
“Nay then,” said Twm in a desponding key, “if we are indeed to be
henceforth strangers, as we have been friends, true and warm
friends, you will give me your hand, at least, in parting.” She slowly
stretched out her hand through the window, and our hero, with the
eager spring of a hungry tiger, darted forward, grasped her wrist
with his left hand, and drawing his sword with the right, exclaimed
in a tone of affected fury, “Revenge at least is left me—by yon
blessed sky above us, I’ll be trifled with no longer—off goes your
hand unless you consent to our union this instant, and on this very
spot.”
“Lord! don’t squeeze so hard and look so fierce,” cried the lady of
Ystrad Feen.
Twm, with increased boisterousness, resumed, “On your answer will
depend, whether, for the remainder of your life, you have a single
hand or a pair of them—for on the pronouncing of a negative, this
hand, this soft white hand, beautiful as it is, will instantly fly, severed
from the wrist; and only think now, my gentle lady Joan, how
dreadful you would look with a stump.”
Twm looked determined enough, and what could a lady do in
respectable society with only one hand? The idea was
preposterous. In her vexation, she stretched her pretty neck out,
and endeavoured to make her tormentor relax his grasp by inflicting
a bite on the back of his hand. Twm seized this opportunity of
imprinting a very decisive kiss on her check, on which she drew back
her head, her face glowing radiantly with blushes.
“You villain!” cried she, “I suspected you were about to bite my ear
off.”
“No, only your hand, Joan,” replied Twm; “and that I will have,
unless you consent to be mine this instant.”
“I would not so much care,” cried the lady of Ystrad Feen, “but your
horrid name; I could not endure to be called Mrs. Twm Shon Catty.”
“I have protested bitterly, and will not be foresworn,” cried Twm,
“that here, even here, with your hand stretched through the window,
the marriage ceremony shall be performed; and so your answer at
once without evasion.”
“The parson of our parish has gone to a christening,” said the lady of
Ystrad Feen.
“Yes or no!” roared the terrific Twm, menacing the threatened blow.
“Well then, as I could not handle a knife or fork, or play my spinnet,
or give you a box on the ear when I want pastime, I may as well say
—Yes!”
“Bless thee for that,” cried Twm in ecstacy, and eagerly kissed the
captured hand. Sticking his sword in the ground, he drew forth a
small bugle, and blew a loud blast that was re-echoed by the
surrounding mountains. Immediately a party of ten persons,
wearing masks, appeared, one of which was arrayed in a clerical
habit, who drawing forth his book, at once commenced the marriage
ceremony, Twm the while holding her hand through the window.
The Lady of Ystrad Feen had never calculated upon being married in
this unceremonious fashion; but she was fairly at a loss, and
therefore came to the conclusion to endure her fate, patiently and
with resignation, yet in her heart very glad that she was under such
a pleasant pressure of circumstances.
The ceremonial was nearly half over, when four windows of the first
floor were suddenly opened, and several highly-dressed ladies and
gentlemen put out their heads and displayed most mirthful
countenances, the fair ones waving their whitest cambrics above
their heads; and with shaking peals of laughter, looked down upon
this singular wedding. The “ho, ho, ho!” of the merry Prothero, was
heard with surpassing loudness; and “Well done, Twm!” were the
first words that the spirit of titillation permitted him to utter.
Notwithstanding this interruption, the ceremony was finished, and
parson Hughes pronounced them man and wife. Unwilling to loosen
the hand which he now considered his own, our hero held it fast till
he entered the house through the window.
Once within the mansion that now called him master, an amazing
change of circumstances took place. The lady endearingly asked for
forgiveness for her latter conduct, while Twm entreated the same for
himself. Squire Prothero had been the author of many good offices
for our hero; having conciliated Sir John Price, who, although a
proud man, was also something of a humorist, as he proved himself
in this instance. A plan was concerted to throw every impediment in
the way of Twm’s union, for him to surmount them as he could, to
afford sport for the old baronet and his merry friend Prothero, in
which trickery the lady herself was by promise compelled to join,
which accounts for her latter conduct.
