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Human Resources Management Set Concepts
Methodologies Tools and Applications Human Resources
Management Concepts Methodologies Tools and
Applications 1st Edition Information Resources
Management Association Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Information Resources Management Association, Information
Resources Management Association
ISBN(s): 9781466616011, 1466616016
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 48.08 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
Human Resources
Management:
Concepts, Methodologies, Tools
and Applications
Information Resources Management Association
USA

Volume I
Managing Director: Lindsay Johnston
Senior Editorial Director: Heather Probst
Acquisitions Editor: Erika Gallagher
Development Manager: Joel Gamon
Development Editor: Chris Wozniak
Book Production Manager: Sean Woznicki
Assistant Production Editor: Deanna Jo Zombro
Cover Design: Nick Newcomer, Lisandro Gonzalez

Published in the United States of America by

Business Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)
701 E. Chocolate Avenue
Hershey PA 17033
Tel: 717-533-8845
Fax: 717-533-8661
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Copyright © 2012 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in
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Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Human resources management : concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications / Information Resources Management
Association, editor. v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: “This reference compiles the most sought after case studies, architectures, frameworks, methodologies, and
research related human resources management, Including in-depth analyses on the fundamental aspects, tools and technolo-
gies, methods and design, applications, managerial impact, social/behavioral perspectives, critical issues, and emerging
trends in the field”--Provided by publisher.
ISBN 978-1-4666-1601-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-1602-8 (ebook : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-
1603-5 (print & perpetual access : alk. paper)
1. Personnel management. 2. Personnel management--Case studies. I. Information Resources Management Association.

HF5549.H8728 2012
658.3--dc23

2012010539

British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
Editor-in-Chief
Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, DBA
Editor-in-Chief
Contemporary Research in Information Science and Technology, Book Series

Associate Editors
Steve Clarke, University of Hull, UK
Murray E. Jennex, San Diego State University, USA
Annie Becker, Florida Institute of Technology, USA
Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, University of Tampere, Finland

Editorial Advisory Board

Sherif Kamel, American University in Cairo, Egypt
In Lee, Western Illinois University, USA
Jerzy Kisielnicki, Warsaw University, Poland
Keng Siau, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
Amar Gupta, Arizona University, USA
Craig van Slyke, University of Central Florida, USA
John Wang, Montclair State University, USA
Vishanth Weerakkody, Brunel University, UK
List of Contributors

Agrawal, Vijay K. / University of Nebraska at Kearney, USA......................................................... 1479

