MATH130P1 2025: INTRODUCTION TO CALCULUS

Tutorial 7 Exercises - Due 09 April

Exercises taken from Calculus by James Stewart, 9th Ed (metric version).

Limits
Ex 1.5 (p. 60) Limit of a Function: 5, 7, 9, 11, 17, 27, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39 (b), 45
Ex 1.6 (p. 70) Limit laws and Squeezing Theorem: 2, 6, 9, 13, 17, 19, 25, 29, 39, 41, 43, 45, 51, 53,
61*, 67*
Ex 1.7 (p. 81) Epsilon-delta limit definition: 1, 3, 11 (a) (c) [use the result from part (b)],
13, 17, 19, 21, 41 [read example 5, p. 80].
60 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

1.5 Exercises
1. Explain in your own words what is meant by the equation (g) lim hsxd (h) hs0d ( i) lim hsxd
xl0 xl2
lim f sxd − 5 ( j) hs2d (k) lim1 hsxd (l) lim2 hsxd
xl2
x l5 x l5
Is it possible for this statement to be true and yet f s2d − 3?
Explain. y

2. Explain what it means to say that

lim f sxd − 3 and lim f sxd − 7
x l 12 x l11

In this situation is it possible that lim x l 1 f sxd exists?

Explain.
_4 _2 0 2 4 6 x
3. Explain the meaning of each of the following.
(a) lim f sxd − ` (b) lim1 f sxd − 2`
x l 23 xl4

4. Use the given graph of f to state the value of each quantity, 7. For the function t whose graph is shown, find a number a that
if it exists. If it does not exist, explain why. satisfies the given description.
(a) lim2 f sxd (b) lim1 f sxd (c) lim f sxd (a) lim tsxd does not exist but tsad is defined.
x l2 xl2 xl2 xla

(d) f s2d (e) lim f sxd (f ) f s4d (b) lim tsxd exists but tsad is not defined.
xl4 xla

(c) lim2 tsxd and lim1 tsxd both exist but lim tsxd does
y xla xla xla
not exist.
4 (d) lim1 tsxd − tsad but lim2 tsxd Þ tsad .
xla xla

2 y

0 2 4 x

5. For the function f whose graph is given, state the value of 0 2 4 6 x

each quantity, if it exists. If it does not exist, explain why.
(a) lim f sxd (b) lim2 f sxd (c) lim1 f sxd
xl1 xl3 xl3

(d) lim f sxd (e) f s3d 8. For the function A whose graph is shown, state the following.
xl3
(a) lim Asxd (b) lim2 Asxd
x l23 x l2
y
(c) lim1 Asxd (d) lim Asxd
x l2 x l21
4 (e) The equations of the vertical asymptotes

2 y

0 2 4 x

6. For the function h whose graph is given, state the value of _3 0 2 5 x

each quantity, if it exists. If it does not exist, explain why.
(a) lim 2 hsxd (b) lim 1 hsxd (c) lim hsxd
x l 23 x l 23 x l 23

(d) hs23d (e) lim2 hsxd (f ) lim1 hsxd

xl 0 x l0

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 SECTION 1.5 The Limit of a Function 61

9. For the function f whose graph is shown, state the 15–18 Sketch the graph of an example of a function f that
following. satisfies all of the given conditions.
(a) lim f sxd (b) lim f sxd (c) lim f sxd 15. lim2 f sxd − 3, lim f sxd − 0, f s1d − 2
x l27 x l23 xl0 xl1 x l 11

(d) lim2 f sxd (e) lim1 f sxd 16. lim f sxd − 4, lim f sxd − 1, lim f sxd − 23,
xl6 xl6
xl0 x l 82 x l 81
(f ) The equations of the vertical asymptotes f s0d − 6, f s8d − 21

y 17. lim f sxd − 0, lim f sxd − 1, lim f sxd − 3,

x l 212 x l 211 xl2
f s21d − 2, f s2d − 1
18. lim f sxd − 3, lim f sxd − 2, lim f sxd − 21,
x l 232 x l 231 x l 32
_7 _3 0 6 x lim f sxd − 2, f s23d − 2, f s3d − 0
x l 31

19–22 Guess the value of the limit (if it exists) by evaluating the
function at the given numbers (correct to six decimal places).
10. A patient receives a 150-mg injection of a drug every
4 hours. The graph shows the amount f std of the drug in the x 2 2 3x
19. lim ,
bloodstream after t hours. Find x l3 x 2 2 9

lim f std and lim f std x − 3.1, 3.05, 3.01, 3.001, 3.0001,
t l 122 t l 121 2.9, 2.95, 2.99, 2.999, 2.9999
and explain the significance of these one-sided limits.
x 2 2 3x
20. lim ,
x l 23 x 2 2 9
f(t)
x − 22.5, 22.9, 22.95, 22.99, 22.999, 22.9999,
300 23.5, 23.1, 23.05, 23.01, 23.001, 23.0001
sin x
21. lim ,
xl0 x 1 tan x
150 x − 61, 60.5, 60.2, 60.1, 60.05, 60.01
s2 1 hd5 2 32
22. lim ,
hl 0 h
0 4 8 12 16 t h − 60.5, 60.1, 60.01, 60.001, 60.0001

11–12 Sketch the graph of the function and use it to determine 23–26 Use a table of values to estimate the value of the limit.
the values of a for which lim x l a f sxd exists. If you have a graphing device, use it to confirm your result

1yx
H
cos x if x < 0
11. f sxd − 1 2 x if 0 , x , 1
if x > 1
graphically.

