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[Week 1-3] Programming Basics - 복사본

The document provides a detailed explanation of a simple C program that prints 'Hello, World!' to the screen. It covers key concepts such as the main function, comments, the use of the #include directive, output statements, escape sequences, and the role of the linker in creating executable programs. Additionally, it includes variations of the program and a follow-up question for further practice.

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gusxo01
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6 views

[Week 1-3] Programming Basics - 복사본

The document provides a detailed explanation of a simple C program that prints 'Hello, World!' to the screen. It covers key concepts such as the main function, comments, the use of the #include directive, output statements, escape sequences, and the role of the linker in creating executable programs. Additionally, it includes variations of the program and a follow-up question for further practice.

Uploaded by

gusxo01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A Simple C Program

Hello, World!
How a program works
A Simple C Program : Printing a Line of Text

// Our first program in C


#include <stdio.h>

/* function main begins program execution


there must be only one main function in your program! */
int main( void ) {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Hello, World!⤶
}

 This simple program will print out "Hello World!" on the screen.
 Contents inside of the figure of bottom-right corner is the output of the program.
A Simple C Program : The Linker and Executables

// Our first program in C


#include <stdio.h>

/* function main begins program execution


there must be only one main function in your program! */
int main( void ) {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Hello, World!⤶
}

 begin with //, indicating that this line is a comment.


 Comments document programs and improve program readability.
 Comments do not cause the computer to perform any action when the program is run.
 Comments are ignored by the C compiler and do not cause any machine-language object code to be
generated.
 Multi-line comments in which everything from /* on the first line to */ at the end of the last line is a
comment.
A Simple C Program : #include

// Our first program in C


#include <stdio.h>

/* function main begins program execution


there must be only one main function in your program! */
int main( void ) {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Hello, World!⤶
}

 #include <stdio.h> is a directive to the C preprocessor.


 Lines beginning with # are processed by the preprocessor before compilation.
 This line tells the preprocessor to include the contents of the standard input/output header
(<stdio.h>) in the program.
 This header contains information used by the compiler when compiling calls to standard input/output
library functions such as printf.
A Simple C Program : The main function

// Our first program in C


#include <stdio.h>

/* function main begins program execution


there must be only one main function in your program! */
int main( void ) {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Hello, World!⤶
}

 The parentheses after main indicate that main is a program building block called a function.
 C programs contain one or more functions, one of which must be main.
 Every program in C begins executing at the function main.
 The keyword int to the left of main indicates that main "returns" an integer (whole number) value.
 Functions also can receive information when they’re called upon to execute.
 The void in parentheses here means that main does not receive any information.
A Simple C Program : The main function

// Our first program in C


#include <stdio.h>

/* function main begins program execution


there must be only one main function in your program! */
int main( void ) {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Hello, World!⤶
}

 A left brace, {, begins the body of every function


 A corresponding right brace, }, ends each function
 This pair of braces and the portion of the program between the braces is called a block.
A Simple C Program : An Output Statement

// Our first program in C


#include <stdio.h>

/* function main begins program execution


there must be only one main function in your program! */
int main( void ) {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Hello, World!⤶
}

 An output statement instructs the computer to perform an action, namely, to print on the screen the
string of characters marked by the quotation marks.
 The entire line, including the printf function, its argument within the parentheses and the semicolon
(;), is called a statement.
 Every statement must end with a semicolon (also known as the statement terminator).
A Simple C Program : Escape Sequences

// Our first program in C


#include <stdio.h>

/* function main begins program execution


there must be only one main function in your program! */
int main( void ) {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Hello, World!⤶
}

 Notice that the characters \n were not printed on the screen.


 The backslash (\) is called an escape character -- printf is supposed to do something out of the ordinary.
 When encountering a backslash in a string, the compiler looks ahead at the next character and combines it
with the backslash to form an escape sequence.
 The escape sequence \n means newline -- when a newline appears in the string output by a printf, the
newline causes the cursor to position to the beginning of the next line on the screen.
A Simple C Program : Escape Sequences

// Our first program in C


#include <stdio.h>

/* function main begins program execution


there must be only one main function in your program! */
int main( void ) {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Hello, World!⤶
}

 Because the backslash has special meaning in a string, i.e., the compiler recognizes it as an escape
character, we use a double backslash (\\) to place a single backslash in a string.
 Printing a double quote also presents a problem because double quotes mark the boundaries of a
string—such quotes are not printed.
A Simple C Program : Escape Sequences

// Our first program in C


#include <stdio.h>

/* function main begins program execution


there must be only one main function in your program! */
int main( void ) {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Hello, World!⤶
}

 Notice that the characters \n were not printed on the screen.


 The backslash (\) is called an escape character -- printf is supposed to do something out of the ordinary.
 When encountering a backslash in a string, the compiler looks ahead at the next character and combines
it with the backslash to form an escape sequence.
 The escape sequence \n means newline -- when a newline appears in the string output by a printf, the
newline causes the cursor to position to the beginning of the next line on the screen.
A Simple C Program : The Linker and Executables

 Standard library functions like printf and scanf are not part of the C programming language.
 When the compiler compiles a printf statement, it merely provides space in the object
program for a “call” to the library function.
 When the linker runs, it locates the library functions and inserts the proper calls to these
library functions in the object program.
 Now the object program is complete and ready to be executed.
- For this reason, the linked program is called an executable.

 If the function name is misspelled, it’s the linker that will spot the error, because it will not be
able to match the name in the C program with the name of any known function in the libraries.
 Variations on our first program
- Variations and some error cases will be shown during the demo.

// Our first program in C // Our first program in C


#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>

int main( void ) { int main( void ) {


printf("Hello,"); printf("Hello,\n\nWorld\n!\n");
printf(" World!\n"); return 0;
return 0; }
}

 Follow-up question
- Make a program that prints out the following.

Hello, "Young"!⤶

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