Roots

-
of Equations
Method
·

Graphical
· Bisection Method
· False Position
-
Method
 Roots of Equations
Root of f(x): Values of x that makes f(x) = 0
Also, called Zeros of the equation

Roots of Quadratic Equation 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 are

−𝒃 ± 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
f ( x ) = e− x − x
How about these functions?
f ( x ) = sinx + x = 0

Need Alternative Methods

Methods for solving Non-linear Equations

Bracketing Open
Methods
Graphical Fixed-point
Bisection Newton-
Raphson
False-
Position Secant
 Graphical Method
Plot the function 𝒇 𝒙 and obtain values of 𝒙 for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟎

Example: Determine drag coefficient (c) need for a parachutist of mass m = 68.1 kg to
have a velocity of 40 m/s after free-falling for time-
t = 10 s.

𝒈𝒎 𝒄 𝟔𝟔𝟕. 𝟑𝟖 −
𝒄
𝒗= 𝟏−𝒆
− 𝒎 𝒕
𝒇 𝒄 = 𝟏−𝒆 𝟔𝟖.𝟏 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎
𝒄 𝒄
f(c)=
&(1 e
4m +
-
) - v

Helpful in getting approximate estimates, so it can be used as guess for other methods
 𝒇(𝒙) has same sign,
No roots
(xl , xu]
If 𝒇 𝒙𝒍 and 𝒇(𝒙𝒖 ) has
opposite signs at end
𝒇(𝒙) changes sign once,
One root
points, then odd number
of roots

𝒇(𝒙) changes sign twice,

Two roots If 𝒇(𝒙𝒍 ) and 𝒇(𝒙𝒖 ) has
same signs at end
points, then either no
𝒇(𝒙) changes sign thrice, roots or even number of
Three roots roots.
Bisection Method
If 𝒇 𝒙 is real and continuous in the interval from 𝑥𝑙 to 𝑥𝑢 and
𝑓(𝑥𝑙 ) and 𝑓(𝑥𝑢 ) have opposite signs,

𝑓(𝑥𝑙 ) 𝑓(𝑥𝑢 ) < 0

Then intermediate value theorem implies that there is at least

one real root between 𝑥𝑙 and 𝑥𝑢
 Method
and Du Sit
Step
: 1 Choose e

f(xe) f(au) < 0

r i
Step
=
2 :
Cr [xe xu]
,

( 2r]
, , [2 2n]
,

Step : 3 If f(xe) +(dr) < 0

root will lie in first subinterval (ne Pr),

The

Set Ku =
Pr
Case I .

#f(xe) f(xr) > 0

then the root will lie in [Km Ku]

,

Set xe =
xr

III
Lase. If f(xe) f(xr) = 0

then Xr is the root.

Terminate the
process.
2 .

g .

+(c) =(1 -e-(468 1)

10)
.

40
xu xy
=

x =
12 & xy =
16 [14 ,
15]
= = 14
=
f(xe)f(xm) = f((z) f((4) = 9 51770
29
.

sub-interval xe xr
[14 16]
=

,
z
=
14 S
=
.

= 15

f(u) +(15) = 1 :

569(-0 .

425)
= -
0 .
66640

Root lies in lower subinterval.

❑ In practice, the exact value is never reached.

❑ It is crucial to define an error tolerance.

❑ The relative error is estimated using root approximations

from successive iterations.

Approximate Percent
Relative Error -

Here absolute is used because we are concerned about magnitude rather than sign
 -14 825 .

[ ·
12 In ~
14 5 In .
.
16 515

have reduced the interval

11/
so now we

from (12 , 15] to (14 75 , 10 875] .

x100 = 5 667
.

%
:
.

C .

Note that the true value of the root is 14.7802

 Pros
-
Easy
find the root
>
-
Always
- Number of iterations
absolute
required to
be
attain an error can

computed a
priori &

-
20NS
>
- Must know a and b that bound
root
- Multiple roots ?
-
Convergence is
relatively slow ?
False- Position
Method
Utilizes the
information of
function values
 intersection
Using similar
triangles ,

be
the
estimated as
of the
straight
line with the x-axis can

f(xe)(x-xu) f) ( =

= + (xu)xe
xu +(e) -

xr(f(xe) +(u) -
=

f(x)
f(xu)xy
-

= xuf(x) -
f(xu)xu +

f(xu)

it
A

- . ↑

Nu
ar
f(xi)
 Using false position method for the same example

First Iteration :

Second iteration:

which has true and approximate relative errors of 0.09 and 0.79 percent.