23. lim
l0
sin 3
tan 2
24. lim
p l 21
1 1 p9
1 1 p 15

s
12. f sxd − x
3
x

2
H
if x < 21
if 21 , x < 2
sx 2 1d if x . 2
25. lim1 x x
x l0

27–36 Determine the infinite limit.

26. lim
t l0
5t 2 1
t

; 13–14 Use the graph of the function f to state the value of each x11 x11
27. lim 28. lim2
limit, if it exists. If it does not exist, explain why. x l51 x25 x l5 x25
(a) lim2 f sxd (b) lim1 f sxd (c) lim f sxd x2 sx
xl0 xl0 xl0
29. lim 30. lim2
x l2 sx 2 2d2 x l3 sx 2 3d 5
31yx 2 2
13. f sxd − x s1 1 x 22 14. f sxd −
31yx 1 1 x21 x21
31. lim 32. lim
x l 221 x 2sx 1 2d xl0 x 2sx 1 2d

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62 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

1 42. (a) Evaluate the function

33. lim sec x 34. lim x cot x
xls y2d1 x xl 2
tan x 2 x
x 2 1 2x x 2 1 4x hsxd −
35. lim 2 36. lim2 2 x3
x l 1 x 2 2x 1 1 x l 3 x 2 2x 2 3
for x − 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, and 0.005.
tan x 2 x
37. Find the vertical asymptote of the function (b) Guess the value of lim .
x3 xl0

x21 (c) Evaluate hsxd for successively smaller values of x until

f sxd −
2x 1 4 you finally reach a value of 0 for hsxd. Are you still
confident that your guess in part (b) is correct? Explain
38. (a) Find the vertical asymptotes of the function why you eventually obtained 0 values. (In Section 6.8 a
x2 1 1 method for evaluating this limit will be explained.)
y− ; (d) Graph the function h in the viewing rectangle f21, 1g
3x 2 2x 2
by f0, 1g. Then zoom in toward the point where the
; (b) Confirm your answer to part (a) by graphing the graph crosses the y-axis to estimate the limit of hsxd as
function. x approaches 0. Continue to zoom in until you observe
distortions in the graph of h. Compare with the results
1 1
39. Determine lim2 and lim1 3 of part (c).
x l1 x3 2 1 x l1 x 2 1

(a) by evaluating f sxd − 1ysx 3 2 1d for values of x that ; 43. Use a graph to estimate the equations of all the vertical
approach 1 from the left and from the right, asymptotes of the curve
(b) by reasoning as in Example 7, and
; (c) from a graph of f. y − tans2 sin xd 2 <x<
Then find the exact equations of these asymptotes.
; 40. (a) By graphing the function
cos 2x 2 cos x 1
f sxd − 44. Consider the function f sxd − tan .
x2 x
and zooming in toward the point where the graph 1 1 1
crosses the y-axis, estimate the value of lim x l 0 f sxd. (a) Show that f sxd − 0 for x − , , ,...
2 3
(b) Check your answer in part (a) by evaluating f sxd for
values of x that approach 0. 4 4 4
(b) Show that f sxd − 1 for x − , , ,...
5 9
41. (a) Evaluate the function
1
2x (c) What can you conclude about lim1 tan ?
f sxd − x 2 2 xl0 x
1000
for x − 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, and 0.05, and guess the 45. In the theory of relativity, the mass of a particle with
value of velocity v is

lim
xl0
S x2 2
2x
1000
D m−
m0
s1 2 v 2yc 2
(b) Evaluate f sxd for x − 0.04, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005, 0.003, where m 0 is the mass of the particle at rest and c is the
and 0.001. Guess again. speed of light. What happens as v l c2?

1.6 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws

■ Properties of Limits
In Section 1.5 we used calculators and graphs to guess the values of limits, but we saw
that such methods don’t always lead to the correct answers. In this section we use the
following properties of limits, called the Limit Laws, to calculate limits.

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70 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

1
EXAMPLE 11 Show that lim x 2 sin − 0.
xl0 x
SOLUTION First note that we cannot rewrite the limit as the product of the
limits lim x l 0 x 2 and lim x l 0 sins1yxd because lim x l 0 sins1yxd does not exist (see
Example 1.5.5).
We can find the limit by using the Squeeze Theorem. To apply the Squeeze Theorem
we need to find a function f smaller than tsxd − x 2 sins1yxd and a function h bigger
than t such that both f sxd and hsxd approach 0 as x l 0. To do this we use our knowl-
edge of the sine function. Because the sine of any number lies between 21 and 1, we
can write
1
4 21 < sin <1
x
Any inequality remains true when multiplied by a positive number. We know that
x 2 > 0 for all x and so, multiplying each side of the inequalities in (4) by x 2, we get
y 1
y=≈
2x 2 < x 2 sin < x2
x
as illustrated by Figure 8. We know that
0 x lim x 2 − 0 and lim s2x 2 d − 0
xl0 xl0

Taking f sxd − 2x 2, tsxd − x 2 sins1yxd, and hsxd − x 2 in the Squeeze Theorem, we

y=_≈ obtain

Q
FIGURE 8 1
2
lim x 2 sin −0
y − x sins1yxd xl0 x

1.6 Exercises
1. Given that (e) lim fx 2 f sxdg (f ) f s21d 1 lim tsxd
x l2 x l 21

lim f sxd − 4 lim tsxd − 22 lim hsxd − 0 y y

xl2 xl 2 xl2

y=ƒ y=©
find the limits that exist. If the limit does not exist, explain
why. 1 1
(a) lim f f sxd 1 5tsxdg (b) lim f tsxdg 3 0 1 x 0 1 x
xl2 xl2

