WRITING

Task 1: 20 minutes
Task 2: 40 minutes
7 dạng: Line graph, pie chart (biểu đồ tròn), bar chart (biểu đồ cột), table, process,
map, mixed chart

TỪ VỰNG VÀ CẤU TRÚC CƠ BẢN MIÊU TẢ XU HƯỚNG

1. TĂNG
Danh từ Động từ (V) Động từ ở thì quá khứ (V2)
Increase Increase Increased
Climb Climb Climbed
rise Rise Rose
growth grow Grew

Rất mạnh Mạnh Nhẹ

dramatically significantly slightly
Enormously Considerably minimally

Liên tục Dần dần, ổn định

Constantly Gradually
Continuously Steadily

Time, S + V + adv + number

Time, there was + a/an + adj + N + in + S + number
Time saw + a/an + adj + N + in + S + number
Eg:
Between 1990 and 1993,
From 1990 to 1993, the number of X increased gradually from around 2 to about 10.
From 1990 to 1993, there was a gradual increase in the number of X from around 2 to
about 10
The period from 1990 to 1993 saw a gradual increase in the number of X
2. GIẢM
 Danh từ Động từ (V) Động từ ở thì quá khứ (V2)
Decrease Decrease Decreased
Decline Decline Declined
Drop Drop Dropped
fall fall fell

Time, S + V + adv + number

Time, there was + a/an + adj + N + in + S + number
Time saw + a/an + adj + N + in + S + number
Eg:
The number of X decreased gradually from around 10 to about 2 between 1990 and 1993
There was a gradual decline in the number of X from around 10 to about 2 between 1990
and 1993
The period from 1990 to 1993 saw a gradual decline in the number of X from around 10
to about 2
3. DAO ĐỘNG
Danh từ Động từ (V) Động từ ở thì quá khứ (V2)
fluctuation fluctuate fluctuated
Variation Vary Varied

Eg: From 1990 to 1993, the number of X fluctuated slightly between 1.7 and 3
4. GIỮ ỔN ĐỊNH
Danh từ Động từ (V) Động từ ở thì quá khứ (V2)
stability Remain stable Remained stable
No change Remain unchange Remained unchanged

Eg: From 1990 to 1993, the number of X remained relatively stable at around 5
5. TẠI MỘT ĐIỂM
Động từ (V) Động từ ở thì quá khứ (V2)
Is/are Was/were
Stand at Stood at
 Điểm đầu Start at
Điểm cuối End at
Điểm cao nhất Reach a peak of
Điểm thấp nhất Hit a low of

Eg:
In 1990, the number of X started at around 10
In 1993, the number of X hit a low of only 2.

SO SÁNH GIỮA HAI CÂU

1. CÙNG XU HƯỚNG
The number of X increased to around 600 in 1990
The number of Y rose to about 700 in 1990
 The number of X increased to around 600 in 1990. Similarly,/Likewise, the
number of Y rose to about 700 in the same year
2. TRÁI XU HƯỚNG
The number of X increased to around 600 in 1990
The number of Y decreased to about 700 in 1990
 The number of X increased to around 600 in 1990. In contrast/ By contrast, the
number of Y rose to about 700 in the same year

SO SÁNH 2 VẾ TRONG CÙNG 1 CÂU

The number of X increased to around 600 in 1990
The number of Y decreased to about 200 in 1990
 In 1990, the number of X increased to around 600, while/whereas the number of
Y decreased to about 200

SO SÁNH SỐ LƯỢNG
1. SO SÁNH NHẤT
- Cao nhất
The number of X + be + highest
- Thấp nhất
The number of X + be + lowest
2. SO SÁNH HƠN
- Cao hơn
The number of X + be + higher than + the number (that) + of + Y
- Thấp hơn
The number of X + be + lower than + the number (that) + of + Y
+ Cao hơn nhiều: significantly
+ Cao hơn 1 xíu: slightly
*Lưu ý:
The number of X -> X là danh từ đếm được số nhiều (Eg: The number of cars, the
number of computers…)
The amount of Y -> Y là danh từ không đếm được (Eg: The amount of money/ water)