Agrawal, Vipin K. / California State University – Fullerton, USA.................................................. 1479
Aldosary, Adel S. / King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia.......................... 611
Amiri, Behnam / University of Tehran, Iran........................................................................................ 23
Ashill, Nicholas J. / American University of Sharjah, UAE............................................................... 500
Bahuguna, P.C. / University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, India.................................................... 87
Bandara, Wasana / Queensland University of Technology, Australia............................................... 785
Bañón, Alexis / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain............................................................... 1106
Bassiliades, Nick / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece........................................................ 535
Bastida, María / University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain......................................................... 931
Beil-Hildebrand, Margitta B. / Independent Scholar, Germany..................................................... 1309
Benítez, Dolores Garzón / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain.............................................. 948
Bidwell, Posy / Trinity College Dublin, Ireland................................................................................ 1148
Blanton, J. Ellis / University of South Florida, USA........................................................................ 1085
Bolisani, Ettore / University of Padua, Italy...................................................................................... 872
Bowie, Cameron / College of Medicine, Malawi............................................................................... 888
Brandão, Patrícia Leite / Instituto Politécnico do Cávado e do Ave, Portugal................................. 631
Cakici,N. Meltem / Gediz University, Turkey..................................................................................... 387
Calvo, Nuria / University of A Coruña, Spain............................................................................ 931, 966
Casado-Lumbreras, Cristina / Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain................................... 317
Case, Tom / Georgia Southern University, USA............................................................................... 1349
Castaño, Javier Pagán / Portsmouth University, UK........................................................................ 948
Cavaleri, Steven A. / Central Connecticut State University, USA................................................... 1408
Chae, Bongsug (Kevin) / Kansas State University, USA..................................................................... 50
Chesnokova, Anna / Kyiv National Linguistic University, Ukraine.................................................. 521
Cissek, Peter / University of Magdeburg, Germany........................................................................... 291
Colomo-Palacios, Ricardo / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain........................................ 1, 317
Conca, Jorge Valdés / University of Alicante, Spain.......................................................................... 232
Costa, Gonçalo Jorge Morais / De Montfort University, UK.......................................................... 1068
Costello,Gina R. / Louisiana State University, USA......................................................................... 1179
Coyle, Tom / The University of Texas at Brownsville, USA.............................................................. 1262
da Silva e Souza, Geraldo / Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Secretariat for
Strategic Planning, Brasília, Brazil................................................................................................. 430
Dalton, Ronan / IBM, Ireland............................................................................................................. 455
Daugherty, Alice / Louisiana State University, USA........................................................................ 1179
Davis, Emmett / Hennepin County (MN) Human Services and Public Health Department,
USA................................................................................................................................................ 1392
de Andrade Alves, Eliseu Roberto / Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Secretariat
for Strategic Planning, Brasília, Brazil........................................................................................... 430
de Deus, Flávio Elias / Universidade de Brasília, Brazil................................................................... 769
de Juana-Espinosa, Susana / University of Alicante, Spain.............................................................. 232
de Kervenoael, Ronan / Sabanci University & Aston University, Turkey......................................... 387
De Maggio, Marco / University of Salento (Lecce), Italy.................................................................. 191
Deng, Hepu / RMIT University, Australia........................................................................................... 564
Dick, Geoffrey / University of New South Wales,Australia.............................................................. 1349
Dwiatmoko, Aris / Sanata Dharma University, Indonesia................................................................. 215
Eckhardt, Andreas / Goethe University, Germany............................................................................ 435
Edvardsson, Ingi Runar / University of Akureyri, Iceland................................................................ 658
El Ansari, Walid / University of Gloucestershire, UK....................................................................... 134
Elovainio, Marko / National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland................................. 801
Feás, Jacobo / University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain............................................................. 931
Fielt, Erwin / Queensland University of Technology, Australia......................................................... 785
Finne-Soveri, Harriet / National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland.......................... 801
Flynn, Barbara B. / Indiana University, USA.................................................................................... 675
Foley III, John J / Citigroup, USA..................................................................................................... 731
Gable, Guy / Queensland University of Technology, Australia.......................................................... 785
García-Crespo, Ángel / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain........................................................ 1
Gholipour, Aryan / Gholipour,University of Tehran, Iran................................................................... 23
Gil, Ignacio / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain.................................................................. 1106
Gomez, Jorge Marx / University of Oldenburg, Germany................................................................ 291
Gosney, Matthew W. / University of Arkansas, USA....................................................................... 1056
Gözlü, Sitki / Istanbul Technical University, Turkey........................................................................ 1035
Grippa, Francesca / University of Salento (Lecce), Italy................................................................... 191
Guillén, Manuel / University of Valencia, Spain.............................................................................. 1106
Guth, Jessica / Bradford University Law School, UK...................................................................... 1217
Guy, Retta / Tennessee State University, USA.................................................................................... 718
Hamdan, Abdul Razak / Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia............................................. 486
Han, Hyo-Joo / Georgia Southern University, USA......................................................................... 1349
Han, Pi-Chi / University of Missouri-St. Louis, USA......................................................................... 753
Hernández-López, Adrián / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain............................................ 317
Hevey, David / University of Dublin, Ireland..................................................................................... 888
Hughes, Claretha / University of Arkansas, USA............................................................................. 1056
Ismail, Kamsiah Mohd / Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia.................................................................... 40
Janev, Valentina / The Mihajlo Pupin Institute, Serbia...................................................................... 470
Jantan, Hamidah / Universiti Teknologi MARA & Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia...... 486
Jiménez, Miguel / Alhambra-Eidos, Spain......................................................................................... 583
Johnson, Jennie / The University of Texas at Brownsville, USA...................................................... 1262
Jones, Stephanie / Maastricht School of Management, The Netherlands.......................................... 703
Kabene, Stefane M. / University of Western Ontario, Canada.......................................................... 276
Kabst, Rüdiger / Justus-Liebig-Universität, Germany........................................................................ 50
Kalfakakou, Glykeria / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece............................................. 1007
Karunasena, Anuradha / RMIT University, Australia....................................................................... 564
Karunasena, Kanishka / RMIT University, Australia........................................................................ 564
Kasten, Joseph / Dowling College, USA............................................................................................ 119
Katz, Jeffrey / Western Kentucky University, USA............................................................................... 50
Kayakutlu, Gulgun / Istanbul Technical University, Turkey............................................................. 102
Kazienko, Przemysław / Wroclaw University of Technology. Poland............................................... 360
King, Kathleen P. / University of South Florida, USA....................................................................... 731
Kitchel, Allen / University of Idaho, USA........................................................................................... 343
Klitmøller, Anders / Department of Management, Aarhus School of Business, Aarhus University,
Denmark........................................................................................................................................... 819
Koch, Stefan / Bogazici University, Turkey........................................................................................ 304
Koivisto, Anna-Maija / University of Tampere, Finland................................................................... 801
Kravari, Kalliopi / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece....................................................... 535
Kumari,P. / Kanya Gurukul Mahavidyalaya, India.............................................................................. 87
Labedz, Jr., Chester S. / Central Connecticut State University, USA.............................................. 1408
Laumer, Sven / Otto-Friedrich University Bamberg, Germany......................................................... 435
Lauring, Jakob / Department of Management, Aarhus School of Business, Aarhus University,
Denmark........................................................................................................................................... 819
Leahy, Nancy A. / St. Philip’s College, USA.................................................................................... 1372
Leduc, Raymond / University of Western Ontario, Canada.............................................................. 276
