Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

Secondary 1 Express Mathematics

Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

Name: __________________________ ( ) Date: ____________ Class: ________

Syllabus Learning Outcomes

 Negative numbers, integers, rational numbers, real numbers, and their four operations
 Calculations with calculator
 Representation and ordering of numbers on the number line
 Use of the symbols  ,  ,  , 

Chapter Overview
Real Numbers
any number you can think of

Representation on Number Line

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

eg. , 0.2, −5 eg. π, 2

Fractions
Integers (can be represented by Recurring
or Terminating Decimals)

Negative Integers Whole Numbers

eg. −25, −6 eg. 0, 1, 2

Positive Integers
Zero , 0
eg. 1, 2

Chapter Content
2.1 Negative Numbers, Number Line and Inequality Signs
2.2 Addition and Subtraction Involving Negative Numbers
2.3 Multiplication and Division Involving Negative Numbers
2.4 Combined Operations on Numbers
2.5 Real Numbers and Rational Numbers

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

2.1 Negative Numbers, Number Line and Inequality Signs

2.1.1 Negative Numbers

Trivia!
The lowest temperature recorded in history is bone-chilling −89 oC measured at Vostok,
Antarctica, on 21 July 1983.

−89 oC (pronounced as negative 89 degrees Celsius) is a temperature much lower than 0 oC!

Whole Numbers are numbers ____, 1, 2, ____, ……

Are there any numbers that come before 0?

Yes! These numbers, denoted by a sign ‘–’ are known as negative numbers.

Negative Numbers are numbers that are __________________________.

3
 Eg. −5.788, −3, − 2 , −0.056, …
7
Integers are numbers …, −3, −2, ____, ____, ____, 2, 3, …
 We do not include decimals and fractions
 1, 2, 3, … are known as _____________ integers
 −1, −2, −3, … are known as _____________ integers
 0 is _______________ a positive nor negative integer (neutral)
 Integers can also be classified as _______ (eg –3, –1, 1, 3) or ________ (eg –2, 0,
2, 4)

In summary,
Integers

Negative Integers Positive Integers

…, −3, −2, −1 1, 2, 3, …
Zero

Stretch Yourself!
Remember prime numbers? What category of numbers do prime numbers belong to? Can
negative numbers be prime numbers?

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

2.1.2 Number Line

Real numbers can be represented on a line called the ___________________________.

Let’s start with the numbers we are familiar with: Integers.

Negative Numbers are to the Left of Positive Numbers are to the Right
0 of 0

Numbers are equally spaced

Note that:
 One arrow points towards the right.
 Spacing is equal from one number to the next
 All positive numbers are to the right of zero; negative numbers are to the left of zero.
 Numbers are arranged in increasing order from left to right. Any number less than itself
is on its left; any number greater than itself on its right.

Other numbers such as fractions, square roots and  can also be denoted on a number line by
drawing a dot then an arrow downwards. (hint: Convert it to a decimal number first.)

Practice Questions:
1. Place the following numbers on the number line. Mark their position with an arrow.
1
(a) −7.8 (b) 2 (c)  10
4

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

2.1.3 Inequality Signs

In Mathematics, we usually use symbols to represent certain information:

Symbol Meaning Example

= 2+2=4

 2+2≠9
 1 > −5
 −20 < −3

 No. of vehicles  40
 No. of students  42

Practice Questions:
2. Express the following statements using , ,  or  .

Statements Expression
(a) A jug can hold up to 4 cups of water.
How many cups of water can the jug hold?

(b) John had 10 marbles, but lost some.

How many marbles does he have now?

(c) In New Zealand, the temperature during winter

can go down to −10°C and reach up to 30°C
during summer.
What is the range of temperatures in New
Zealand?

Homework #1
Level TB 1A Exercise 2A (Page 35) Estimated Time Date Assigned:
_____________
1, 7, 8a 15 min
Date Due:
_____________

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

2.2 Addition and Subtraction Involving Negative Numbers

2.2.1 Addition Involving Negative Numbers

Let’s Investigate 3 cases:

Case #1: 5 + (–4)

1
1 −1
1 + −1 = 1 We can also rewrite it as:
1 −1 5 + (–4) = 5 – 4 = 1
1 −1

Case #2: (–5) + 4

−1
−1 1
−1 + 1 = −1 We can also rewrite it as:
−1 1 (–5) + 4 = –5 + 4 = –1
−1 1

Case #3: (–5) + (–4)

−1 −1
−1 −1 −1 −1
−1 + −1 = −1 −1 We can also rewrite it as:
−1 −1 −1 −1 (–5) + (–4) = –5 – 4 = –9
−1 −1 −1 −1

In Conclusion: For + ( − number ), merging ‘+’ and ‘–’ signs gives ‘–’ .