LINE GRAPH
MỞ BÀI (Paraphrase đề bài)
Show = compare = indicate = illustrate
X production = the production of X = the amount of X produced
From 1980 to 2012 = over a period of 32 years (1980-2012)
TỔNG QUAN (2 câu – Điểm nổi bật nhất, chính nhất)
During the period shown: trong suốt giai đoạn được nêu ra
A neglighble amount: một lượng không đáng kể
A overtake B as: vượt qua
For the rest of the period: trong suốt giai đoạn còn lại
Vừa có năm trong QK và TL - Tổng quan – xu hướng chung cho cả giai đoạn – dùng hiện
tại đơn

PIE CHART (no time)

Usage (n) việc sử dụng
Water usage = water use = water consumption = the amount of water used = the amount
of water consumed
Cách đặt câu và thể hiện số liệu % khi muốn diễn đạt cùng 1 ý
Account for = make up = take up: chiếm
In San Diego, the amount of water used for the residential sector accounts for around
60%
In San Diego, around 60% of water is used for the residential sector
In San Diego, the vast majority of water is used for the residential sector (the vast
majority: phần lớn)
In San Diego, the amount of water used for the residential sector accounts for around
60%
Body 1: Những cái cao nhất/nhỏ nhất
Body 2: Những cái trung bình, không nổi bật
Respectively
Turning to the remaining sector

PIE CHART (over time)

Tăng gấp đôi: double (to+số liệu)
Tăng gấp ba: triple (to+số liệu)
Tăng gấp bốn: increase fourfold (to+số liệu)
Fluctuate/vary: dao động
Introduction: Paraphrase the topic
-Show = delineate = highlight = illustrate = indicate = give/ provide information / data
about
+ from 1950 to 2000 = between 1950 and 2000 = over a period of 50
years from 1950 = over a fifty-year period from 1950.
Overview (Tổng quát – clear) (sự đối chiếu và so sánh bằng việc sử dụng từ nối để
tạo sự liên kết)
+ The highest point/ the lowest point.
+ The trend during the time span/ the period shown (increase,
decrease)
Some structures for Overview:
Overall,/ In general,……..
+ it can be obviously seen that + clause
+ it is worth noting that + clause
+ it is noticeable that + clause….
+ the striking feature is that+ clause…….
E.g.
Overall,/ In general, it is worth noting that the proportion of the adults who were obese
accounted for the most in comparison with other categories, while/ meanwhile/ whereas/
whilst (trong khi đó) the least portion of weight range of adult population during the time
span was the percentage of those who were dangerously fat.
Body 1: 3-4 sentences (details)
Body 2: 3-4 sentences (details)

Structure for Writing Task 1.

The revenue declined drastically in 2010.
The revenue declined slightly in 2010.
Revenue = income = earnings = takings: doanh thu
1. V + adv (adj +ly)
2. There + to be + N + in something + thời gian.
 There was a slight decline in the revenue in 2010.
3. Thời gian + witness/ see/ experience + N + in something.
 The year 2010 witnessed a slight decline in the revenue.
4. S + witness/ see/ experience + N + in something.
 The revenue experienced a slight decline in 2010.
5. A/an + N + could be seen in something + thời gian.
 A slight decline could be seen in the revenue in 2010.
Giới từ trong Writing Task 1:
1. Số liệu tĩnh (at, with)
E.g.
In 2005, the revenue reached at 3 billion dollars. But in 2010, the revenue reached at 2
billion dollars.
2. Số liệu động (to, by)
by (giảm đi một lượng/ tăng lên một lượng là bao nhiêu)
to (giảm xuống còn bao nhiêu/ tăng lên chính xác là bao nhiêu)
E.g.
In 2005, the revenue reached at 3 billion dollars. But in 2010, the revenue reached at 2
billion dollars.
In 2005, the revenue reached at 3 billion dollars. But in 2010, it declined to 1 billion
dollars.
In 2005, the revenue reached at 3 billion dollars. But in 2010, it declined by 2 billion
dollars.