Lee, Margaret R. / Capella University, USA..................................................................................... 921
Lehto, Juhani / University of Tampere, Finland................................................................................ 801
Leos, Leonard / St. Philip’s College, USA........................................................................................ 1372
Lima, Joselice Ferreira / Universidade de Brasília, Brazil............................................................... 769
Liu, Yi / Xi’an Jiaotong University, China.......................................................................................... 675
Loutzenhiser, Kim / Troy University, USA......................................................................................... 600
Luna-Arocas, Roberto / University of Valencia, Spain..................................................................... 978
Maier, Christian / Otto-Friedrich University Bamberg, Germany.................................................... 435
Makoae, Lucy / National University of Lesotho, Lesotho.................................................................. 888
Manafa, Ogenna / University of Dublin, Ireland............................................................................... 888
Martín, Inmaculada Beltrán / Universitat Jaume I, Spain............................................................. 1280
Martínez-León, Inocencia M. / Technical University of Cartagena, Spain.................................... 1119
Maseko, Fresier / College of Medicine, Malawi................................................................................ 888
Mathrani, Anuradha / Massey University, New Zealand.................................................................. 642
Mathrani, Sanjay / Massey University, New Zealand........................................................................ 642
McAuliffe, Eilish / University of Dublin, Ireland............................................................................... 888
McDonald, J. Scott / University of Texas El Paso, USA.................................................................... 854
McDonald, Maureen / WDE Consulting, USA.................................................................................. 854
Meditskos, Georgios / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece................................................. 535
Merwin Jr., Gerald A. / Valdosta State University, USA................................................................... 854
Merwin, Keith A. / Merwin & Associates, USA................................................................................. 854
Michalski, Radosław / Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland.................................................. 360
Miskon, Suraya / Queensland University of Technology, Australia.................................................. 785
Moleli, Mamello / National University of Lesotho, Lesotho & Ministry of Health and Social
Welfare, Lesotho............................................................................................................................... 888
Molinaro, Luis Fernando Ramos / Universidade de Brasília, Brazil.............................................. 769
Moreno, Ignacio / ICARINDI S.L., Spain........................................................................................... 966
Mühlbacher, Jürgen / WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria....................... 1023
Nahiduzzaman, Kh. Md. / King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia............. 611
Naro, Don / IBM, Ireland.................................................................................................................... 455
Newton, Sandra K. / Sonoma State University, USA....................................................................... 1085
Noro, Anja / National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland............................................ 801
Nowak, Linda I. / Sonoma State University, USA............................................................................ 1085
O’Connor, Jerh. / IBM, Ireland.......................................................................................................... 455
Oskarsson, Gudmundur Kristjan / University of Akureyri, Iceland................................................ 658
Othman, Zulaiha Ali / Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia................................................. 486
Palus, Sebastian / Wroclaw University of Technology. Poland.......................................................... 360
Pate, Christopher L. / St. Philip’s College, USA............................................................................. 1372
Piattini, Mario / University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain................................................................ 583
Pineda, José Luis / Tecnologico de Monterrey, México..................................................................... 170
Prince, J. Bruce / Kansas State University, USA.................................................................................. 50
Puteh, Marlia / Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia................................................................................... 40
Qian, Liping / Chongqing University, China...................................................................................... 675
Rădulescu, Magdalena / University of Piteşti, Romania................................................................... 253
Rahschulte, Tim / George Fox University, USA................................................................................ 905
Ramírez, Jacobo / Tecnologico de Monterrey, México...................................................................... 170
Ramos, Karoll Haussler Carneiro / Universidade de Brasília, Brazil............................................. 769
Richardson, Mathew / University of Texas El Paso, USA................................................................. 854
Rocha, Álvaro / Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Portugal............................................................... 631
Rossmann, Doralyn / Montana State University, USA.................................................................... 1205
Ruano-Mayoral, Marcos / EgeoIT, Spain.............................................................................................. 1
Rungo, Paolo / University of A Coruña, Spain................................................................................... 966
Rutaisire, John / Rwanda National Examinations Council, Rwanda.............................................. 1242
Sastramihardja, Husni S / Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia.......................................... 215
Savvas, Ioannis / Agricultural University of Athens, Greece & Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, Greece........................................................................................................................ 535
Scarso, Enrico / University of Padua, Italy........................................................................................ 872
Schneidermeyer, Phil / Heidrick & Struggles, USA............................................................................. 79
Schoneboom, Abigail / City University of New York, USA.............................................................. 1496
Seely, Julianne / Grantham University, USA.................................................................................... 1335
Sekhwela, M. B. M. / University of Botswana, Botswana.................................................................. 994
Şerbănescu, Luminiţa / University of Piteşti, Romania.................................................................... 253
Sinervo, Timo / National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland....................................... 801
Sohrabi, Babak / University of Tehran, Iran........................................................................................ 23
Soto-Acosta, Pedro / Universidad de Murcia, Spain...................................................................... 1, 317
Stalker, George H. / Dataleaf Technologies, Inc., USA................................................................... 1408
Steele, Jim / George Fox University USA........................................................................................... 905
Stringhini, Silvia / Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.......................................................................... 1148
Surendro, Kridanto / Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia................................................... 215
Taylor, Ross / University of Nebraska at Kearney, USA................................................................... 1479
Teixeira, Paulo / Instituto Politécnico do Cávado e do Ave, Portugal............................................... 631
Tenkorang, Frank / University of Nebraska at Kearney, USA........................................................ 1479
Thomas, Stephen / Trinity College Dublin, Ireland......................................................................... 1148
Torres-Coronas, Teresa / Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain............................................................ 408
Turk, Gerhard / Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria.......................................... 304
Tyagi, Archana / Institute of Management Technology and Centre for Distance Learning,
Ghaziabad, India & University of Business and International Studies, Switzerland...................... 372
Tyagi, Ragini / TATA Steel Limited, India........................................................................................... 372
Tynkkynen, Liina-Kaisa / University of Tampere, Finland............................................................... 801
van Peer, Willie / Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany................................................ 521
Van Slyke, Craig / Saint Louis University, USA............................................................................... 1349
Viana, Vander / Queen’s University Belfast, UK................................................................................ 521
Vidal-Blasco, María Arántzazu / Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain............................................... 408
Vizcaíno, Aurora / University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain............................................................ 583
Vouzas, Fotis / University of Macedonia, Greece............................................................................... 837
Vraneš, Sanja / The Mihajlo Pupin Institute, Serbia.......................................................................... 470
Wang, Jia / Texas A&M University, USA............................................................................................ 152
Wijaya, St.Wisnu / Sanata Dharma University, Indonesia................................................................ 215
Wishart, Craig / Fayetteville State University, USA.......................................................................... 718
Wolfe, Melody / University of Western Ontario, Canada................................................................... 276
Wright, Fran / Bradford University Law School, UK...................................................................... 1217
Wu, Dezhi / Southern Utah University, USA...................................................................................... 329
Yopp, Martha C. / University of Idaho, USA..................................................................................... 343
Zapata-Cantú, Laura / Tecnologico de Monterrey, México.............................................................. 170
Zapounidis, Konstantinos C. / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece................................. 1007
Zerenler, Muammer / Selcuk University, Turkey............................................................................. 1035
Zhao, Xiande / Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong........................................................ 675
Zheng, Connie / Deakin University, Australia..................................................................................... 13
Zhou, Honggeng / University of New Hampshire, USA................................................................... 1164
Zyngier, Sonia / Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil........................................................... 521
Table of Contents