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

2.2.2 Subtraction Involving Negative Numbers

Let’s Investigate 4 cases:

Case #1: 4 – (–1)

1 1
1 1 We can also rewrite it as:
1 − −1 = 1
4 – (–1) = 4 + 1 = 5
1 1
1 –1 1 Notice that –(–1) = +1!
Case #2: (−4) − 1

−1 −1
−1 −1 We can also rewrite it as:
−1 − 1 = −1 (–4) – 1 = –4 – 1 = −5
−1 −1
−1 1 −1

Case #3: (−1) – (–4)

−1 −1 We can also rewrite it as:

−1 1 −1 1
(−1) – (–4) = −1 + 4 = 3
−1 1 − −1 = 1
−1 1 −1 1 Notice that –(–4) = +4!
Case #4: 1–4

1 1
1 −1 − 1 = −1 We can see that:
1 −1 1 −1 1 – 4 = –3
1 −1 1 −1

In Conclusion: For − ( − number ), merging ‘−’ and ‘–’ signs gives ‘+’ .

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

2.2.3 Addition and Subtraction Involving Negative Numbers

Practice Questions:
3. Evaluate the following without a calculator. Show your working clearly.

(a)  5  6 (b)  15  6  9 (c)  15  6  9  12

(d) 4   6  (e) 4   6   9 (f) 8   70 

(g) 8   70  (h) 4   6    1 (i) 7   3   1

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

4. Evaluate the following without a calculator. Show your working clearly.

(a) 4   2  9  (b) 3   6  9 

(c) 8  19  (4) (d) 1   (2)  (10)

Homework #2
Do not use a calculator for this exercise. Show your working clearly.
Level TB 1A Exercise 2B (Page 44) Estimated Time Date Assigned:
_____________
1a, b, 2a, b, 3a, b, 4a, b, 5a, b 20 min
7, 14 Date Due:
_____________

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

2.3 Multiplication and Division Involving Negative Numbers

2.3.1 Multiplication Involving Negative Numbers

We know that the product of 2 positive numbers is a positive number:

5 × 4 = 20
6 × 3 = 18
What happens when we multiply negative numbers?

Let’s investigate 2 cases:

Case #1: 2 × (−3) 2 groups of −3

−1 −1 −1
We can also rewrite it as:
2 × (−3) = − (2 × 3) = −6
−1 −1 −1

Case #2: (−2) × (−3) Negative of 2 groups of −3

−1 −1 −1
We can also rewrite it as:
− (−2) × (−3) = − (−6) = 6
−1 −1 −1

In Conclusion:
 If signs of the two numbers are different, the product is negative.
 If signs of the two numbers are the same, the product is positive.
(+) × (+) = (+)
(+) × (−) = (−)
(−) × (+) = (−)
(−) × (−) = (+)

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

Practice Questions:
5. Evaluate the following without a calculator. Show your working clearly.

(a) 3  (7) (b)  3  (7) (c)  3 7

(d) 3  (4)  5 (e)  3  (4)  (5) (f) (5  6)  (5  15)

(g) (5  7)  3  ( 2) (h) 7   5  (1)  (1) (i) (2  5)  8  ( 2  4)

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

2.3.2 Division Involving Negative Numbers

Likewise for Division:

 If signs of the two numbers are different, the division is negative.
 If signs of the two numbers are the same, the division is positive.
(+) (−)
= (+) = (−)
(+) (+)
(+) (−)
= (−) = (+)
(−) (−)

Practice Questions:
6. Evaluate the following without a calculator. Show your working clearly.

(a) 21  (7) (b)  21 7 (c) 7  ( 21)

(d) (5  6)  (6  16) (e) (20  2)  (5  6) (f) 0  (16)

4 4  19 8  (2)
(g) (h) (i)
3  7 3 7  (5)

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

2.4 Combined Operations on Numbers

There could be addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division within an expression. How
would we know the order to proceed?

Follow the BIDMAS rule.

B Brackets first
I Indices (i.e., Powers and Square Roots, etc.)
DM Division & Multiplication (left-to-right)
AS Addition & Subtraction (left-to-right)

Worked Examples:
1. Evaluate 7 + (6 × 52 + 3) .

Solution:
7 + (6 × 52 + 3)
= 7 + (6 × 25 + 3) Start within Brackets, and tackle the Indices
= 7 + (150 + 3) Multiplication
= 7 + (153) Addition
= 7 + 153 Brackets completed, last operation is addition
= 160 DONE!

2. Evaluate 3 + 6 × (5 + 4) ÷ 3 – 7 .

Solution:
3 + 6 × (5 + 4) ÷ 3 – 7 Brackets
=3+6×9÷3–7 Multiplication
= 3 + 54 ÷ 3 – 7 Division
= 3 + 18 – 7 Addition
= 21 – 7 Subtraction
= 14 Answer

36  6
3. Evaluate .
12  3
Note: This problem includes a fraction bar, which means we must divide the numerator by the
denominator. We must FIRST perform all calculations above and below the fraction bar
BEFORE dividing. This fraction can be re-written as (36  6)  (12  3) .