3f sxd
(c) lim sf sxd (d) lim
xl2 xl2 tsxd 3–9 Evaluate the limit and justify each step by indicating the
appropriate Limit Law(s).
tsxd tsxd hsxd
(e) lim (f ) lim 3. lim s4x 2 2 5xd 4. lim s2x 3 1 6x 2 2 9d
x l2 hsxd xl2 f sxd x l5 xl 23

3t 2 1 1
2. The graphs of f and t are given. Use them to evaluate each 5. lim sv 2 1 2vds2v 3 2 5d 6. lim
v l2 tl7 t 2 2 5t 1 2
limit, if it exists. If the limit does not exist, explain why.
7. lim s9 2 u 3 1 2u 2 8. lim s
3
x 1 5 s2x 2 2 3xd
(a) lim f f sxd 1 tsxdg (b) lim f f sxd 2 tsxdg u l 22 xl3

S D
x l2 xl0 3
2t 5 2 t 4
9. lim
f sxd tl 21 5t 2 1 4
(c) lim f f sxd tsxdg (d) lim
x l 21 x l3 tsxd

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 SECTION 1.6 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws 71

10. (a) What is wrong with the following equation? ; 36. (a) Use a graph of
x2 1 x 2 6 s3 1 x 2 s3
−x13 f sxd −
x22 x
(b) In view of part (a), explain why the equation to estimate the value of lim x l 0 f sxd to two decimal
places.
x2 1 x 2 6 (b) Use a table of values of f sxd to estimate the limit to
lim − lim sx 1 3d
xl2 x22 xl2
four decimal places.
is correct. (c) Use the Limit Laws to find the exact value of the limit.

11–34 Evaluate the limit, if it exists. ; 37. Use the Squeeze Theorem to show that

11. lim s3x 2 7d 12. lim (8 2 12 x) lim x 2 cos 20x − 0

xl0
xl 22 xl 6

t 2 2 2t 2 8 x 2 1 3x Illustrate by graphing the functions f sxd − 2x 2,

13. lim 14. lim 2 tsxd − x 2 cos 20x, and hsxd − x 2 on the same screen.
tl4 t24 x l23 x 2 x 2 12

x 2 1 5x 1 4 x 2 1 3x ; 38. Use the Squeeze Theorem to show that

15. lim 16. lim 2
x l2 x22 xl4 x 2 x 2 12 
lim sx 3 1 x 2 sin −0
xl0 x
x2 2 x 2 6 2x 2 1 9x 2 5
17. lim 18. lim Illustrate by graphing the functions f, t, and h (in the nota-
x l22 3x 2 1 5x 2 2 x l25 x 2 2 25
tion of the Squeeze Theorem) on the same screen.
t 3 2 27 u11
19. lim 20. lim 39. If 4x 2 9 < f sxd < x 2 2 4x 1 7 for x > 0, find lim f sxd.
tl3 t2 2 9 u l21 u3 1 1 xl4

sh 2 3d 2 9 2
92x 40. If 2x < tsxd < x 4 2 x 2 1 2 for all x, evaluate lim tsxd.
21. lim 22. lim xl1
hl 0 h xl9 3 2 sx 2 4
41. Prove that lim x cos − 0.
s9 1 h 2 3 22x xl 0 x
23. lim 24. lim
hl0 h xl2 sx 1 2 2 2 42. Prove that lim1 sx f1 1 sin 2s2yxdg − 0.
x l0
1 1
2 43–48 Find the limit, if it exists. If the limit does not exist,
x 3 s22 1 hd21 1 2 21
25. lim 26. lim explain why.
x l3 x 2 3 hl0 h
| x 1 4|
27. lim
tl0
s1 1 t 2 s1 2 t
t
28. lim
tl0
S 1
t
2 2
1
t 1t
D 43. lim
x l 24
(| x 1 4 | 2 2x) 44. lim
x l 24 2x 1 8

45. lim
2x 2 1
46. lim
22 x | |
4 2 sx x 2 2 4x 1 4
29. lim
x l 16 16x 2 x 2
30. lim 4
x l2 x 2 3x 2 2 4
x l 0.52
| 2x 3 2 x 2 | x l 22 21x

31. lim S 1
2
1
D 32. lim
sx 2 1 9 2 5
47. lim2
xl 0
S 1
x
2
1
x | |D
48. lim1
xl 0
S 1
x
2
1
x | | D
tl0 t s1 1 t t x l24 x14
1 1 49. The Signum Function The signum (or sign) function,
2 2
sx 1 hd3 2 x 3 sx 1 hd2 x denoted by sgn, is defined by
33. lim 34. lim

H
hl0 h hl0 h
21 if x , 0
sgn x − 20 if x − 0
; 35. (a) Estimate the value of 21 if x . 0
x
lim (a) Sketch the graph of this function.
x l0 s1 1 3x 2 1
(b) Find each of the following limits or explain why it does
by graphing the function f sxd − xyss1 1 3x 2 1d. not exist.
(b) Make a table of values of f sxd for x close to 0 and guess (i) lim1 sgn x (ii) lim2 sgn x
xl0 xl 0
the value of the limit.
(c) Use the Limit Laws to prove that your guess is correct.
(iii) lim sgn x
xl0
(iv) lim sgn x
xl 0
| |

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72 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