Volume I

Section 1
Fundamental Concepts and Theories

This section serves as a foundation for this exhaustive reference tool by addressing underlying
principles essential to the understanding of Human Resources Management. Chapters found
within these pages provide an excellent framework in which to position Human Resources
Management within the field of information science and technology. Insight regarding the
critical incorporation of global measures into Human Resources Management is addressed,
while crucial stumbling blocks of this field are explored. With 11 chapters comprising this
foundational section, the reader can learn and chose from a compendium of expert research on
the elemental theories underscoring the Human Resources Management discipline.

Chapter 1
The War for Talent: Identifying Competences in IT Professionals through Semantics........................... 1
Ricardo Colomo-Palacios, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Marcos Ruano-Mayoral, EgeoIT, Spain
Pedro Soto-Acosta, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
Ángel García-Crespo, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain

Chapter 2
East and West, Past and Present: Rekindle Old Principles for New Management Practices................. 13
Connie Zheng, Deakin University, Australia

Chapter 3
The Influence of Information Technology on Organizational Behavior: Study of Identity Challenges
in Virtual Teams..................................................................................................................................... 23
Babak Sohrabi, University of Tehran, Iran
Aryan Gholipour, University of Tehran, Iran
Behnam Amiri, University of Tehran, Iran
Chapter 4
Quality Assurance through Innovation Policy: The Pedagogical Implications on Engineering
Education............................................................................................................................................... 40
Marlia Puteh, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia
Kamsiah Mohd Ismail, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia

Chapter 5
An Exploratory Cross-National Study of Information Sharing and Human Resource Information
Systems.................................................................................................................................................. 50
Bongsug (Kevin) Chae, Kansas State University, USA
J. Bruce Prince, Kansas State University, USA
Jeffrey Katz, Western Kentucky University, USA
Rüdiger Kabst, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Germany

Chapter 6
IT Human Resources: Experts at Talent Management and Critical Partners to the CIO....................... 79
Phil Schneidermeyer, Heidrick & Struggles, USA

Chapter 7
Strategic Human Resource Management and Organizational Performance . ....................................... 87
P.C. Bahuguna, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, India
P. Kumari, Kanya Gurukul Mahavidyalaya, India

Chapter 8
Knowledge Worker Profile: A Framework to Clarify Expectations.................................................... 102
Gulgun Kayakutlu, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

Chapter 9
Knowledge Strategy: Its Mitigating Effects on the Organization........................................................ 119
Joseph Kasten, Dowling College, USA

Chapter 10
Assigning People as Number One Priority: Engaging With Disadvantaged Communities in
Healthcare Research............................................................................................................................. 134
Walid El Ansari, University of Gloucestershire, UK

Chapter 11
Human Resource Development and Technology Integration.............................................................. 152
Jia Wang, Texas A&M University, USA
 Section 2
Development and Design Methodologies

This section provides in-depth coverage of conceptual architecture frameworks to provide the
reader with a comprehensive understanding of the emerging developments within the field of
Human Resources Management. Research fundamentals imperative to the understanding of
developmental processes within Human Resources Management are offered. From broad ex-
aminations to specific discussions on methodology, the research found within this section spans
the discipline while offering detailed, specific discussions. From basic designs to abstract de-
velopment, these chapters serve to expand the reaches of development and design technologies
within the Human Resources Management community. This section includes 10 contributions
from researchers throughout the world on the topic of Human Resources Management.

Chapter 12
HRM Adaptation to Knowledge Management Initiatives: Three Mexican Cases............................... 170
Laura Zapata-Cantú, Tecnologico de Monterrey, México
Jacobo Ramírez, Tecnologico de Monterrey, México
José Luis Pineda, Tecnologico de Monterrey, México

Chapter 13
An Integrated Methodology to Detect the Evolution of Virtual Organizational
Communities ....................................................................................................................................... 191
Marco De Maggio, University of Salento (Lecce), Italy
Francesca Grippa, University of Salento (Lecce), Italy

Chapter 14
A Statistical Analysis of Priority Factors for Local e-Government in a Developing Country:
Case Study of Yogyakarta Local Government, Indonesia................................................................... 215
St.Wisnu Wijaya, Sanata Dharma University, Indonesia
Aris Dwiatmoko, Sanata Dharma University, Indonesia
Kridanto Surendro, Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia
Husni S Sastramihardja, Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia

Chapter 15
The Competency-Based Human Resource Management Model......................................................... 232
Jorge Valdés Conca, University of Alicante, Spain
Susana de Juana-Espinosa, University of Alicante, Spain

Chapter 16
The Financial Related Analysis on Sales Management and Human Resources by Means of
BI Type Solutions ............................................................................................................................... 253
Luminiţa Şerbănescu, University of Piteşti, Romania
Magdalena Rădulescu, University of Piteşti, Romania
Chapter 17
Recruitment and Retention of Healthcare Professionals for the Changing Demographics, Culture,
and Access in Canada........................................................................................................................... 276
Stefane M. Kabene, University of Western Ontario, Canada
Melody Wolfe, University of Western Ontario, Canada
Raymond Leduc, University of Western Ontario, Canada

Chapter 18
Integration of Predated Notifications of Personal Actions for HR-Planning in
ERP-Systems ...................................................................................................................................... 291
Peter Cissek, University of Magdeburg, Germany
Jorge Marx Gomez, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Chapter 19
Human Resource Related Problems in Agile and Traditional Software Project Process
Models................................................................................................................................................. 304
Stefan Koch, Bogazici University, Turkey
Gerhard Turk, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria

Chapter 20
Personnel Performance Appraisal Coverage in ITIL, COBIT and CMMi: A Study from the
Perspective of People-CMM................................................................................................................ 317
Cristina Casado-Lumbreras, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
Ricardo Colomo-Palacios, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Adrián Hernández-López, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Pedro Soto-Acosta, Universidad de Murcia, Spain

