Transportation and Traffic Engineering

by

Ghada Salah Moussa

Associate Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Assiut University
Transportation and Traffic Eng.
 What is
Transportation Engineering ?
Transportation Engineering

A B

Movement of persons
and goods over space
 Transportation Systems Classification

Land Air Water

Transportation Transportation Transportation Pipelines

• Highways Domestic or Inland or Oil or Gas

• Railways International Ocean
 Transportation Systems

1.Users /
Content

2.Vehicle / Service 3.Infrastructure

 1. Users / Content

• People → Passenger Transportation

• Goods → Freight Transportation
Share of total passengers or

Commuting
Shopping
Recreation
tons-km

Trade
Waste disposal Energy & Raw Materials
Local distribution

Business
Tourism
Migration

Distance
2. Vehicles / Services
3. Infrastructure
 What is
Traffic Engineering ?
 Transportation and Traffic Eng.

Part I: Transportation Planning

1. Forecast Travel Demand
2. Evaluate Transportation Alternatives
 Transportation and Traffic Eng.

Part I: Transportation Planning

1. Forecast Travel Demand
Zone Zone
1- Trip Generation 1 2

2- Trip Distribution 1 2
By car
3- Mode Choice 1 2
30%
4-Network Assignment 20%
1 2
50%

2. Evaluate Transportation Alternatives

Transportation and Traffic Eng. (cont.)

Part II: Traffic Engineering

1. Roadway Main Components’ Characteristics
2. Traffic Flow Characteristics
3. Capacity and Level of Service
4. Traffic Studies
5. Traffic Control
6. Parking
7. Traffic Safety
 CHI: Roadway Main Components’
Characteristics
❑ Roadway Main Components:

Humans (drivers, passengers, pedestrians)

Vehicle

Roadway
 A. Human’s Characteristics

• Perception and Reaction time (PIEV)

– Perception: Sees or hears situation
– Identification: Identify situation
– Emotion: Decides on course of action
– Reaction (volition) :Acts
• Typical Perception-Reaction time (0.5-7 sec). For design
PIEV is assumed to be 2.5 sec.
• For Pedestrians: Walking Speed ( 3-8 ft/sec) or (1-3
m/sec).
 B. Vehicles’ Characteristics

1. Static (Physical) Characteristics

2. Kinematic Characteristics
3. Dynamic Characteristics
4. Environmental Characteristics
 B. Vehicles’ Characteristics (cont.)
1. Static (Physical) Characteristics

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Classification

 1. Static (Physical) Characteristics

• PCE: Passenger Car Equivalent Unit

 2. Kinematic Characteristics

Equations of motion
a, u, x, t
du
a=
dt
dx
u=
dt
a) Constant acceleration
b) Acceleration as a function of velocity
 a) Constant Acceleration

du dx du du dx
= a = const = u = u0 + at a= =
dt dt dt dt dx

dx = udt = (u0 + at )dt du

u=a
dx
u t
u 0
x t
du = adt
0 0
u x
dx = (u0 + at )dt
0 uudu = 0adx
0

1 2
u = u0 + at x = u0t + at u 2 = u02 + 2ax
2
 a) Constant Acceleration (cont.)

1 2
u = u0 + at x = u0t + at u 2 = u02 + 2ax
2
Where,
a: vehicle acceleration
(+ ve for acceleration, -ve for deceleration)
u0 : initial velocity at time t=0
u : final velocity at time t=t
x: distance traveled after time t
Km/hr= 1/3.6 m/sec
mph= 1.47 ft/sec
 a) Constant Acceleration (cont.)

Example#1: Sheet # 6 Pro.#1-b

Given: u0= 50 km/h, a= -5m/sec2

u = 0 -------> t=? u = u0 + at

50
0= −5×𝑡 ∴t= sec
3.6
16m

At u=0 x=? u 2 = u02 + 2ax

50 2
0= − 10 × 𝑥 ∴ x= m
3.6
 a) Constant Acceleration (cont.)
a (m/s2) u (km/h)

50

t t
t
-5

u (km/h) x (km)

50 x

x (km) t
x t
 b) Acceleration as a Function of Velocity
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑎 = 𝛼 − 𝛽𝑢
𝑑𝑡
Where, α, β : constants
𝛼
∴𝑢= 1 − 𝑒 −𝛽𝑡 +𝑢0 𝑒 −𝛽𝑡
𝛽
𝛼 𝛼 −𝛽𝑡
𝑢0
∴𝑥 = 𝑡− 2 1−𝑒 + 1 − 𝑒 −𝛽𝑡
𝛽 𝛽 𝛽
𝑑𝑢
∴𝑎= = 𝛼 − 𝛽𝑢 = 𝛼 − 𝛽𝑢0 𝑒 −𝛽𝑡
𝑑𝑡
amax= α
umax= α/ β
 b) Acceleration as a Function of Velocity