50. Let tsxd − sgnssin xd. 58. In the theory of relativity, the Lorentz contraction formula
(a) Find each of the following limits or explain why it does
L − L 0 s1 2 v 2yc 2
not exist.
(i) lim1 tsxd (ii) lim2 tsxd (iii) lim tsxd expresses the length L of an object as a function of its veloc-
xl0 xl0 xl0
ity v with respect to an observer, where L 0 is the length of the
(iv) lim1 tsxd (v) lim2 tsxd (vi) lim tsxd
xl xl xl object at rest and c is the speed of light. Find lim v l c2 L and
(b) For which values of a does lim x l a tsxd not exist? interpret the result. Why is a left-hand limit necessary?
(c) Sketch a graph of t.
59. If p is a polynomial, show that lim xl a psxd − psad.
x2 1 x 2 6
51. Let tsxd − . 60. If r is a rational function, use Exercise 59 to show that
x22 | | lim x l a rsxd − rsad for every number a in the domain of r.
(a) Find
f sxd 2 8
(i) lim1 tsxd (ii) lim2 tsxd 61. If lim − 10, find lim f sxd.
x l2 x l2 xl1 x21 xl1

(b) Does lim x l 2 tsxd exist?

f sxd
(c) Sketch the graph of t. 62. If lim − 5, find the following limits.
xl0 x2
52. Let f sxd
f sxd − H x2 1 1 if x , 1
sx 2 2d 2 if x > 1
63. If
(a) lim f sxd
xl0
(b) lim
xl0 x

(a) Find lim x l12 f sxd and lim x l11 f sxd.

(b) Does lim x l1 f sxd exist?
(c) Sketch the graph of f.
f sxd − H x 2 if x is rational
0 if x is irrational

53. Let prove that lim x l 0 f sxd − 0.

Bstd − H 4 2 12 t
st 1 c
if t , 2
if t > 2 64. Show by means of an example that lim x l a f f sxd 1 tsxdg may
exist even though neither lim x l a f sxd nor lim x l a tsxd exists.
Find the value of c so that lim t l2 Bstd exists.
65. Show by means of an example that lim x l a f f sxd tsxdg may
54. Let exist even though neither lim x l a f sxd nor lim x l a tsxd exists.
x if x,1
3 if x−1 s6 2 x 2 2
tsxd − 66. Evaluate lim .
2 2 x2 if 1,x<2 xl2 s3 2 x 2 1
x23 if x.2 67. Is there a number a such that
(a) Evaluate each of the following, if it exists.
3x 2 1 ax 1 a 1 3
(i) lim2 tsxd (ii) lim tsxd (iii) ts1d lim
x l1 xl1 x l 22 x2 1 x 2 2
(iv) lim2 tsxd (v) lim1 tsxd (vi) lim tsxd
x l2 xl2 xl2 exists? If so, find the value of a and the value of the limit.
(b) Sketch the graph of t.
68. The figure shows a fixed circle C1 with equation
55. (a) If the symbol v b denotes the greatest integer function sx 2 1d2 1 y 2 − 1 and a shrinking circle C2 with radius r
defined in Example 10, evaluate and center the origin. P is the point s0, rd, Q is the upper point
(i) lim 1 v x b (ii) lim v x b (iii) lim v x b of intersection of the two circles, and R is the point of inter-
x l 22 x l 22 x l 22.4
section of the line PQ and the x-axis. What happens to R
(b) If n is an integer, evaluate
as C2 shrinks, that is, as r l 0 1?
(i) lim2 v x b (ii) lim1 v x b
x ln xln
(c) For what values of a does lim x l a v x b exist? y

56. Let f sxd − v cos x b , 2 < x < .

(a) Sketch the graph of f. P
Q
(b) Evaluate each limit, if it exists.
C™
(i) lim f sxd (ii) lim f sxd
xl0 x l sy2d2
(iii) lim f sxd (iv) lim f sxd
x l sy2d1 x l y2 0 R x
(c) For what values of a does lim x l a f sxd exist? C¡

57. If f sxd − v x b 1 v 2x b , show that lim x l 2 f sxd exists but is

not equal to f s2d.

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 SECTION 1.7 The Precise Definition of a Limit 81

y Similarly, the following is a precise version of Definition 1.5.5. It is illustrated by

Figure 11.
a-∂ a+∂

a
7 Definition Let f be a function defined on some open interval that contains
0 x
the number a, except possibly at a itself. Then
lim f sxd − 2`
xla
N y=N
means that for every negative number N there is a positive number  such that
FIGURE 11 if 0, x2a , | | then f sxd , N

1.7 Exercises
1. Use the given graph of f to find a number  such that 4. Use the given graph of f sxd 5 x 2 to find a number  such that
if |x 2 1| ,  then | f sxd 2 1 | , 0.2 if |x 2 1| ,  then |x 2
|
2 1 , 12

y
y

1.2 y=≈
1.5
1
0.8 1

0.5

0 0.7 1 1.1 x 0 ? 1 ? x

2. Use the given graph of f to find a number  such that

; 5. Use a graph to find a number  such that
if 0, x23 , | | then | f s xd 2 2 | , 0.5 if |x 2 2| ,  then | sx 2
1 5 2 3 , 0.3 |
y
; 6. Use a graph to find a number  such that

Z Z Z Z
2.5
3
2 if x2 , then cos 2 x 2 , 0.1
6 4
1.5
; 7. For the limit
lim sx 3 2 3x 1 4d − 6
xl2
0 2.6 3 3.8 x
illustrate Definition 2 by finding values of  that correspond
3. Use the given graph of f sxd − sx to find a number  such to « 5 0.2 and « 5 0.1.
that ; 8. For the limit
4x 1 1
if |x 2 4| ,  then | sx 2 2 | , 0.4 lim
x l2 3x 2 4
− 4.5

y illustrate Definition 2 by finding values of  that correspond

y=œ„
x to « 5 0.5 and « 5 0.1.
2.4
2 ; 9. (a) Use a graph to find a number  such that
1.6
x2 1 4
if 4,x,41 then . 100
sx 2 4
0 ? 4 ? x
(b) What limit does part (a) suggest is true?