TABLE (no time)

Spend + the most + on
Spend + the least + on

TABLE (over time)

Noticeably

BAR CHART (overtime)

Over the following X years: X năm sau đó
With the figure V-ing
Turning to the other 3 bands…

MIXED CHART
Main/major/primary
The reason for…
The cause of…

PROCESS (Man made)

Remove any impurities: loại bỏ bất kì tạp chất nào
 PROCESS (Natural)
Câu 1: Mở bài: The bar/pie chart… provides statistics on X over a period of Y years from
Z
Câu 2: Tổng quan: In general, S + V whereas S + V
Câu 3 – 6: Viết về nhóm đối tượng 1: Regarding ABC, (1 câu đơn). (1 câu ghép). (1câu
phức)
Câu 7-10: Viết về nhóm đối tượng 2: In terms of XYZ, (1 câu đơn). (1 câu phức). (1 câu
phức). (1 câu đơn)
1. Man-made process
- Passive voice (do not know exactly who operates all the steps in the procedure)
- Present simple (all the steps repeat time by time)
- Present perfect (improve our band score in terms of grammatical range)
2. Natural process
- Active voice
- Present simple (Hiện tại đơn)
- Present continuous (Hiện tại tiếp diễn)
3. Vocabulary (step = stage = period = phase)
3.1. Sequence language (Words referring to order)
The first stage is + clause Next, The last stage is N/V-ing
First of all, Subsequently, Finally,
The first step is that + After that, The last step is
clause (S+V+O) N-phrase/V-ing
At the first stage, The next step is that + The last step is that S+V+O
clause
To begin with, Following this, At the final step,
Initially, The following step is that + At the final
clause stage/phase/period,
Firstly, Secondly
To commence with, The second step involves
N/V-ing
At the following stage,
At this point,
Then,
The following stage is that
+ clause
4. Structure
S + am/is/are P2. Then, S + is/am/are + Eg:
P2 Ripe red pods are harvested. Then, white
S + am/is/are P2, and then S + am/is/arecococa beans are split up from pods
P2 collected
S + am/is/are P2, and S + am/is/are P2 Ripe red pods are harvested, and then
Then = next = subsequently = after that =
white cococa beans are split up from pods
at this point = following this collected
Ripe red pods are harvested, and white
cococa beans are split up from pods
collected
After/Once/When + S + have/has been + Once chocolate beans have been
P2, S + is/am/are (then) + P2 fermented in banana leaves for several
Trong 1 câu có 2 hành động: days, they are then exposed to the sun to
-Hành động xảy ra trước: chia thì hoàn be dry
thành E.g.
-Hành động xảy ra sau: chia thì đơn After I (graduate) from the university, I
Quá khứ hoàn thành xảy ra trước quá khứ (work) for a law firm.
đơn => After I had graduated from the
university, I worked for a law firm.
E.g.
Chocolate beans are put in large sacks.
Then, they are delivered to the factory.
 Once chocolate beans have been put in
large sacks, they are then delivered to the
factory.
 After being put in large sacks,
chocolate beans are delivered to the
factory.
 Having been put in large sacks,
chocolate beans are delivered to the
factory.
Chocolate beans are roasted in an oven at
350 Celsius degrees.
Then, they are put into a grind machine.
(S1 trùng S2)
 After being roasted in an oven at 350
Celsius degrees, chocolate beans are put
into a grind machine.
 Having been roasted in an oven at 350
Celsius degrees, chocolate beans are put
into a grind machine.
 Once/ After/ When chocolate beans
have been roasted in an oven at 350
 Celsius degrees, they are then put into a
grind machine.
 Chocolate beans are roasted in an oven
at 350 Celsius degrees, and they are put
into a grind machine then.
 Chocolate beans are roasted in an oven
at 350 Celsius degrees. Subsequently, /
Following this, / At this point,
they are put into a grind machine.
S+V, in order to V infinitive Chocolate beans are delivered to the
S+V, so that S+V factory, where they are
S+V, where/ which........ then processed in the next stages.
E.g.
1. Chocolate beans are packaged in dried
bags. They are then delivered by lorries to
the factory, in order to be processed in
the following stage.
2. Chocolate beans are packaged in dried
bags. They are then delivered by lorries to
the factory, so that they are then
processed in the following stage.
3. Chocolate beans are packaged in dried
bags. They are then delivered by lorries to
the factory, where they are then processed
in the following stage/ step/ phase.
Chocolate beans are put in large sacks and
loaded on lorries or trucks, where they are
then delivered to the factory.
 Chocolate beans are put in large sacks
and loaded on lorries or trucks, in order to
be delivered to the factory.
 Chocolate beans are put in large sacks
and loaded on lorries or trucks, so that
they are then delivered to the factory.
5. ESSAY STRUCTURES
Introduction: 1 sentence (paraphrase the topic)
Overview: 1-2 sentences ( Only write second sentence if there is noticeable
thing ).
Body paragraph 1: 3-4 sentences
Body paragraph 2: 3-4 sentences
INTRODUCTION:
The pictures illustrate how sth is produced/ made/ generated/ manufactured.
The pictures show the steps involved doing/ manufacturing/ producing sth
The diagram highlights the process by which sth is produced/ made/
The diagram indicates the process of making/ producing/ manufacturing sth
The diagram shows how sb make/ generate/ produce sth
The lifecycle/ diagram illustrates the (main) stages in the life of a ......., from
birth to maturity. (natural process)
Overview: (7)
- Is it a natural or man-made process?
- Is it a cyclical (tuần hoàn) – natural process or linear (tuyến tính)
process- man-made process?
- How many steps/ stages/ phases are there in the process?
- The process starts with? From
- The process ends with? To
Overall/ In general, the production is a man-made/ artificial process/ procedure that/
which includes/ contains/ consists of/ composes of 18 linear/ consecutive (liên tiếp) steps,
starting with growing tea in India and ending with enjoying a cup of tea.