Chapter 21
Investigating Temporal Structure Usage in Individual Time Management Practices:
Two In-Depth Field Interviews............................................................................................................ 329
Dezhi Wu, Southern Utah University, USA

Section 3
Tools and Technologies

This section presents an extensive coverage of various tools and technologies available in the
field of Human Resources Management that practitioners and academicians alike can utilize
to develop different techniques. These chapters enlighten readers about fundamental research
on the many tools facilitating the burgeoning field of Human Resources Management. It is
through these rigorously researched chapters that the reader is provided with countless exam-
ples of the up-and-coming tools and technologies emerging from the field of Human Resources
Management. With 11 chapters, this section offers a broad treatment of some of the many tools
and technologies within the Human Resources Management field.
Chapter 22
Team Dynamics in Virtual Spaces: Challenges for Workforce Training, Human Resource
Development, and Adult Development................................................................................................ 343
Martha C. Yopp, University of Idaho, USA
Allen Kitchel, University of Idaho, USA

Chapter 23
Evaluation of Corporate Structure Based on Social Network Analysis............................................... 360
Sebastian Palus, Wroclaw University of Technology. Poland
Przemysław Kazienko, Wroclaw University of Technology. Poland
Radosław Michalski, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

Chapter 24
Social Media: Opportunities and Challenges for Human Resource Management.............................. 372
Archana Tyagi, Institute of Management Technology and Centre for Distance Learning,
Ghaziabad, India & University of Business and International Studies, Switzerland
Ragini Tyagi, TATA Steel Limited, India

Chapter 25
Sources of Legitimacy for the M-Government Initiatives in Turkey: Human vs. Technical
Resource Management Concerns......................................................................................................... 387
N. Meltem Cakici, Gediz University, Turkey
Ronan de Kervenoael, Sabanci University & Aston University, Turkey

Chapter 26
Promoting Digital Competences through Social Software: A Case Study at the Rovira i Virgili
University............................................................................................................................................. 408
Teresa Torres-Coronas, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain
María Arántzazu Vidal-Blasco, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain

Chapter 27
Scientific Computing in the Context of a Successful Agricultural Research Enterprise..................... 430
Geraldo da Silva e Souza, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Secretariat for
Strategic Planning, Brasília, Brazil
Eliseu Roberto de Andrade Alves, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Secretariat
for Strategic Planning, Brasília, Brazil

Chapter 28
Introducing a First Step towards a Holistic Talent Management System Architecture ...................... 435
Andreas Eckhardt, Goethe University, Germany
Sven Laumer, Otto-Friedrich University Bamberg, Germany
Christian Maier, Otto-Friedrich University Bamberg, Germany
Chapter 29
Lotus Workforce Management: Streamlining Human Resource Management................................... 455
Jerh. O’Connor, IBM, Ireland
Ronan Dalton, IBM, Ireland
Don Naro, IBM, Ireland

Chapter 30
Applicability Assessment of Semantic Web Technologies in Human Resources Domain.................. 470
Valentina Janev, The Mihajlo Pupin Institute, Serbia
Sanja Vraneš, The Mihajlo Pupin Institute, Serbia

Chapter 31
Human Talent Forecasting using Data Mining Classification Techniques.......................................... 486
Hamidah Jantan, Universiti Teknologi MARA & Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Abdul Razak Hamdan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Zulaiha Ali Othman, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia

Chapter 32
An Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and the Partial Least Squares (PLS)
Methodology........................................................................................................................................ 500
Nicholas J. Ashill, American University of Sharjah, UAE

Volume II

Section 4
Utilization and Application

This section discusses a variety of applications and opportunities available that can be consid-
ered by practitioners in developing viable and effective Human Resources Management pro-
grams and processes. This section includes 10 chapters that review topics from best practices
in Asia to ongoing research in the United States. Further chapters discuss Human Resources
Management in a variety of settings (business process modeling, succession planning, out-
sourcing, etc.). Contributions included in this section provide excellent coverage of today’s
IT community and how research into Human Resources Management is impacting the social
fabric of our present-day global village.