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82 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Limits

; 10. Given that lim x l csc x − `, illustrate Definition 6 by

2
29. lim sx 2 2 4x 1 5d − 1 30. lim sx 2 1 2x 2 7d − 1
xl2 xl2
finding values of  that correspond to (a) M − 500 and
2
(b) M − 1000. 31. lim sx 2 1d − 3 32. lim x 3 − 8
x l 22 xl2
11. A machinist is required to manufacture a circular metal disk
with area 1000 cm2. 33. Verify that another possible choice of  for showing that
(a) What radius produces such a disk? lim x l3 x 2 − 9 in Example 3 is  − min{2, «y8}.
(b) If the machinist is allowed an error tolerance of 65 cm 2
in the area of the disk, how close to the ideal radius in 34. Verify, by a geometric argument, that the largest possible
part (a) must the machinist control the radius? choice of  for showing that lim x l3 x 2 − 9 is
(c) In terms of the «,  definition of lim x l a f sxd − L, what  − s 9 1 « 2 3.
is x? What is f sxd? What is a? What is L? What value 35. (a) For the limit lim x l 1 sx 3 1 x 1 1d − 3, use a graph to
of « is given? What is the corresponding value of ? find a value of  that corresponds to « 5 0.4.
; 12. Crystal growth furnaces are used in research to determine (b) By solving the cubic equation x 3 1 x 1 1 5 3 1 «,
how best to manufacture crystals used in electronic compo- find the largest possible value of  that works for any
nents. For proper growth of a crystal, the temperature must given « . 0.
be controlled accurately by adjusting the input power. Sup- (c) Put « 5 0.4 in your answer to part (b) and compare
pose the relationship is given by with your answer to part (a).

T swd − 0.1w 2 1 2.155w 1 20 1 1

36. Prove that lim − .
x l2 x 2
where T is the temperature in degrees Celsius and w is the
power input in watts. 37. Prove that lim sx − sa if a . 0.
xla
(a) How much power is needed to maintain the temperature
at 200°C?
(b) If the temperature is allowed to vary from 200°C by
F Hint: Use sx 2 sa | | − s|x
x2a
1 sa
. | F
up to 61°C, what range of wattage is allowed for the
input power? 38. If H is the Heaviside function defined in Section 1.5,
(c) In terms of the «,  definition of lim x l a f sxd − L, what prove, using Definition 2, that lim t l 0 Hstd does not exist.
is x? What is f sxd? What is a? What is L? What value [Hint: Use an indirect proof as follows. Suppose that the
of « is given? What is the corresponding value of ? limit is L. Take « 5 12 in the definition of a limit and try to
arrive at a contradiction.]
13. (a) Find a number  such that if x 2 2 , , then | |
| |
4x 2 8 , «, where « 5 0.1. 39. If the function f is defined by
(b) Repeat part (a) with « 5 0.01.
14. Given that limx l 2 s5x 2 7d − 3, illustrate Definition 2 by
finding values of  that correspond to « 5 0.1, « 5 0.05,
f sxd − H 0 if x is rational
1 if x is irrational
and « 5 0.01. prove that lim x l 0 f sxd does not exist.
15–18 Prove the statement using the «,  definition of a limit 40. By comparing Definitions 2, 3, and 4, prove Theorem 1.6.1:
and illustrate with a diagram like Figure 9.
lim f sxd − L if and only if lim f sxd − L − lim1 f sxd
xla x l a2 x la
15. lim
xl4
( 12 x 2 1) − 1 16. lim s2 2 3xd − 24
x l2
41. How close to 23 do we have to take x so that
17. lim s22x 1 1d − 5 18. lim s2x 2 5d − 23 1
xl22 x l1
. 10,000
sx 1 3d4
19–32 Prove the statement using the «,  definition of a limit. 1
42. Prove, using Definition 6, that lim − `.
19. lim (1 2 13 x) − 22 20. lim ( 32 x 2 12 ) − 7 x l23 sx 1 3d4
xl9 xl5
5
43. Prove that lim 2 − 2`.
x 2 2 2x 2 8 9 2 4x 2 x l21 sx 1 1d 3
21. lim −6 22. lim −6
xl4 x24 x l21.5 3 1 2x
44. Suppose that lim x l a f sxd − ` and lim x l a tsxd − c, where
23. lim x − a 24. lim c − c c is a real number. Prove each statement.
xla xla
(a) lim f f sxd 1 tsxdg − `
2 xla
25. lim x − 0 26. lim x 3 − 0
xl0 xl0 (b) lim f f sxd tsxdg − ` if c . 0
xla

| |
27. lim x − 0 28. lim s6 1 x − 0
8
(c) lim f f sxd tsxdg − 2` if c , 0
xl0 x l 261 xl a

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 APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A51