MAP
Run through/pass through/ go through/ cross through: chạy qua (tuyến đường)
Was narrowed/ became smaller/ was shortened
The maps illustrate some changes to … over a period of … years
Overall, …. Experienced considerable changes during the period shown. The most
noticeable differences between the two maps are…
The most noticeable differences between the two maps are…
As can be seen from the maps, …
Turning to the other features, we can see that …
The expansion of
Considerable changes
Map có quá khứ + hiện tại -> overall dùng HTHT
S+ was/were + P2 in năm There had been many trees in the North
S+ had been P2 by năm East but they were cut down to build a
S+ used to V university.
S+ had been P2, but S+ was/were + P2.
Was/ were PP There used to be many trees in the NE, but
Is/am/are PP the trees have been cut down to make way
Have/ has been P2 for a
used to P2 university.
was/ were + P2 will be planned.
is/am/are + P2 The car park will be demolished to build a
have/ has been P2 (change from past to shopping mall.
present)
S + used to....., but S+ have/ has been PP
VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURES FOR COMPARISON DIAGRAM (MAPS)
Verbs Nouns
Enlarge: mở rộng enlargement
Extend: mở rộng extension
Cut down: loại bỏ = eliminate Cutting down = elimination
Demolish: phá dỡ demolition
Pull down: kéo đổ Pulling down
Remove: phá bỏ removal
Knock down: phá bỏ Knocking down
disappear disappearance
Industrialize: công nghiệp hoá industrialization
Urbanize: đô thị hoá urbanization
Modernize: hiện đại hoá Modernization
Build building
construct construction
erect erection
Convert (into): biến đổi thành conversion
Change (into) Changing into
Turn into Turning into
Make into Making into
Replace: thay thế replacement
Redevelop: tái phát triển redevelopment
Transform: biến đổi transformation
Pedestrianize: đường bình thường, biến pedestrianization
thành
 đường đi bộ.
Relocate: di chuyển relocation
Recreational facilities = entertainment Cơ sở vật chất phục vụ giải trí
facilities = leisure facilities
Facility = amenity = building = location
=venue
= area = zone = infrastructure = premises
Equipment: trang thiết bị = facility
MỘT SỐ TỪ CHỈ VỊ TRÍ
North East: Đông Bắc
South East: Đông Nam
South West: Tây Nam
North West: Tây Bắc
Northern (adj): hướng Bắc
Eastern (adj): hướng Đông
Southern (adj): hướng Nam
Western (adj): hướng Tây
Northern corner : góc hướng Bắc (ADJ+N)
North Western corner: góc hướng Tây Bắc.
In the North/ South/ East/ West (đứng đầu câu)
E.g. In the North, there is a new park introduced/ erected/ constructed/ built (xây dựng)
To the North/ South/ East/ West of sth (giữa câu)
E.g. The park is constructed/ erected/ built to the North of the city.
To the left/ right/ of sth (giữa câu)
There is a new park constructed to the left of the city to serve the residents.
On the left/ the right (đầu câu)
E.g. On the left, there is a new park constructed to serve the residents/ inhabitants.
In front of: ở đằng trước; behind: ở đằng sau
In the middle of/ centre of/ heart of sth
(The tower is in the center/ heart/ middle of the city
Opposite : đối diện
Next to = by = beside = in the proximity of sth = near
E.g. The supermarket is near/ in the proximity of the bank.
Between A and B: ở giữa A và B