Chapter 33
Budding Researchers in the Humanities: An Intercultural Online Project.......................................... 521
Vander Viana, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Anna Chesnokova, Kyiv National Linguistic University, Ukraine
Sonia Zyngier, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Willie van Peer, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
in diameter, which was faced with feathers, placed perpendicularly,
with the tops bending forwards, and edged round with shark’s teeth,
and the tail feathers of tropic birds: when he had put on this head-
dress, which is called a Whow, he began to dance, moving slowly,
and often turning his head so as that the top of his high wicker-cap
described a circle, and sometimes throwing it so near the faces of
the spectators as to make them start back: this was held among
them as a very good joke, and never failed to produce a peal of
laughter, especially when it was played off upon one of the
strangers.
On the 3d, we went along the shore to the northward, which was
in a direction opposite to that of the route Mr. Banks and Dr.
Solander had taken the day before, with a design to purchase stock,
which we always found the people more ready to part with, and at a
more easy price, at their houses than at the market. In the course of
our walk, we met with a company of dancers, who detained us two
hours, and during all that time afforded us great entertainment. The
company consisted of two women dancers, and six men, with three
drums; we were informed by Tupia, that they were some of the most
considerable people of the island, and that, though they were
continually going from place to place, they did not, like the little
strolling companies of Otaheite, take any gratuity from the
spectators. The women had upon their heads a considerable
quantity of Tamou, or platted hair, which was brought several times
round the head, and adorned in many parts with the flowers of the
cape-jessamine, which were stuck in with much taste, and made a
head-dress truly elegant. Their necks, shoulders, and arms, were
naked; so were the breasts also, as low as the parting of the arm;
below that, they were covered with black cloth, which set close to
the body; at the side of each breast, next the arm, was placed a
small plume of black feathers, much in the same manner as our
ladies now wear their nosegays or bouquets; upon their hips rested
a quantity of cloth plaited very full, which reached up to the breast,
and fell down below into long petticoats, which quite concealed their
feet, and which they managed with as much dexterity as our opera
dancers could have done: the plaits above the waist were brown and
white alternately, the petticoats below were all white.
In this dress they advanced sideways in a measured step, keeping
excellent time to the drums, which beat briskly and loud; soon after
they began to shake their hips, giving the folds of cloth that lay upon
them a very quick motion, which was in some degree continued
through the whole dance, though the body was thrown into various
postures, sometimes standing, sometimes sitting, and sometimes
resting on their knees and elbows, the fingers also being moved at
the same time with a quickness scarcely to be imagined. Much of the
dexterity of the dancers, however, and the entertainment of the
spectators, consisted in the wantonness of their attitudes and
gestures, which was, indeed, such as exceeds all description.
One of these girls had in her ear three pearls; one of them was
very large, but so foul that it was of little value; the other two were
as big as a middling pea; these were clear, and of a good colour and
shape, though spoiled by the drilling. Mr. Banks would fain have
purchased them, and offered the owner any thing she would ask for
them, but she could not be persuaded to part with them at any
price: he tempted her with the value of four hogs, and whatever else
she should choose, but without success; and indeed they set a value
upon their pearls very nearly equal to what they would fetch among
us, except they could be procured before they are drilled.
Between the dances of the women, the men performed a kind of
dramatic interlude, in which there was dialogue as well as dancing;
but we were not sufficiently acquainted with their language to
understand the subject.
On the 4th, some of our gentlemen saw a much more regular
entertainment of the dramatic kind, which was divided into four acts.
Tupia had often told us that he had large possessions in this
island, which had been taken away from him by the inhabitants of
Bolabola, and he now pointed them out in the very bay where the
ship was at anchor. Upon our going on shore, this was confirmed by
the inhabitants, who showed us several districts or Whennuas, which
they acknowledged to be his right.
On the 5th, I received a present of three hogs, some fowls,
several pieces of cloth, the largest we had seen, being fifty yards
long, which they unfolded and displayed so as to make the greatest
show possible; and a considerable quantity of plantains, cocoa-nuts,
and other refreshments, from Opoony, the formidable king, or, in the
language of the country, Earee rahie, of Bolabola, with a message
that he was at this time upon the island, and that the next day he
intended to pay me a visit.
In the mean time Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander went upon the hills,
accompanied by several of the Indians, who conducted them by
excellent paths, to such a height, that they plainly saw the other side
of the island, and the passage through which the ship had passed
the reef between the little islands of Opururu and Tamou, when we
landed upon it the first time. As they were returning, they saw the
Indians exercising themselves at what they call Erowhaw, which is
nothing more than pitching a kind of light lance, headed with hard
wood, at a mark: in this amusement, though they seem very fond of
it, they do not excel, for not above one in twelve struck the mark,
which was the hole of a plantain tree, at about twenty yards
distance.
On the 6th, we all staid at home, expecting the visit of the great
king, but we were disappointed; we had, however, much more
agreeable company, for he sent three very pretty girls to demand
something in return for his present: perhaps he was unwilling to
trust himself on board the ship, or perhaps he thought his
messengers would procure a more valuable return for his hogs and
poultry than he could himself; be that as it may, we did not regret
his absence, nor his messengers their visit.
In the afternoon, as the great king would not come to us, we
determined to go to the great king. As he was lord of the Bolabola
men, the conquerors of this, and the terror of all the other islands,
we expected to see a chief young and vigorous, with an intelligent
countenance, and an enterprising spirit: we found, however, a poor
feeble wretch, withered and decrepit, half blind with age, and so
sluggish and stupid that he appeared scarcely to have understanding
enough left to know that it was probable we should be gratified
either by hogs or women. He did not receive us sitting, or with any
state or formality as the other chiefs had done: we made him our
present, which he accepted, and gave a hog in return. We had learnt
that his principal residence was at Otaha; and upon our telling him
that we intended to go thither in our boats the next morning, and
that we should be glad to have him along with us, he promised to be
of the party.
Early in the morning, therefore, I set out both with the pinnace
and long-boat for Otaha, having some of the gentlemen with me;
and in our way we called upon Opoony, who was in his canoe, ready
to join us. As soon as we landed at Otaha, I made him a present of
an axe, which I thought might induce him to encourage his subjects
to bring us such provision as we wanted; but in this we found
ourselves sadly disappointed; for after staying with him till noon, we
left him without being able to procure a single article. I then
proceeded to the north point of the island, in the pinnace, having
sent the long-boat another way. As I went along, I picked up half a
dozen hogs, as many fowls, and some plantains and yams. Having
viewed and sketched the harbour on this side of the island, I made
the best of my way back with the long-boat, which joined me soon
after it was dark; and about ten o’clock at night we got on board the
ship.
In this excursion Mr. Banks was not with us: he spent the morning
on board the ship, trading with the natives, who came off in their
canoes, for provisions and curiosities; and, in the afternoon, he went
on shore with his draughtsmen, to sketch the dresses of the dancers
which he had seen a day or two before. He found the company
exactly the same, except that another woman had been added to it:
the dancing also of the women was the same, but the interludes of
the men were somewhat varied; he saw five or six performed, which
were different from each other, and very much resembled the drama
of our stage dances. The next day, he went ashore again, with Dr.
Solander, and they directed their course towards the dancing
company, which, from the time of our second landing, had gradually
moved about two leagues in their course round the island. They saw
more dancing, and more interludes, the interludes still varying from
each other: in one of them the performers, who were all men, were
divided into two parties, which were distinguished from each other
by the colour of their clothes, one being brown, and the other white.
The brown party represented a master and servants, and the white
party a company of thieves: the master gave a basket of meat to the
rest of his party, with a charge to take care of it: the dance of the
white party consisted of several expedients to steal it, and that of
the brown party in preventing their success. After some time, those
who had charge of the basket placed themselves round it upon the
ground, and, leaning upon it, appeared to go to sleep; the others,
improving this opportunity, came gently upon them, and lifting them
up from the basket, carried off their prize: the sleepers, soon after
awaking, missed their basket, but presently fell a dancing, without
any farther regarding their loss; so that the dramatic action of this
dance was, according to the severest laws of criticism, one, and our
lovers of simplicity would here have been gratified with an
entertainment perfectly suited to the chastity of their taste.
On the 9th, having spent the morning in trading with the canoes,
we took the opportunity of a breeze, which sprung up at east, and
having stopped our leak, and got the fresh stock which we had
purchased on board, we sailed out of the harbour. When we were
sailing away, Tupia strongly urged me to fire a shot towards
Bolabola, possibly as a mark of his resentment, and to show the
power of his new allies: in this I thought proper to gratify him,
though we were seven leagues distant.
While we were about these islands, we expended very little of the
ship’s provisions, and were very plentifully supplied with hogs, fowls,
plantains and yams, which we hoped would have been of great use
to us in our course to the southward; but the hogs would not eat
European grain of any kind, pulse, or bread-dust, so that we could
not preserve them alive; and the fowls were all very soon seized
with a disease that affected the head so, that they continued to hold
it down between their legs till they died: much dependence,
therefore, must not be placed in live stock taken on board at these
places, at least not till a discovery is made of some food that the
hogs will eat, and some remedy for the disease of the poultry.
Having been necessarily detained at Ulietea so long, by the
carpenters, in stopping our leak, we determined to give up our
design of going on shore at Bolabola, especially as it appeared to be
difficult of access.
To these six islands, Ulietea, Otaha, Bolabola, Huaheine, Tubai,
and Maurua, as they lie contiguous to each other, I gave the names
of Society Islands, but did not think it proper to distinguish them
separately by any other names than those by which they were
known to the natives.
They are situated between the latitude of 16° 10ʹ and 16° 55ʹ S.,
and between the longitude of 150° 57ʹ and 152° W. from the
meridian of Greenwich. Ulietea and Otaha lie within about two miles
of each other, and are both inclosed within one reef of coral rocks,
so that there is no passage for shipping between them. This reef
forms several excellent harbours; the entrances into them, indeed,
are but narrow, yet when a ship is once in, nothing can hurt her. The
harbours on the east side have been described already; and on the
west side of Ulietea, which is the largest of the two, there are three.
The northernmost, in which we lay, is called Ohamaneno: the channel
leading into it is about a quarter of a mile wide, and lies between
two low sandy islands, which are the northernmost on this side;
between, or just within the two islands, there is good anchorage in
twenty-eight fathom, soft ground. This harbour, though small, is
preferable to the others, because it is situated in the most fertile
part of the island, and where fresh water is easily to be got. The
other two harbours lie to the southward of this, and not far from the
south end of the island: in both of them there is good anchorage,
with ten, twelve, and fourteen fathom. They are easily known by
three small woody islands at their entrance. The southernmost of
these two harbours lies within, and to the southward of the
southernmost of these islands, and the other lies between the two
northernmost. I was told that there were more harbours at the south
end of this island, but I did not examine whether the report was
true.
Otaha affords two very good harbours, one on the east side, and
the other on the west. That on the east side is called Ohamene, and
has been mentioned already; the other is called Oherurua, and lies