G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

CHAPTER 1 39. s2`, 23d ø s23, 3d ø s3, `d 41. s2`, `d

43. s2`, 0d ø s5, `d 45. f0, 4g
EXERCISES 1.1 ■ PAGE 17 47. f22, 2g, f0, 2g 49. 11, 0, 2
1. Yes y y
3. (a) 2, 22, 1, 2.5 (b) 24 (c) f24, 4g
(d) f24, 4g, f22, 3g (e) f0, 2g 2
5. f285, 115g 7. Yes 9. No 11. Yes 13. No
15. No 17. Yes, f23, 2g, f23, 22d ø f21, 3g 2
19. (a) 13.8°C (b) 1990 (c) 1910, 2000 _2 0 2 x
(d) f13.5, 14.4g 0 x
21. T
51. 22, 0, 4 53.
y y

0 t
1
23. (a) 500 MW; 730 MW (b) 4 am; noon; yes
21 0 x
25. T 2

0 1 x

midnight noon t 55. y 57. y

27. amount
1

1 _1 1 x
_1

0 1 t
3
0 price

59. f sxd − 25 x 2 11
2,1 < x < 5 61. f sxd − 1 2 s2x
29. height
of grass 63. f sxd − H 2x 1 3 if 0 < x < 3
2 x 2 6 if 3 , x < 5
65. AsLd − 10L 2 L2, 0 , L , 10
67. Asxd − s3 x 2y4, x . 0 69. Ssxd − x 2 1 s8yxd, x . 0
Wed. Wed. Wed. Wed. Wed. t 71. Vsxd − 4x 3 2 160x 2 1 150x, 0 , x , 15

31. (a) T (° C)
30
27
24
(b) 23°C
73. Fsxd −
H 15s60 2 xd
0
15sx 2 100d
if 0 , x , 60
if 60 , x , 100
if 100 , x , 150
F
21 900
18

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t (hours)

33. 12, 16, 3a 2 2 a 1 2, 3a 2 1 a 1 2, 3a 2 1 5a 1 4,

6a 2 2 2a 1 4, 12a 2 2 2a 1 2, 3a 4 2 a 2 1 2,
9a 4 2 6a 3 1 13a 2 2 4a 1 4, 3a 2 1 6ah 1 3h 2 2 a 2 h 1 2
35. 23 2 h 37. 21ysaxd 0 60 100 150 x

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
A52 APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

75. (a) R (%) (b) $400, $1900 9. Their graphs have slope 21.
y
15
10 c=_1
c=_2
0 10,000 20,000 I (in dollars) x
0 c=2
(c) T (in dollars) c=1
c=0
2500

1000 11. f sxd − 2x2 2 12x 1 18

0
13. f sxd − 23xsx 1 1dsx 2 2d
10,000 20,000 30,000 I (in dollars)
15. (a) 8.34, change in mg for every 1 year change
77. f is odd, t is even (b) 8.34 mg
79. (a) y (b) y
17. (a) F
(100, 212)

F= 95 C+32
0 x 0 x
32

(_40, _40) C

81. Odd 83. Neither 85. Even

87. Even; odd; neither (unless f − 0 or t − 0)
(b) 95, change in 8 F for every 18C change; 32, Fahrenheit
temperature corresponding to 0 8C
EXERCISES 1.2 ■ PAGE 33
19. (a) C − 13x 1 900
1. (a) Polynomial, degree 3 (b) Trigonometric (c) Power
(d) Exponential (e) Algebraic (f ) Logarithmic C
5000
3. (a) h (b) f (c) t
4000
5. h x x ± y2 1 2nj, n an integer
| 3000

7. (a) y − 2x 1 b, 2000
y b=3 b=0
where b is the y-intercept. b=_1 1000

0 100 200 300 x

y=2x+b
(b) 13; cost (in dollars) of producing each additional chair
(c) 900; daily fixed costs
x
21. (a) P − 0.1d 1 1.05 (b) 59.5 m
23. Four times brighter

y
25. (a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 605,000 W; 2,042,000 W; 9,454,000 W
(b) y − mx 1 1 2 2m, m=1
where m is the slope. m=_1 27. (a) Cosine (b) Linear
29. (a) 15 A linear model is
(2, 1) m=0 appropriate.

y-1=m(x-2)
(c) y − 2x 2 3 0 61,000

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A53

(b) y − 20.000105x 1 14.521 (c) y (d) y

15 1 1
(b) 0 1 x 0 1 x

(c)

7. y − 2s2x 2 2 5x 2 4 2 1
0 61,000
9. y
(c) y − 20.00009979x 1 13.951
(d) About 11.5 per 100 population
(e) About 6% (f ) No
y=1+≈
31. (a) See the graph in part (b). 1
(b) y − 1.88074x 1 82.64974 0 x

180
11. y
y=|x+2|
2
Height (cm)

_2 0 x

150 13. y
35 55 1
y=x+2
Femur length (cm)
y=2
(c) 182.3 cm
33. (a) A linear model is appropriate. See the graph in part (b).
(b) y − 1124.86x 1 60,119.86
0 x
95,000
Thousands of barrels

15. y
per day

y=sin 4x

0 π x
2
55,000
0 30
Years since 1985
(c) In thousands of barrels per day: 79,242 and 96,115 17. y
35. (a) 2 (b) 334 m2 3
x+1
y=2+œ„„„„
2
EXERCISES 1.3 ■ PAGE 42
1. (a) y − f sxd 1 3 (b) y − f sxd 2 3 (c) y − f sx 2 3d _1 0 x
(d) y − f sx 1 3d (e) y − 2f sxd (f ) y − f s2xd
(g) y − 3f sxd (h) y − 13 f sxd
19. y
3. (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 5 (e) 2
5. (a) y (b) y
5
1 4
1 y=≈-2x+5
0 2 x
0 1 x