Example#2 α β

𝑑𝑢
a= = 3.6 − 0.06𝑢
𝑑𝑡

u is vehicle speed in ft/sec, u0= 45ft/sec

i. max. vehicle acceleration rate
ii. max. operating speed
iii. a, u, x after 3 sec.
iv. Time at which vehicle attained maximum speed
v. Distance travelled by vehicle when accelerated
to speed 55ft/sec.
 3. Dynamic Characteristics
Power Requirements of Vehicles
❑ Forces acting on a moving vehicle
1. Friction Resistance
2. Grade Resistance
3. Air Resistance G
4. Curvature Resistance 1.0

Fc

Weight
g
3. Dynamic Characteristics of Vehicles (cont.)

G
1.0

Weight

1. Friction Resistance = Ff = f*w cosγ , f = 0.2~0.4

2. Grade Resistance = Fg = w sinγ

3. Dynamic Characteristics of Vehicles (cont.)
𝜌×𝑐𝐷 ×𝐴×𝑢2
3. Air Resistance =𝐹𝑎 = 0.5 × 2.15 ×
𝑔
ρ: air density (0.00238 Ib/ft3 at see level, less at higher elevation)
cD: aero dynamic drag coeff.
For passenger car = 0.4,
For truck = 0.5-0.8
A: frontal cross-section area (ft2)
u: vehicle speed (mph)
g: gravity acceleration= 32.2 ft/sec2

𝑤×𝑢2
4. Curvature Resistance = 𝐹𝑐 = 0.5 × 2.15 ×
𝑅×𝑔
w:weight of vehicle (Ib)
R:radius of curvature (ft)
3. Dynamic Characteristics of Vehicles (cont.)
Power Requirements
❑ Power required for moving a vehicle

P= ∑R*u
G
1.0
Where,
P: power required for moving a
vehicle
∑R: Sum of all resistances =F

Weight
u: vehicle speed
g
1.47
HP = ×𝐹×𝑢
550 HP= 550 Ib*ft/sec
mph = 1.47 ft/sec
Horse Power Ib mph
3. Dynamic Characteristics of Vehicles (cont.)
❑ Braking Distance (Db)
∴ 𝐹𝑓 +𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚 × 𝑎
G
𝑤 1.0
∴ 𝑤 × 𝑓 × cos 𝛾 + w sin 𝛾 = × 𝑎
𝑔

W
Db
g
3. Dynamic Characteristics of Vehicles (cont.)
𝑤
∴ 𝑤 × 𝑓 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 + 𝑤 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛾 = × 𝑎
𝑔
𝑎 𝑤cos 𝛾‫بقسمة المعادلة علي‬
∴ 𝑓 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛾 =
𝑔 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾
𝑎
∴𝑓+𝐺 =
g × cos 𝛾

, 𝑢2 = 2
𝑢0 + 2𝑎𝑥 𝑢02 − 𝑢2
⟶ 𝑎=
2𝑥
, 𝐷𝑏 = 𝑥cos 𝛾 𝑢02 − 𝑢2
∴𝑎=
𝐷𝑏
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾
3. Dynamic Characteristics of Vehicles (cont.)
𝑢02 − 𝑢2
∴𝐹+𝐺 =
𝐷𝑏
2𝑔 cos 𝛾 ×
cos 𝛾
𝑢02 − 𝑢2
∴ 𝐷𝑏 =
2𝑔 𝑓 + 𝐺

𝑢02 − 𝑢2
∴ 𝐷𝑏 =
2𝑔 𝑓 ± 𝐺
+ve for uphill
-ve for downhill

g = gravity acceleration = 9.81 m/sec2 or 32.2 ft/sec2

3. Dynamic Characteristics of Vehicles (cont.)
mph
2
𝑢0 − 𝑢 2
𝑓𝑡
30 𝑓 ± 𝐺
∴ 𝐷𝑏 = 2
𝑢0 − 𝑢 2
kph (𝑚)
254 𝑓 ± 𝐺
+ve for uphill
-ve for downhill
Where,
– Db = braking distance (feet or meters)
– u0 = initial velocity (mph or kph)
– u = final velocity (mph or kph)
– f = coefficient of friction
– G = Grade (decimal)
3. Dynamic Characteristics of Vehicles (cont.)

Example#3 u0= ?? u1= ? u= 35 mph

Tree

Pavement Grass shoulder

100 ft 250 ft
f= 0.45 f= 0.20

2
For Grass shoulder: 𝑢1 − 352
250 = ∴ 𝑢1 = mph
30 0.2 − 0.03
2
For Pavement: 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 2
100 = ∴ 𝒖𝟎 = mph
30 0.45 − 0.03
4. Environment Characteristics of Vehicles

• Noise
• Air pollution
• Accidents
Questions…??