about the middle of the south-west side of the island; it is pretty
large, and affords good anchorage in twenty and twenty-five fathom,
nor is there any want of fresh water. The breach in the reef, that
forms a channel into this harbour, is about a quarter of a mile broad,
and, like all the rest, is very steep on both sides: in general there is
no danger here but what is visible.
The island of Bolabola lies N. W. and by W. from Otaha, distant
about four leagues; it is surrounded by a reef of rocks, and several
small islands, in compass together about eight leagues. I was told,
that, on the south-west side of the island, there is a channel through
the reef into a very good harbour, but I did not think it worth while
to examine it, for the reasons that have been just assigned. This
island is rendered very remarkable by a high craggy hill, which
appears to be almost perpendicular, and terminates at the top in two
peaks, one higher than the other.
The land of Ulietea and Otaha is hilly, broken, and irregular, except
on the sea-coast, yet the hills look green and pleasant, and are, in
many places, clothed with wood. The several particulars in which
these islands, and their inhabitants, differ from what we had
observed, at Otaheite, have been mentioned in the course of the
narrative.
We pursued our course without any event worthy of note till the
13th, about noon, when we saw land bearing S. E., which Tupia told
us was an island called Oheteroa. About six in the evening, we were
within two or three leagues of it, upon which I shortened sail, and
stood off and on all night; the next morning stood in for the land.
We ran to leeward of the island, keeping close in shore, and saw
several of the natives, though in no great numbers, upon the beach.
At nine o’clock I sent Mr. Gore, one of my lieutenants, in the
pinnace, to endeavour to land upon the island, and learn from the
natives whether there was anchorage in a bay then in sight, and
what land lay farther to the southward. Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander
accompanied Mr. Gore in this expedition, and as they thought Tupia
might be useful, they took him with them.
As the boat approached the shore, those on board perceived the
natives to be armed with long lances: as they did not intend to land
till they got round a point which runs out at a little distance, they
stood along the coast, and the natives, therefore, very probably
thought they were afraid of them. They had now got together to the
number of about sixty, and all of them sat down upon the shore,
except two, who were dispatched forward to observe the motions of
those in the boat. These men, after walking abreast of her some
time, at length leaped into the water, and swam towards her, but
were soon left behind; two more then appeared, and attempted to
board her in the same manner, but they also were soon left behind;
a fifth man then ran forward alone, and having got a good way a-
head of the boat before he took to the water, easily reached her. Mr.
Banks urged the officer to take him in, thinking it a good opportunity
to get the confidence and good-will of a people, who then certainly
looked upon them as enemies, but he obstinately refused; this man,
therefore, was left behind like the others, and so was a sixth, who
followed him.
When the boat had got round the point, she perceived that all her
followers had desisted from the pursuit: she now opened a large
bay, at the bottom of which appeared another body of men, armed
with long lances like the first. Here our people prepared to land, and
pushed towards the shore, a canoe at the same time putting off to
meet them. As soon as it came near them, they lay upon their oars,
and calling out to them, told them that they were friends, and, that
if they would come up, they would give them nails, which were held
up for them to see: after some hesitation they came up to the boat’s
stern, and took some nails that were offered them with great
seeming satisfaction; but in less than a minute they appeared to
have formed a design of boarding the boat, and making her their
prize: three of them suddenly leaped into it, and the others brought
up the canoe, which the motion in quitting her had thrown off a
little, manifestly with a design to follow their associates, and support
them in their attempt. The first that boarded the boat, entered close
to Mr. Banks, and instantly snatched his powder-horn out of his
pocket: Mr. Banks seized it, and with some difficulty wrenched it out
of his hand, at the same time pressing against his breast in order to
force him over-board, but he was too strong for him, and kept his
place: the officer then snapped his piece, but it missed fire, upon
which he ordered some of the people to fire over their heads; two
pieces were accordingly discharged, upon which they all instantly
leaped into the water: one of the people, either from cowardice or
cruelty, or both, levelled a third piece at one of them as he was
swimming away, and the ball grazed his forehead; happily, however,
the wound was very slight, for he recovered the canoe, and stood up
in her as active and vigorous as the rest. The canoe immediately
stood in for the shore, where a great number of people, not less
than two hundred, were now assembled. The boat also pushed in,
but found the land guarded all round with a shoal, upon which the
sea broke with a considerable surf; it was, therefore, thought
advisable by the officer to proceed along shore in search of a more
convenient landing-place: in the mean time, the people on board
saw the canoe go on shore, and the natives gather eagerly round
her to enquire the particulars of what had happened. Soon after, a
single man ran along the shore, armed with his lance, and when he
came a-breast of the boat, he began to dance, brandish his weapon,
and call out in a very shrill tone, which Tupia said was a defiance
from the people. The boat continued to row along the shore, and the
champion followed it, repeating his defiance by his voice and his
gestures; but no better landing-place being found than that where
the canoe had put the natives on shore, the officer turned back with
a view to attempt it there, hoping, that if it should not be
practicable, the people would come to a conference either on the
shoals or in their canoes, and that a treaty of peace might be
concluded with them.
 As the boat rowed slowly along the shore back again, another
champion came down, shouting defiance, and brandishing his lance:
his appearance was more formidable than that of the other, for he
wore a large cap made of the tail feathers of the tropic bird, and his
body was covered with stripes of different coloured cloth, yellow,
red, and brown. This gentleman also danced, but with much more
nimbleness and dexterity than the first; our people therefore,
considering his agility and his dress, distinguished him by the name
of Harlequin. Soon after a more grave and elderly man came down to
the beach, and hailing the people in the boat, inquired who they
were, and from whence they came; Tupia answered in their own
language, from Otaheite: the three natives then walked peaceably
along the shore till they came to a shoal, upon which a few people
were collected; here they stopped, and after a short conference,
they all began to pray very loud: Tupia made his responses, but
continued to tell us that they were not our friends. When their
prayer, or, as they call it, their Poorah, was over, our people entered
into a parley with them, telling them, that, if they would lay by their
lances and clubs, for some had one and some the other, they would
come on shore, and trade with them for whatever they would bring:
they agreed, but it was only upon condition that we would leave
behind us our musquets: this was a condition which, however
equitable it might appear, could not be complied with, nor indeed
would it have put the two parties upon an equality, except their
numbers had been equal. Here then the negotiation seemed to be at
an end; but in a little time they ventured to come nearer to the boat,
and at last came near enough to trade, which they did very fairly, for
a small quantity of their cloth and some of their weapons; but as
they gave our people no hope of provisions, nor indeed any thing
else, except they would venture through a narrow channel to the
shore, which, all circumstances considered, they did not think it
prudent to do, they put off the boat and left them.
With the ship and the boat we had now made the circuit of the
island, and finding that there was neither harbour nor anchorage
about it, and that the hostile disposition of the people would render
landing impracticable, without bloodshed, I determined not to
attempt it, having no motive that could justify the risk of life.
The bay which the boat entered lies on the west side of the island,
the bottom was foul and rocky, but the water so clear that it could
plainly be seen at the depth of five and twenty fathom, which is one
hundred and fifty feet.
This island is situated in the latitude of 22° 27ʹ S. and in the
longitude of 150° 47ʹ W. from the meridian of Greenwich. It is
thirteen miles in circuit, and rather high than low, but neither
populous nor fertile in proportion to the other islands that we had
seen in these seas. The chief produce seems to be the tree of which
they make their weapons, called in their language Etoa; many
plantations of it were seen along the shore, which is not surrounded,
like the neighbouring islands, by a reef.
The people seemed to be lusty and well made, rather browner
than those we had left: under their arm-pits they had black marks
about as broad as the hand, the edges of which formed not a
straight but an indented line: they had also circles of the same
colour, but not so broad, round their arms and legs, but were not
marked on any other part of the body.
Their dress was very different from any that we had seen before,
as well as the cloth of which it was made. The cloth was of the same
materials as that which is worn in the other islands, and most of that
which was seen by our people was dyed of a bright but deep yellow,
and covered on the outside with a composition like varnish, which
was either red, or of a dark lead-colour; over this ground it was
again painted in stripes of many different patterns, with wonderful
regularity, in the manner of our striped silks in England: the cloth
that was painted red was striped with black, and that which was
painted lead-colour with white. Their habit was a short jacket of this
cloth, which reached about as low as their knees; it was of one
piece, and had no other making than a hole in the middle of it,
stitched round with long stitches, in which it differed from all that we
had seen before: through this hole the head was put, and what
hung down was confined to their bodies by a piece of yellow cloth or
sash, which, passing round the neck behind, was crossed upon the
breast, and then collected round the waist like a belt, which passed
over another belt of red cloth, so that they made a very gay and
warlike appearance; some had caps of the feathers of the tropic
bird, which have been before described, and some had a piece of
white or lead-coloured cloth wound about the head like a small
turban, which our people thought more becoming.
Their arms were long lances, made of the Etoa, the wood of which
is very hard; they were well polished and sharpened at one end:
some were near twenty feet long, though not more than three
fingers thick: they had also a weapon, which was both club and pike,
made of the same wood, about seven feet long; this also was well
polished, and sharpened at one end into a broad point. As a guard
against these weapons, when they attack each other, they have
matts folded up many times, which they place under their clothes
from the neck to the waist: the weapons themselves indeed are
capable of much less mischief than those of the same kind which we
saw at the other islands, for the lances were there pointed with the
sharp bone of the stingray that is called the sting, and the pikes
were of much greater weight. The other things that we saw here
were all superior in their kind to any we had seen before; the cloth
was of a better colour in the dye, and painted with greater neatness
and taste; the clubs were better cut and polished, and the canoe,
though a small one, was very rich in ornament, and the carving was
executed in a better manner: among other decorations peculiar to
this canoe, was a line of small white feathers, which hung from the
head and stern on the outside, and which, when we saw them, were
thoroughly wetted by the spray.
Tupia told us, that there were several islands lying at different
distances, and in different directions from this, between the south
and the north west; and that, at the distance of three days’ sail to
the north-east, there was an island called Manua, Bird-island: he
seemed, however, most desirous that we should sail to the
westward, and described several islands in that direction which he
said he had visited: he told us that he had been ten or twelve days
in going thither, and thirty in coming back, and that the Pahie in
which he had made the voyage, sailed much faster than the ship:
reckoning his Pahie therefore to go at the rate of forty leagues a day,
which, from my own observation, I have great reason to think these
boats will do, it would make four hundred leagues in ten days, which
I compute to be the distance of Boscawen and Keppel’s Islands,
discovered by Captain Wallis, westward of Ulietea, and therefore
think it very probable that they were the islands he had visited. The
farthest island that he knew any thing of to the southward, he said,
lay at the distance of about two days’ sail from Oteroah, and was
called Moutou; but he said that his father had told him there were
islands to the southward of that: upon the whole, I was determined
to stand southward in search of a continent, but to spend no time in
searching for islands, if we did not happen to fall in with them during
our course.
 BOOK II.