0 1 x

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
A54 APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

21. y 2
39. (a) s f 8 tdsxd − , h x x ± nj, n an integer|
sin x
2
y=2-|x| (b) st 8 f dsxd − sin
2
x
SD
, {x x ± 0j |
(c) s f 8 f dsxd − x, {x x ± 0j |
_2 0 2 x (d) st 8 tdsxd − sinssin xd, R
41. s f 8 t 8 hdsxd − 3 sinsx 2 d 2 2
43. s f 8 t 8 hdsxd − sx 6 1 4x 3 1 1
23. y 45. tsxd − 2x 1 x 2, f sxd − x 4
y=3 sin !™ x+1
4 47. tsxd − s
3
x , f sxd − xys1 1 xd
49. tstd − t 2, f std − sec t tan t
1 51. hsxd − sx , tsxd − x 2 1, f sxd − sx
0 π x 53. hstd − cos t, tstd − sin t, f std − t 2
4π
55. (a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 5 (d) 3
_2
57. (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) Does not exist; f s6d − 6 is
not in the domain of t. (e) 4 (f ) 22
25. y 59. (a) rstd − 60t (b) sA 8 rdstd − 3600t 2; the area of the
y=|cos πx|
circle as a function of time
1
61. (a) s − sd 2 1 36 (b) d − 30t
0 1 2 x (c) s f 8 tdstd − s900t 2 1 36; the distance between the lighthouse
and the ship as a function of the time elapsed since noon
63. (a) (b)
F G
H V
2
27. Lstd − 12 1 2 sin st 2 80d 1 120
365
0 0 t
t
29. Dstd − 5 cosfsy6dst 2 6.75dg 1 7
31. (a) The portion of the graph of y − f sxd to the right of the Vstd − 120Hstd
y-axis is reflected about the y-axis. (c) V

(b) (c) 240

y y Vstd − 240Hst 2 5d
y=sin | x|
y=œ„„
|x|
0 5 t
0 x

0 x 65. Yes; m1 m 2
67. (a) f sxd − x 2 1 6 (b) tsxd − x 2 1 x 2 1
33. (a) s f 1 tdsxd − s25 2 x 2 1 sx 1 1 , f21, 5g 69. Yes
(b) s f 2 tdsxd − s25 2 x 2 2 sx 1 1 , f21, 5g 71. (d) f sxd − 21 Esxd 1 21 Osxd, where
Esxd − 2 x 1 22x 1 sx 2 3d2 1 sx 1 3d2 and
(c) s f tdsxd − s2x 3 2 x 2 1 25x 1 25 , f21, 5g
Osxd − 2 x 2 22x 1 sx 2 3d2 2 sx 1 3d2
(d) s fytdsxd − Î 25 2 x 2
x11
, s21, 5 g
EXERCISES 1.4 ■ PAGE 50
35. (a) s f + tdsxd − x 1 5, s2`, `d
1. (a) 244.4, 238.8, 227.8, 222.2, 216.6
(b) st + f dsxd − s 3 3
x 1 5 , s2`, `d (b) 233.3 (c) 233 31
(c) s f + f dsxd − sx 3 1 5d3 1 5, s2`, `d 3. (a) (i) 2 (ii) 1.111111 (iii) 1.010101 (iv) 1.001001
(d) st + tdsxd − s 9
x , s2`, `d (v) 0.666667 (vi) 0.909091 (vii) 0.990099
1 (viii) 0.999001 (b) 1 (c) y − x 2 3
37. (a) s f + tdsxd − , s21, `d 5. (a) (i) 240 mys (ii) 239.4 mys (iii) 239.3 mys
sx 1 1
(b) 239 mys
1 7. (a) (i) 8.9 mys (ii) 9.9 mys (iii) 13.9 mys
(b) st + f dsxd − 1 1, s0, `d
sx (iv) 14.9 mys (b) 8.9 mys
(c) s f + f dsxd − s4
x , s0, `d 9. (a) 0, 1.7321, 21.0847, 22.7433, 4.3301, 22.8173, 0,
(d) st + tdsxd − x 1 2, s2`, `d 22.1651, 22.6061, 25, 3.4202; no (c) 231.4

