COMPUTER GRAPHICS

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What is computer graphics

• ◼ It is the use of computer to define, store, interrogate

and present
• pictorial output.
• ◼ Using a computer graphics as a rendering tool for the
generation and
• manipulation of images is called computer graphics
• ◼ Computer Graphics involves display, manipulation and
storage of
• pictures and experimental data for proper visualization
using computer.
Difference between CG, Image Processing,
Computer Vision
•
• Producing pictures or images using a computer
• Its about drawing things on the screen with pixels, using
mathematics, physics
• (trigonometry, lighting, shading, etc.) to give impression of
object to a human
• viewer.
• the output requirements can be simple (e.g games)or
complex(e.g realistic or
• rendition for movies)
IMAGE PROCESSING

• IP is about taking a digital input and using mathematics

and physics to extract details of objects in that input.
• The output requirement can be simple eg finding lines or
detecting colours or complex eg finding faces or detecting
emotions.
COMPUTER VISION

• Cv is concerned with interpretation of video and images.

• Cv is takes an incoming image ad uses it to create new,
non image info
• Goals of Computer Graphics
• Generate synthetic images,
• Display of Information
• Design
• Simulation
• Computer Art
• Entertainment
• Engineering
• Visualizations
• Web design
• Digital Art
• 1. Education and Training: Computer-generated model
of the physical, financial and economic system is often
used as educational aids.
• Model of physical systems, physiological system,
population trends or equipment can help trainees to
understand the operation of the system.
• For some training applications, particular systems are
designed. For example Flight Simulator
Flight Simulator:

• It helps in giving training to the pilots of airplanes. These

pilots spend much of their training not in a real aircraft but
on the ground at the controls of a Flight Simulator.
• Advantages:
• 1.Fuel Saving
• 2.Safety
• 3.Ability to familiarize the training with a large number of
the world's airports.
2. Use in Biology:

• Molecular biologist can display a picture of molecules and

gain insight into their structure with the help of computer
graphics.
3. Computer-Generated Maps:

• Town planners and transportation engineers can use

computer-generated maps which display data useful to
them in their planning work.
4. Architect:

• Architect can explore an alternative solution to design

problems at an interactive graphics terminal. In this way,
they can test many more solutions that would not be
possible without the computer.
5. Presentation Graphics:
• Example of presentation Graphics are bar charts, line
graphs, pie charts and other displays showing
relationships between multiple parameters. Presentation
Graphics is commonly used to summarize
• Financial Reports
• Statistical Reports
• Mathematical Reports
• Scientific Reports
• Economic Data for research reports
• Managerial Reports
• Consumer Information Bulletins
6. Computer Art:

• Computer Graphics are also used in the field of

commercial arts. It is used to generate television and
advertising commercial.
7. Entertainment:

• Computer Graphics are now commonly used in making

motion pictures, music videos and television shows.
8. Visualization:

• It is used for visualization of scientists, engineers, medical

personnel, business analysts for the study of a large
amount of information.
9. Educational Software:

• Computer Graphics is used in the development of

educational software for making computer-aided
instruction.
10. Printing Technology:

• Computer Graphics is used for printing technology and

textile design.
• Interactive and Passive Graphics
(a) Non-Interactive or Passive Computer
Graphics:
• In non-interactive computer graphics, the picture is
produced on the monitor, and the user does not have any
controlled over the image, i.e., the user cannot make
anychange in the rendered image. One example of its
Titles shown on T.V.
• Non-interactive Graphics involves only one-way
communication between the computer and the user, User
can see the produced image, and he cannot make
anychange in the image.
(b) Interactive Computer Graphics:

• In interactive Computer Graphics user have some

controls over the picture, i.e., the user can make any
change in the produced image. One example of it is the
ping-pong game.
• Interactive Computer Graphics require two-way
communication between the computer and the user. A
User can see the image and make any change by
sending his command with an input device.
Advantages:

• 1.Higher Quality
• 2.More precise results or products
• 3.Greater Productivity
• 4.Lower analysis and design cost
• 5.Significantly enhances our ability to understand data
and to perceive trends
Working of Interactive Computer Graphics:

• The modern graphics display is very simple in

construction. It consists of three components:
• 1. Frame Buffer or Digital Memory
• 2. A Monitor likes a home T.V. set without the tuning and
receiving electronics.
• 3.Display Controller or Video Controller: It passes the
contents of the frame buffer to the monitor.
Frame Buffer:

• A digital frame buffer is large, contiguous piece of

computer memory used to hold or map the image
displayed on the screen.
• At a minimum, there is 1 memory bit for each pixel in the
raster. This amount of memory is called a bit plane.
• A 1024 x 1024 element requires 220
(210=1024;220=1024 x 1024)sq.raster or 1,048,576
memory bits in a single bit plane.
Frame Buffer:

• The picture is built up in the frame buffer one bit at a time.

• ∵ A memory bit has only two states (binary 0 or 1), a
single bit plane yields a black and white (monochrome
display).
• •As frame buffer is a digital device write raster CRT is an
analog device.
Properties of Video Monitor:

• 1. Persistence: Persistence is the duration of

• phosphorescence. Different kinds of phosphors are
available for use in CRT. Besides color, a major difference
between phosphor in their persistence how they continue
to emit light after the electron beam is removed.
• 2. Resolution: Use to describe the number of pixels
• that are used on display image.
• 3. Aspect Ratio: It is the ratio of width to its height.
• Its measure is unit in length or number of pixels.
Graphic Systems

• Graphic system consists of:

• Host computer
• Faster processor
• Large memory
• Frame buffer
• Set of Input devices
• Output devices
• Set of interface devices
Display Hardware

• Video Display Devices

• ◼ Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
• ◼ Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
• ◼ Plasma panels
• ◼ Thin-film electroluminescent display
• ◼ Light-emitting diodes (LED)
Display Hardware

• ◼ Hard-Copy Devices
• Ink-jet printer
• Laser printer
• Film recorder
• Electrostatic printer
• Pen plotter