Being ushered by his bride into the drawing-room, our hero was
introduced to, and warmly greeted by two most unexpected
personages, his lady’s father and his own! Sir John, who had been a
visitor at the Priory-House for a week, was the gayest of the gay on
this occasion. Placing an elegant tiara of jewels on her brow, the
northern Baronet embraced her tenderly; and handing her to our
hero, said, “Here, you lucky dog! prove thyself worthy of the blood
of the Wynns, and that shall warm to thee yet.”
This most unexampled wedding was followed in a few days by
another ceremony more befitting the social position of Lady
Devereaux, and at the same time Miss Meredith gave her hand to
the delighted Justice Powell. Somehow, it did not occur to any of
the parties that its brilliance was much impaired by the absence of
Miss Felina Tomtabby Price, and her high-minded sister. These
stately spinsters determined to punish their family for this
unprecedented proceeding, by withdrawing their countenance from
them, and the degenerate world for ever.
Some of the great, (great fools!) that is to say, the most eminently
useless residents of the then proud town of Brecon, were in the
most embarrassing state of dilemma on this occasion. They
entertained very serious doubts as to the possibility of admitting our
hero into their exquisitely select circle, on account of his left-handed
origin; and more than all, his former questionable doings:—certain
malignant spirits having insinuated suspicions of his once figuring in
London as a black-leg, if not a thief. But as the patronizing influence
of Sir John Price was scanned, they condescended to overlook these
supposed peccadilloes; as it was decidedly proved to them that he
had never vulgarized himself by any practice of usefulness in the
world, by what they deemed worse than witchcraft in the
debasement of gentility—the following of a trade or profession.
Our tale is almost ended; we have only to add a word or two with
respect to our principal characters, as it would hardly be respectful
to dismiss them without some appearance of attention.
Reparation having been made to all parties who were sufferers by
our hero’s faults and follies, the Graspacres, father and son, by the
good offices of Sir John Wynn and the friendly Prothero, were in
time conciliated. The luckless Inco Evans had soon after to add to
his other losses, that of his clerical gown, on account of a certain
complaint preferred against him to his diocesan, by Miss Bessy
Gwevel-heer: and his magisterial function was also numbered with
the things that were, but are not. When despised and impoverished,
in his old age, Twm stepped forward with timely aid, that more than
compensated for the injuries he had ever done him.
Twm showed most kindly consideration for hungry Moses and his
ever starving family, and made a praiseworthy attempt to fatten
them up. All was in vain, and Moses was struck with wonder and
admiration when he saw an unusually stout specimen of humanity.
The venerable Ianto Gwyn was installed as the family harper; while
each and all of the humbler companions of his wild days, were
acknowledged, befriended, and aided in their views in life.
The landlady of the Cat and Fiddle was so greatly benefited by the
association of our hero’s name in her house, that her increased
wealth and charms gained her another husband, in the person of
little Tommy Thomas, the late under whipper-in of Ystrad Feen; and
their sign underwent a change to “The Twm Shon Catty Inn.”
One day, many years after all these things had been so happily and
comfortably settled, to the satisfaction of the principal parties
concerned, an old friend called upon Twm in the person of Doctor
John David Rhys, who had acquired great fame and honour in far-off
Continental cities. Their meeting was most joyous; and when he
reminded his old pupil of his prophecy respecting his union with the
lady of his dream, a friendly pressure of her hand accompanied by
an inexpressibly sweet smile, acknowledged her pleasure in the truth
of his foresight.
Poetical justice and fact, are unhappily at variance in our closing
notice of this most excellent character. During his residence abroad,
he changed his profession of a Protestant Divine, and became a
Catholic, and a physician; practising among princes and nobles, he
soon realized an ample fortune. For the enjoyment of a further
intercourse with these, his friends, in preference to his own native
Anglesea, he fixed his residence at Llanllwch, in the neighbourhood
of Brecon.