E.g. The halls of residence is between the tennis court and the gymnasium.
STRUCTURES (Writing Task 1: Tense of verb: Past simple/Present simple)
Past simple – Past perfect
Present perfect – present simple
Simple sentences S+be+PP
There+be+N phrase
E.g.
There is a new park at the present.
A new park is constructed at the present.
 There is the introduction of a new park
at the present.
 There is the construction of a new park
at the present
 There is the appearance of a new park
at the moment.
The town/ village/ art gallery (witness/
experience/ see) + N phrase.
E.g.
There is a new park at the present.
 The village witnesses/ experiences/ sees
the introduction/ appearance of a new park
at the present.
More academic:
A notable/ striking change/ development
(be) N phrase.
A notable/ striking change, is that
S+be+PP.
E.g.
There is a new park at the present.
(Present simple)
 A notable/striking change is that a new
park has been
constructed from 2005 until now. (Present
perfect)
  A striking change is the appearance/
introduction of a park at
the present.
Another change to be + N phrase/ that +
clause
A final change + to be + N phrase/ that +
clause
It is interesting to note that mệnh đề (câu
ngắn)
It is also worth noting that + clause
E.g.
There is a new park at the present.
 It is interesting to note that a new park
is constructed/ built/
erected at the present.
 It is worth noting that a new park is
introduced at the present
 Another striking change is the erection
of a new park at the
present.
S+be+PP, but S+be+PP
There used to be many trees in the North,
but they have been cut
down to make way for a university.
S+be+P2 in order to/ so as to V inf
A hall of residence has been built in order
to/ so as to provide
accommodations to students.
A park has been erected in order to/ so as
to serve
recreation/entertainment/ leisure purpose
for the residents.
S+be+P2 so that S+V
A hall of residence has been built so that
students can leave near their
university.
A new park has been erected so that
residents can exercise or walk
after a hectic day.
I got a good mark, which made my parents
happy.
Relative clauses Which
There is a new park at the present, which
 serves recreation purpose for
the residents.
A hall of residents has been erected,
which provides the
accommodations for many students.
ESSAY STRUCTURE:
Introduction:
1 sentence; paraphrase the question
The maps/ layouts/ diagrams illustrate/ depict/ highlight/ describe the changes which take
place in.........
Overall: 1-2 sentences
-Biggest changes/ sự thay đổi chung nhất (industrialize/modernize/urbanize)
- There are no changes to ........ ( Nổi bật thì nói, không thì thôi ).
Overall, it can be obviously seen that…….
It is interesting to note that ……
It is noticeable that…….
The most striking/ notable feature is that + clause……………………..
It is worth noting that………………..
E.g. Overall, it is worth noting that/ it is noticeable that most facilities have been
modernized during time span, while/ meanwhile/ whilst some amenities have been
demolished to make way for several new features.
Body 1: 3-4 sentences (3-4 câu trong 1 đoạn văn)
Body 2: 3-4 sentences (được phép bỏ qua chi tiết không quan trọng)
200 words (170-180 words)
Social area = area for socializing
Dormitory = hall of residence