Solution:
36  6 30

12  3 15
2

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

Practice Questions:
7. Evaluate the following without a calculator. Show your working clearly.
Note: When dealing with negative numbers, remember to apply the rules learnt.

(a)  3  (5  3) (b)  3   15  (7  2) (c)  125  5  (10)

(d)  12  (3)  4  35  (7) (e) 2  ( 3) 2 5  11  2

(f)
9  12

(g) 160  (40)  20  (5) (h) [3  (3)  4  (2)  5  2]  [2  (3)  8  (2)  8  2]

Homework #3
Level TB 1A Exercise 2C (Page 51) Estimated Time Date Assigned:
_____________
6 15 min
8f, 8g, 8h, 8i Date Due:
_____________

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

2.5 Real Numbers and Rational Numbers

2.5.1 Real Numbers, Rational and Irrational Numbers

Real Numbers are any numbers you can think of.

1
 Eg. 2, 7.4, 0,  , ,…
978
They are divided into two main groups: ___________________ and _____________________.

a
Rational Numbers are numbers that can be expressed as a fraction in the form , where a
b
and b are integers and b ≠ 0.
2 1 84
 Eg. , 3 , , 2, −0.7, 0.25 (terminating or recurring decimals – pg 16)
3 8 5

a
Irrational Numbers are numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction in the form , where
b
a and b are integers and b ≠ 0.
5
 Eg. 10, 3 5, , , …
7

Why can’t the denominator be zero? Let’s investigate.

1
 10
0.1
1
 100 What do you notice?
0.01
1
 1000
0.001

Practice Questions:
8. Identify the rational numbers.

Number Is it a rational number? Possible Fraction forms

(a) 0

(b) 7

(c) 7

(d) 4

(e) 0.64
22
(f)
7

(g)
2

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

2.5.2 Addition and Subtraction Involving Negative Fractions and Mixed Numbers

(A) Steps for adding and subtracting fractions without use of calculator:
#1: Express Mixed Fractions as Improper Fractions
#2: Express Fractions with the same denominator
#3: Add or Subtract the fractions with the same rules you have learnt

1 3 2 2 1
Do not show working as:  
2 3 3 2 6
1 2 3 4 1
Instead, write out clearly:    
2 3 6 6 6

(B) Use of Calculator to key in fractions: press a bc or d

c
4
For instance, to key 3 , press:
5
3 a bc 4 a bc 5
To convert mixed number to improper fraction (and vice versa), press d
c

Practice Questions:
9. Evaluate the following without a calculator. Show your working clearly.

1 1 3 1
(a)  (b) 2  2
3 5 4 8

1 2 7 5 1
(c) 1  1  (2 ) (d)   ( )  (1 )
6 3 4 6 3

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

2.5.3 Multiplication & Division Involving Negative Fractions and Mixed Numbers

Steps for multiplying and dividing fractions without use of calculator:

#1: Express Mixed Fractions as Improper Fractions
#2: Multiply or divide fractions with the same rules you have learnt
a c
If and are rational numbers,
b d
a c ac
Then  
b d bd
a c a d ad
And     (provided b  0 and c  0 )
b d b c bc

Practice Questions:
10. Evaluate the following without a calculator. Show your working clearly.

1 1 1 3
(a) 1  (b) 2 
3 4 4 8

1 1 2 1 4  5  4 
(c) 1  (  )  2 (d) 2      2  
9 2 3 3 5  2  3 

You may use the calculator only to check your solution after you are done.

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 Chapter 2: Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers

2.5.4 Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division Involving Decimals

Any number can be expressed in “decimal form”. There are three types of decimal numbers:

Name Definition Example

Terminating decimal Digits after the decimal point 0.125, 0.56789
terminate, i.e., stop after a certain
(are Rational point.
numbers)
Recurring decimal Some digits after the decimal Place dot(s) over the first
point repeat themselves and last digits of the
(are Rational indefinitely. repeated sequence.
numbers)  
0.1252525252525... = 0.125
1
 0.142857142857...
7
 
 0.142857
Non-terminating and Digits after the decimal point π = 3.14159 26535 8979…
non-recurring decimal continue indefinitely without a
repeating pattern. 2 = 1.41421 35623 73095…
(are Irrational
numbers)

Real Numbers

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

Terminating Decimals Recurring Decimals Non-Terminating and

Non-Recurring Decimals

Practice Questions:
11. Express the following fractions as recurring decimals, using a calculator.
2 7 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
3 12 7 13

Homework #4
Level TB 1A Exercise 2D (Page 65) Estimated Time Date Assigned:
_____________
1c, 3c 20 min
11b, 13b, 17b Date Due:
_____________

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