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A55

EXERCISES 1.5 ■ PAGE 60 53. 7

1. Yes 55. (a) (i) 22 (ii) Does not exist (iii) 23
3. (a) lim x l23 f sxd − ` means that the values of f sxd can be (b) (i) n 2 1 (ii) n (c) a is not an integer.
made arbitrarily large (as large as we please) by taking x suffi- 61. 8 67. 15; 21
ciently close to 23 (but not equal to 23).
(b) lim x l 41 f sxd − 2` means that the values of f sxd can be
made arbitrarily large negative by taking x sufficiently close to 4 EXERCISES 1.7 ■ PAGE 81
through values larger than 4. 1. 0.1 (or any smaller positive number)
5. (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) Does not exist (e) 3 3. 1.44 (or any smaller positive number)
7. (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 2, 4 (d) 4 5. 0.4269 (or any smaller positive number)
9. (a) 2` (b) ` (c) ` (d) 2` (e) ` 7. 0.0219 (or any smaller positive number);
(f ) x − 27, x − 23, x − 0, x − 6 0.011 (or any smaller positive number)
11. lim f sxd exists for all a except a − 1. 9. (a) 0.041 (or any smaller positive number)
xla
13. (a) 21 (b) 1 (c) Does not exist x2 1 4
(b) lim1 −`
x l 4 sx 2 4
15. y 17. y
3 3
11. (a) s1000y cm (b) Within approximately 0.0445 cm
2 2
1 (c) Radius; area; s1000y ; 1000; 5; <0.0445
13. (a) 0.025 (b) 0.0025
0 1 x _1 0 2 x
35. (a) 0.093 (b) d − sB 2y3 2 12dys6B 1y3 d 2 1, where
B − 216 1 108« 1 12 s336 1 324« 1 81« 2
19. 12 21. 12 23. 1.5 25. 1 27. ` 29. ` 41. Within 0.1
31. 2` 33. 2` 35. ` 37. x − 22 39. 2`; `
41. (a) 0.998000, 0.638259, 0.358484, 0.158680, 0.038851,
0.008928, 0.001465; 0 EXERCISES 1.8 ■ PAGE 92
(b) 0.000572, 20.000614, 20.000907, 20.000978, 20.000993,
1. lim x l 4 f sxd − f s4d
20.001000; 20.001
43. x < 60.90, 62.24; x − 6sin21sy4d, 6s 2 sin21sy4dd 3. (a) 24, 22, 2, 4; f s24d is not defined and lim f sxd does not
xla
45. m l ` exist for a − 22, 2, and 4
(b) 24, neither; 22, left; 2, right; 4, right
5. (a) 1 (b) 1, 3 (c) 3
EXERCISES 1.6 ■ PAGE 70
7. y
1. (a) 26 (b) 28 (c) 2 (d) 26
(e) Does not exist (f ) 0
1
3. 75 5. 88 7. 5 9. 227 11. 213
13. 6 15. Does not exist 17. 57 19. 92
1 1 1
21. 26 23. 6 25. 29 27. 1 29. 128
1 2 2 _2 0 2 x
31. 22 33. 3x 35. (a), (b) 3 39. 7 43. 8
45. 24 47. Does not exist
49. (a) y (b) (i) 1
(ii) 21
1 y
(iii) Does not exist 9.
0 x (iv) 1

51. (a) (i) 5 (ii) 25 (b) Does not exist 0 3 x

(c) y

(2, 5) 11. (a) T

7
0 x 5
_3
_3 (2, _5)
0 7 10 16 19 24 t

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
A56 APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

19. f s22d is undefined. 3. 2a 1 h 2 2 5. ( 2`, 13 ) ø ( 13, `), s2`, 0d ø s0, `d

y 7. s2`, `d, [0, 2]
1
y= 9. (a) Shift the graph 5 units upward.
x+2
(b) Shift the graph 5 units to the left.
(c) Stretch the graph vertically by a factor of 2, then shift it
0 x
1 unit upward.
x=_2 (d) Shift the graph 2 units to the right and 2 units downward.
(e) Reflect the graph about the x-axis.
21. lim f sxd does not exist. 23. lim f sxd ± f s0d (f) Reflect the graph about the x-axis, then shift 3 units upward.
xl1 xl0

y y 11. y 13. y
x+2
y=œ„„„„
1
y=1/x 2
_π 0 1 x y=˛+2
_1
0 1 x
_2 0 x
y=1-≈ 0 x

25. (b) Define f s3d − 16. 27. s2`, `d

29. s2`, 21d ø s21, 1d ø s1, `d 31. s23, 3d 15. y
y=1+cos 2x
33. s2`, 21g ø s0, `d 35. 8 37.  2y16 2

39. x − 1 2n, n any integer
2
3

0 π x

5π 7π 17. (a) Neither (b) Odd (c) Even

_
2 3π 0 π 5π 2
_ (d) Neither (e) Neither
2 2 2
19. (a) s f 8 tdsxd − 1sin x ,
43. 21, right 45. 0, right; 1, left |
{x x [ [2n,  1 2n], n an integer}
y y (b) st 8 f dsxd − sin 1x , [0, `d
(c) s f 8 f dsxd − s4
x , [0, `d
(1, 2)
(0, 2) (d) st 8 tdsxd − sinssin xd, R
(1, 1) 21. y − 0.2441x 2 413.3960; about 82.1 years
(1, 1) 23. (a) (i) 3 (ii) 0 (iii) Does not exist (iv) 2
(0, 0) x (v) ` (vi) 2`
(_1, 1)
(b) x − 0, x − 2 (c) 23, 0, 2, 4
(_1, _1)
0 x
25. 1 27. 32 29. 3 31. ` 33. 57 35. 218
37. 0 39. 1
47. 23 49. 4 45. (a) (i) 3 (ii) 0 (iii) Does not exist
51. (a) tsxd − x 3 1 x 2 1 x 1 1 (b) tsxd − x 2 1 x (iv) 0 (v) 0 (vi) 0
59. (b) s0.86, 0.87d 61. (b) 1.434 71. None (b) At 0 and 3 (c) y
3
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW ■ PAGE 95
True-False Quiz
0 3 x
1. False 3. False 5. True 7. False 9. True
11. True 13. False 15. True 17. True 47. [0, `d 51. 0
19. False 21. True 23. True 25. True 27. False

Exercises PRINCIPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING ■ PAGE 104

1. (a) 2.7 (b) 2.3, 5.6 (c) f26, 6g (d) f24, 4g
(e) f24, 4g (f) Odd; its graph is symmetric about the origin. 1. 223 , 43

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.