The diagrams below depict information about changes in a student housing between 2010
and now.
Overall,
Marina = harbor/ dock/ roof (tàu, cảng).
leisure facilities
amenities: khu vực tiện ích
recreational facilities
infrastructure: cơ sở hạ tầng
upgrade: nâng cấp
Sea was turned into yatch marina surrounded by
Modernized with far more amenities
In particular
To be more specific,
Similarly,

TASK 2
Dạng: Causes Solutions
In conclusion, the are various factors leading to… and measures can be implêmnted to
tackle this issue
Minerals: khoáng chất
Sedentary lifestyles: lối sống thụ động
Detrimental = harmful
Tend to
Imbalanced diet
Dạng: Discuss both views and give your own opinion
Dạng: Agree of Disagree
Dạng: Positive and negative development
Mở bài:
Câu 1: Paraphrase
Câu 2:
I personally believe that this trend is totally positive/beneficial
I personally believe that this trend is totally negative/harmful/detrimental
I personally believe that this trend is both positive and negative
I personally believe that this trend is both benefits and drawbacks
Thân bài:
There are two major disadvantages of… The first drawback is … Triển khai/ví dụ.
Another drawback is… Triển khai/ ví dụ
Despite the negatives mentioned above, … brings a wide range of benefits
Dạng: Advantages outweigh disadvantages
Mở bài
Câu 1: Paraphrase
Câu 2: Despite some obvious disadvantages of this trend, I believe that these are
outweighed by the advantages.
Thân bài
On the one hand, there are a number of major drawbacks when… The first drawback is…
Another negative effect is…
On the other hand, I believe that the benefits are more significant than such
disadvantages… Firstly,…
Kết luận
In conclusion, I would argue that… brings more benefits than drawbacks.
Dạng: Part questions (đề bài đưa ra 2 yêu cầu)
Mở bài:
Câu 1: Paraphrase
Câu 2: trả lời câu hỏi
Thân bài:
Trả lời câu hỏi 1
Trả lời câu hỏi 2
Kết bài
Tóm tắt lại vấn đề: Paraphrase lại mở bài
 CẤU TRÚC TRONG WRITING TASK 2
Cấu trúc chỉ nguyên nhân/ lý do gây ra vấn đề gì
+ A gây ra B
A cause(s) B
A lead(s) to B
A result(s) in B
A contribute(s) to B
+ B bị gây ra bởi A
B is/are caused by A
B result(s) from A
+ Một trong những nguyên nhân chính gây ra B là A
One of the primary reasons for B is A
Primary = principal = main = major
Reason = cause (n)
One of the primary causes of B is A
Công thức chỉ giải pháp để giải quyết vấn đề gì
Dùng “should”
Cấu trúc 1:
It is necessary for s.o to + V: cần thiết cho ai đó làm gì
Cấu trúc 2:
One of the most effective solutions to tackle this problem would be for sb to + V
Cấu trúc 3: Chủ động – Bị động
Công thức chỉ ảnh hưởng xấu - ảnh hưởng tốt
A có ảnh hưởng xấu/tiêu cực lên B
1. A has/have a negative effect on B
Negative = severe = adverse = detrimental
Effect = impact
 2. A negatively affect(s) B
Negatively = severely = adversely = detrimentally
A có ảnh hưởng tốt lên B
1. A has/have a positive effect on B
Positive = beneficial
Dạng: Agree or Disagree
Mở bài:
Câu 1: Paraphrase topic
Câu 2: Trả lời yêu cầu
+ I completely agree with this point of view
+ I completely disagree with this point of view
+ While I accept that ABC, I also believe that XYZ
To be + banned/prohibited/made illegal: bị cấm
Creates a range of job opportunities
Provide sb with information about
Enrich people’s knowledge about various aspects of life: làm tăng vốn kiến thức về nhiều
lĩnh vực
Lose a huge amount of tax revenue: mất một nguồn thu thuế lớn
Issue (v) cung cấp
This can be explained by the fact that
Moreover = The second reason is…
Mitigate (v) giải thích
Fundamental
-
Some phrases to support for extending ideas in Body Part in Writing Task 2:
Linking words for giving supporting ideas
+ Firstly,/ First of all,….
+ Secondly,….
+ Thirdly,….
- Reasons
+ This is because/ mainly because + clause (S +V+O)
+ This is due to/ owing to/ by dint of/ on account of / attributed to the fact that + clause
E.g.
Firstly, students will become more independent when they work at a half-time job. This is
mainly because they have to cope with several challenges without the support from their
friends as well as their family members.
- Results:
+ Consequently,
+ As a consequence,
+ Henceforth,
+ Thus,/ Therefore,
+ As a result,
E.g. Secondly, they could easily cover their lives when they work hourly-paid job. As a
result,
they might become more mature and would be more excelled at managing their financial
situation.
Good = brilliant = excellent = amazing = interesting = stimulating = intriguing = terrific
Sad = blue = in the down mood = depressed = disappointed = miserable
Bad = awful = horrible = terrible
Happy = thrilled to bit = over the moon = bouncing off the wall = on cloud nine =
amazed …….
Annoys = bother = make sb irritated = make sb frustrated.