Here our hero’s friendship stood him much in stead; for when the
enlightened Protestant mobs of the time persecuted him for his
faith, forcibly entering his house to search for the Pope in the cavity
of his porridge pot, and a legion of Friars in his night-chair and
warming-pan, Squire Jones was the magistrate that stood forward to
check their lawlessness. His great popularity and known Protestant
principles were all sufficient warrants for his word, when he assured
the many-headed monster of the groundlessness of such suspicions.
Our hero, who, the reader must be aware, has shown no little power
in poesy, set to work to write the history of the Gwydir family, when
he discovered that his father was devoting himself to the same
purpose. The old man candidly declared that among his ten sons,
not one of them possessed a literary taste, or evinced a congenial
feeling with him in his pursuits. But his left-handed eleventh
seemed to justify the adage respecting luck in odd numbers, which
drew on him his affections accordingly.
Squire Jones never forgot the humble way in which he spent the
earliest portion of his life; his was a nature as little likely to be
unduly elevated by prosperity as unnecessarily cast down by
adversity.
When he built a mansion at Tregaron, beside the cottages of his
childhood, he would never suffer the homely fabric to be removed,
but kept it as a private appendage to his house; the interior
containing all its rude characteristics, as left at his mother’s death,
which took place a week before his union; although poor Catty
survived both her sister Juggy and her husband. There, once a year
he made a lonely visit of many hours; and felt his heart soften as he
surveyed the rude shelves and wooden bowls and piggins; platters
and trenchers; and even the spoons and ladles manufactured by the
coarse hand of his late step-father. The unflattering reminiscences
awakened by the annual visits were better than sackcloth to the skin
of kings, as an antidote to worldly pride, and a check to the
overweening heartiness and want of sympathy with our humbler
brethren in their struggles for a little firmer feeling on the earth;
which is ever the result of the undisputed despotism of prosperity.
Thomas Jones, Esq., filled many most honourable offices in the good
town of Brecon, and in such a manner as to prove that fortune for
this once had not showed her favours upon one unworthy of them.
His early friend, Dr. John David Rhys, mentions him with respect as
an accomplished antiquary, and testifies to the general excellence
and worth of his character. For many years he was Mayor and
Sheriff of Brecon, and we will close our chronicle of his various
achievements by one more anecdote.
“Bless me!” cried the lady mayoress one day to her husband, as they
passed arm in arm through the street from church, “the people are
always laughing to think of my marrying you.” “I don’t wonder,”
replied the hero of these adventures, “for whenever I think of it, I
laugh myself.”
 APPENDIX.

The Triads referred to, as the collection made by Thomas Jones, of

Tregaron, (Twm Shon Catty,) are translated from a series in the
second volume of the Welsh Archæology, p. 57. The series bear the
following title. “These are Triads of the Island of Britain—that is to
say, Triads of memorial and record, and the information of
remarkable men or things which have been in the Island of Britain;
and of the events which befell the Race of the Cymry, from the age
of ages.”
To the copy, from which the transcript was made for the London
edition, the following note is annexed.
(Translation.) “These Triads were taken from the book of Caradoc of
Nantcarvan, and from the book of Jevan Brechva, by me, Thomas
Jones, of Tregaron—and those are all I could get of the three
hundred—1601.”
I. The three pillars of the Race of the Island of Britain.
The first Hu Gudarn, who first brought the Race of the Cymry into
the Island of Britain; and they came from the land of Hav called
Defrobani, [where Constantinople stands,] and they passed over Mor
Tawch (the German ocean) to the Island of Britain, and to Llydaw
where they remained.
The second, Prydain, the son of Aedd-Mawr, who first established
regal government in the Island of Britain. [Before this, there was no
equity but what was done by gentleness, nor any law but that of
force.]
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