CHAP. I.

THE PASSAGE FROM OTEROAH TO NEW ZEALAND;

INCIDENTS WHICH HAPPENED ON GOING A-SHORE
THERE, AND WHILE THE SHIP LAY IN POVERTY BAY.

W e sailed from Oteroah on the 15th of August, and on Friday the

25th we celebrated the anniversary of our leaving England, by taking
a Cheshire cheese from a locker, where it had been carefully
treasured up for this occasion, and tapping a cask of porter, which
proved to be very good, and in excellent order. On the 29th, one of
the sailors got so drunk, that the next morning he died: we thought
at first that he could not have come honestly by the liquor, but we
afterwards learnt that the boatswain, whose mate he was, had, in
mere good-nature, given him part of a bottle of rum.
On the 30th, we saw the comet; at one o’clock in the morning, it
was a little above the horizon in the eastern part of the heavens; at
about half an hour after four it passed the meridian, and its tail
subtended an angle of forty-two degrees. Our latitude was 38° 20ʹ
S., our longitude, by log, 147° 6ʹ W., and the variation of the needle,
by the azimuth, 7° 9ʹ E. Among others that observed the comet, was
Tupia, who instantly cried out, that as soon as it should be seen by
the people of Bolabola, they would kill the inhabitants of Ulietea,
who would, with the utmost precipitation, fly to the mountains.
 On the 1st of September, being in the latitude of 40° 22ʹ S., and
longitude 147° 29ʹ W., and there not being any signs of land, with a
heavy sea from the westward, and strong gales, I wore, and stood
back to the northward, fearing that we might receive such damage
in our sails and rigging, as would hinder the prosecution of the
voyage.
On the next day, there being strong gales to the westward, I
brought to, with the ship’s head to the northward; but in the
morning of the 3d, the wind being more moderate, we loosened the
reef of the main-sail, set the top-sails, and plied to the westward.
We continued our course till the 19th, when our latitude being 29°
and our longitude 159° 29ʹ, we observed the variation to be 8° 32ʹ
E. On the 24th, being in latitude 33° 18ʹ, longitude 162° 51ʹ, we
observed a small piece of sea-weed, and a piece of wood covered
with barnacles: the variation here was 10° 48ʹ E.
On the 27th, being in latitude 28° 59ʹ, longitude 169° 5ʹ, we saw
a seal asleep upon the water, and several bunches of sea-weed. The
next day we saw more sea-weed in bunches, and on the 29th, a
bird, which we thought a land-bird; it somewhat resembled a snipe,
but had a short bill. On the 1st of October, we saw birds
innumerable, and another seal asleep upon the water; it is a general
opinion, that seals never go out of soundings, or far from land, but
those that we saw in these seas prove the contrary. Rock-weed is,
however, a certain indication that land is not far distant. The next
day, it being calm, we hoisted out the boat, to try whether there was
a current, but found none. Our latitude was 37° 10ʹ, longitude 172°
54ʹ W. On the 3d, being in latitude 36° 56ʹ, longitude 173° 27ʹ, we
took up more sea-weed, and another piece of wood covered with
barnacles. The next day, we saw two more seals, and a brown bird,
about as big as a raven, with some white feathers under the wing.
Mr. Gore told us, that birds of this kind were seen in great numbers
about Falkland’s Islands, and our people gave them the name of
Port-Egmont hens.
On the 5th, we thought the water changed colour, but, upon
casting the lead, had no ground with 180 fathom. In the evening of
this day, the variation was 12° 50ʹ E., and, while we were going nine
leagues, it increased to 14° 2ʹ.
On the next day, Friday, October the 6th, we saw land from the
mast-head, bearing W. by N., and stood directly for it; in the
evening, it could just be discerned from the deck, and appeared
large. The variation this day was, by azimuth and amplitude, 15° 4-
½ʹ E., and by observation made of the sun and moon, the longitude
of the ship appeared to be 180° 55ʹ W., and by the medium of this
and subsequent observations, there appeared to be an error in the
ship’s account of longitude during her run from Otaheite of 3° 16ʹ,
she being so much to the westward of the longitude resulting from
the log. At midnight, I brought to and sounded, but had no ground
with one hundred and seventy fathom.
On the 7th, it fell calm, we therefore approached the land slowly,
and in the afternoon, when a breeze sprung up, we were still distant
seven or eight leagues. It appeared still larger as it was more
distinctly seen, with four or five ranges of hills, rising one over the
other, and a chain of mountains above all, which appeared to be of
an enormous height. This land became the subject of much eager
conversation; but the general opinion seemed to be that we had
found the Terra australis incognita. About five o’clock, we saw the
opening of a bay, which seemed to run pretty far inland, upon which
we hauled our wind and stood in for it; we also saw smoke
ascending from different places on shore. When night came on,
however, we kept plying off and on till day-light, when we found
ourselves to the leeward of the bay, the wind being at north: we
could now perceive that the hills were clothed with wood, and that
some of the trees in the valleys were very large. By noon we fetched
in with the south-west point; but not being able to weather it,
tacked and stood off: at this time we saw several canoes standing
cross the bay, which, in a little time, made to shore, without seeming
to take the least notice of the ship; we also saw some houses, which
appeared to be small, but neat; and near one of them a considerable
number of the people collected together, who were sitting upon the
beach, and who, we thought, were the same that we had seen in
the canoes. Upon a small peninsula, at the north-east head, we
could plainly perceive a pretty high and regular paling, which
inclosed the whole top of a hill; this was also the subject of much
speculation, some supposing it to be a park of deer, others an
inclosure for oxen and sheep. About four o’clock in the afternoon,
we anchored on the north-west side of the bay, before the entrance
of a small river, in ten fathom water, with a fine sandy bottom, and
at about half a league from the shore. The sides of the bay are white
cliffs of a great height; the middle is low land, with hills gradually
rising behind, one towering above another, and terminating in the
chain of mountains, which appeared to be far inland.
In the evening I went on shore, accompanied by Mr. Banks and Dr.
Solander, with the pinnace and yawl, and a party of men. We landed
abreast of the ship, on the east side of the river, which was here
about forty yards broad; but seeing some natives on the west side
whom I wished to speak with, and finding the river not fordable, I
ordered the yawl in to carry us over, and left the pinnace at the
entrance. When we came near the place where the people were
assembled, they all ran away; however, we landed, and leaving four
boys to take care of the yawl, we walked up to some huts which
were about two or three hundred yards from the water-side. When
we had got some distance from the boat, four men, armed with long
lances, rushed out of the woods, and running up to attack the boat,
would certainly have cut her off, if the people in the pinnace had not
discovered them, and called to the boys to drop down the stream:
the boys instantly obeyed; but being closely pursued by the Indians,
the Cockswain of the pinnace, who had the charge of the boats,
fired a musket over their heads; at this they stopped and looked
round them, but in a few minutes renewed the pursuit, brandishing
their lances in a threatening manner: the Cockswain then fired a
second musket over their heads, but of this they took no notice; and
one of them lifting up his spear to dart it at the boat, another piece
was fired, which shot him dead. When he fell, the other three stood
motionless for some minutes, as if petrified with astonishment; as
soon as they recovered, they went back, dragging after them the
dead body, which however they soon left, that it might not
encumber their flight. At the report of the first musket, we drew
together, having straggled to a little distance from each other, and
made the best of our way back to the boat; and crossing the river,
we soon saw the Indian lying dead upon the ground. Upon
examining the body, we found that he had been shot through the
heart: he was a man of the middle size and stature; his complexion
was brown, but not very dark; and one side of his face was tattowed
in spiral lines of a very regular figure: he was covered with a fine
cloth, of a manufacture altogether new to us, and it was tied on
exactly according to the representation in Valentyn’s Account of Abel
Tasman’s Voyage, vol. iii. part 2. page 50.: his hair also was tied in a
knot on the top of his head, but had no feather in it. We returned
immediately to the ship, where we could hear the people on shore
talking with great earnestness, and in a very loud tone, probably
about what had happened, and what should be done.
In the morning, we saw several of the natives where they had
been seen the night before, and some walking with a quick pace
towards the place where we had landed, most of them unarmed; but
three or four with long pikes in their hands. As I was desirous to
establish an intercourse with them, I ordered three boats to be
manned with seamen and marines, and proceeded towards the
shore, accompanied by Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, the other gentlemen,
and Tupia; about fifty of them seemed to wait for our landing, on
the opposite side of the river, which we thought a sign of fear, and
seated themselves upon the ground: at first, therefore, myself, with
only Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, and Tupia, landed from the little boat,
and advanced towards them; but we had not proceeded many paces
before they all started up, and every man produced either a long
pike, or a small weapon of green Talc, extremely well polished,
about a foot long, and thick enough to weigh four or five pounds:
Tupia called to them in the language of Otaheite; but they answered
only by flourishing their weapons, and making signs to us to depart;
a musket was then fired wide of them, and the ball struck the water,
the river being still between us; they saw the effect, and desisted
from their threats: but we thought it prudent to retreat till the
marines could be landed. This was soon done; and they marched,
with a jack carried before them, to a little bank, about fifty yards
from the water-side; here they were drawn up, and I again
advanced, with Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander; Tupia, Mr. Green, and
Mr. Monkhouse, being with us. Tupia was again directed to speak to
them, and it was with great pleasure that we perceived he was
perfectly understood, he and the natives speaking only different
dialects of the same language. He told them that we wanted
provision and water, and would give them iron in exchange, the
properties of which he explained as well as he was able. They were
willing to trade, and desired that we would come over to them for
that purpose: to this we consented, provided they would lay by their
arms; which, however, they could by no means be persuaded to do.
During this conversation, Tupia warned us to be upon our guard, for
that they were not our friends: we then pressed them in our turn to
come over to us; and at last one of them stripped himself, and swam
over without his arms: he was almost immediately followed by two
more, and soon after by most of the rest, to the number of twenty
or thirty; but these brought their arms with them. We made them all
presents of iron and beads; but they seemed to set little value upon
either, particularly the iron, not having the least idea of its use; so
that we got nothing in return but a few feathers: they offered indeed
to exchange their arms for ours, and, when we refused, made many
attempts to snatch them out of our hands. As soon as they came
over, Tupia repeated his declaration, that they were not our friends,
and again warned us to be upon our guard; their attempts to snatch
our weapons, therefore, did not succeed; and we gave them to
understand by Tupia, that we should be obliged to kill them, if they
offered any farther violence. In a few minutes, however, Mr. Green
happening to turn about, one of them snatched away his hanger,
and retiring to a little distance, waved it round his head, with a shout
of exultation: the rest now began to be extremely insolent, and we
saw more coming to join them from the opposite side of the river. It
was therefore become necessary to repress them, and Mr. Banks
fired at the man who had taken the hanger, with small shot, at the
distance of about fifteen yards: when the shot struck him, he ceased
his cry; but instead of returning the hanger, continued to flourish it
over his head, at the same time slowly retreating to a greater
distance. Mr. Monkhouse seeing this, fired at him with ball, and he
instantly dropped. Upon this the main body, who had retired to a
rock in the middle of the river upon the first discharge, began to
return; two that were near to the man who had been killed, ran up
to the body, one seized his weapon of green Talc, and the other
endeavoured to secure the hanger, which Mr. Monkhouse had but
just time to prevent. As all that had retired to the rock were now
advancing, three of us discharged our pieces, loaded only with small
shot, upon which they swam back for the shore; and we perceived,
upon their landing, that two or three of them were wounded. They
retired slowly up the country, and we reimbarked in our boats.
As we had unhappily experienced, that nothing was to be done
with these people at this place; and finding the water in the river to
be salt, I proceeded in the boats round the head of the bay in search
of fresh water, and with a design, if possible, to surprise some of the
natives, and take them on board, where, by kind treatment and
presents I might obtain their friendship, and by their means
establish an amicable correspondence with their countrymen.
To my great regret, I found no place where I could land, a
dangerous surf every where beating upon the shore; but I saw two
canoes coming in from the sea, one under sail, and the other
worked with paddles. I thought this a favourable opportunity to get
some of the people into my possession without mischief, as those in
the canoe were probably fishermen, and without arms, and I had
three boats full of men. I therefore disposed the boats so as most
effectually to intercept them in their way to the shore; the people in
the canoe that was paddled perceived us so soon, that, by making to
the nearest land with their utmost strength, they escaped us; the
other sailed on till she was in the midst of us without discerning
what we were; but the moment she discovered us, the people on
board struck their sail, and took to their paddles, which they plied so
briskly that she out-ran the boat. They were however within hearing,
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