- Examples
+ For example,
+ For instance,
+ To illustrate, / To demonstrate,…
+ Take A as a prime example,……
+ To exemplify,
- Facts:
+ In fact,
+ Factually,
Notice: All the opinions in Writing Task 2 essay have to be relevant.
Remain the objectiveness (tính khách quan)
Use some words/ phrases to express the relevance of your opinion.
+ can/ could
+ may/ might
+ will/ would
+ have/ show/ reveal a tendency to V infinitive
+ tend to V infinitive
+ often V infinitive
+ sometimes V infinitive
+ to be likely to V infinitive
+ seem to V infinitive
+ to be prone to V infinitive
E.g.
In most developed countries, the crime rate shows/ reveals/ has a tendency to witness a
significant increase due to the increasing number of unemployment rate.
Students/ Juveniles/ High-schoolers are prone to less take part in extra-curricular
activities and devote themselves entirely to studying mandatory subjects at the last year
of their school time.
Phương pháp tổng hợp
Topic sentence; Supporting ideas; Conclusion
Topic sentence : 2 supporting ideas
+ 1 st supporting ideas: get a better job => reasons
+ 2 nd supporting ideas: be more independent => example
Supporting ideas : reasons, results, facts, examples
-
Dạng 1: Discuss one opinion
Sport lessons should be added as a compulsory subject???
Introduction
Body 1: Discuss why you agree or disagree with the
statement.
Body 2: Discuss the opposite viewpoint (đảm bảo tính
khách quan của bài viết)
E.g.
On the other hand,
= Nevertheless,
= However,
= Regardless,
= Nonetheless,
Topic sentence
Supporting ideas (Extending ideas by Reasons, Results, Examples, Facts….)
Conclusion
+ Restate the topic (Paraphrase the topic , different from the introduction)
+ Emphasize your opinion once again.
In conclusion,
To conclude,
To summarize,
In summary,
SOME USEFUL STRUCTURES FOR WRITING TASK 2 ESSAY
1. Rephrase the structure “ help sb do sth”
- Allow sb to do sth
- Enable sb to do sth
- Encourage sb to do sth
- Make it easier for sb to do sth
E.g.
Taking part in extracurricular activities could help students improve their soft skills,
which is extremely useful for their future career.
 Taking part in extracurricular activities could allow students to strengthen their soft
skills, which is extremely useful for their future career.
 Taking part in extracurricular activities could enable students to develop their soft
skills, which is extremely useful for their future career.
 Taking part in extracurricular activities could make it easier for students to boost/
enhance their soft skills, which is extremely useful for their future career.
2. Structures relating to “benefit/ advantage”
Benefit = advantage = merit (điểm tốt)
S + bring some/ several benefits/ advantages/ merits to sb
 Sb reap/ derive/ gain benefits from sth
 S + to be + beneficial/ advantageous to sb
E.g.
Studying abroad could bring some benefits to students.
 Studying abroad could be beneficial to students.
 Students could reap several benefits from studying
abroad
3. Structures relating to“disadvantage”
S + bring some disadvantages/ drawbacks/ setbacks/ demerits to sb
 S + exert/ have + detrimental/ harmful/ negative impact on sb
 S + to be + disadvantageous to sb.
E.g.
However, inflicting corporal punishment (áp dụng hình phạt đòn roi) for children could
bring some demerits for their development.
 However, inflicting corporal punishment (áp dụng hình phạt đòn roi) for children could
have detrimental impacts on their development.
 However, inflicting corporal punishment (áp dụng hình phạt đòn roi) for children could
be disadvantageous to their development.
4. Show purpose (Thể hiện mục đích)
S + V + in order to V infinitive
S + V + so as to V infinitive
S + V + so that S + V+O
S + V + with a view to V-ing
S + V + with the aim of V-ing
E.g.
Government should impose heavy taxes on fast food in order to reduce national obesity
proportion.
 Government should impose heavy taxes on fast food with a view to reducing national
obesity proportion.
 Government should impose heavy taxes on fast food with the aim of reducing national
obesity proportion.
 Government should impose heavy taxes on fast food so as to reduce national obesity
proportion.
 Government should impose heavy taxes on fast food so that they can reduce national
obesity proportion.
5. Show cause (Thể hiện nguyên nhân)
S + cause + N
= S + lead to + N
= S + result in + N
= S + bring about + N
E.g.
The increase in unemployment rate may cause the increasing crime rate.
 The increase in unemployment rate may lead to the increasing crime rate.
 The increase in unemployment rate may result in the increasing crime rate.
 The increase in unemployment rate may bring about the increasing crime rate.