1.

/*Problem 1: Dynamic Array Resizing

Objective: Write a program to dynamically allocate an integer array and allow the
user to resize it.
Description:
The program should ask the user to enter the initial size of the array.
Allocate memory using malloc.
Allow the user to enter elements into the array.
Provide an option to increase or decrease the size of the array. Use realloc to
adjust the size.
Print the elements of the array after each resizing operation.*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int size;
printf("Enter the size of the array: ");
scanf("%d", &size);

int *arr = (int*)malloc(size * sizeof(int));

if (arr == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed\n");
return 1;
}

printf("Enter elements of the array:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}

char op;
printf("Enter i to increase the size and d to decrease the size of the array:
");
scanf(" %c", &op);
int newSize;

switch(op) {
case 'i':
printf("Enter the new size: ");
scanf("%d", &newSize);
 if(newSize <= size) {
printf("New size is equal to or less than the current size\n");
return 1;
}
arr = realloc(arr, newSize * sizeof(int));
if (arr == NULL) {
printf("Memory reallocation failed\n");
return 1;
}
printf("Enter new elements of the array:\n");
for (int i = size; i < newSize; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}
size = newSize;
break;
case 'd':
printf("Enter the new size: ");
scanf("%d", &newSize);
if(newSize >= size) {
printf("New size is equal to or greater than the current
size\n");
return 1;
}
arr = realloc(arr, newSize * sizeof(int));
if (arr == NULL) {
printf("Memory reallocation failed\n");
return 1;
}
size = newSize;
break;
default:
printf("Invalid option\n");
return 1;
}

printf("Elements of the array after resizing:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}

free(arr);
return 0;
}

2.
/*Problem 2: String Concatenation Using Dynamic Memory
Objective: Create a program that concatenates two strings using dynamic memory
allocation.
Description:
Accept two strings from the user.
Use malloc to allocate memory for the first string.
Use realloc to resize the memory to accommodate the concatenated string.
Concatenate the strings and print the result.
Free the allocated memory.*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char *str1 = (char*)malloc(100 * sizeof(char));
if (str1 == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed\n");
return 1;
}

char str2[100];

printf("Enter the first string: ");

 scanf("%[^\n]", str1);
getchar();

printf("Enter the second string: ");

scanf("%[^\n]", str2);

str1 = (char*)realloc(str1,(strlen(str2)+1));

strcat(str1, str2);
printf("Concatenated string: %s\n", str1);

free(str1);
return 0;
}

3.
/*Problem 3: Sparse Matrix Representation
Objective: Represent a sparse matrix using dynamic memory allocation.
Description:
Accept a matrix of size m×nm \times nm×n from the user.
Store only the non-zero elements in a dynamically allocated array of
structures (with fields for row, column, and value).
Print the sparse matrix representation.
Free the allocated memory at the end.*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int m, n;
printf("Enter the number of rows (m): ");
scanf("%d", &m);
printf("Enter the number of columns (n): ");
scanf("%d", &n);

int matrix[m][n];
int non_zero = 0;

printf("Enter the elements in the matrix:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
scanf("%d", &matrix[i][j]);
if (matrix[i][j] != 0) {
non_zero++;
}
}
}

printf("\nOriginal Matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
printf("%d\t", matrix[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

int *rows = malloc(non_zero * sizeof(int));

int *cols = malloc(non_zero * sizeof(int));
int *values = malloc(non_zero * sizeof(int));

int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if (matrix[i][j]!= 0) {
rows[count] = i;
cols[count] = j;
values[count] = matrix[i][j];
count++;
}
}
}

printf("\nSparse Matrix Representation:\n");

printf(" _________________________\n");
printf("| Row | Column | Value |\n");
printf("|-------------------------|\n");
for (int i = 0; i < non_zero; i++) {
printf("| %3d | %6d | %8d |\n", rows[i], cols[i], values[i]);
}
 printf(" _________________________\n");

free(rows);
free(cols);
free(values);

return 0;
}

4.
/*Problem 5: Dynamic 2D Array Allocation
Objective: Write a program to dynamically allocate a 2D array.
Description:
Accept the number of rows and columns from the user.
Use malloc (or calloc) to allocate memory for the rows and columns dynamically.
Allow the user to input values into the 2D array.
Print the array in matrix format.
Free all allocated memory at the end.*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int rows, cols;
printf("Enter the number of rows: ");
scanf("%d", &rows);
printf("Enter the number of columns: ");
scanf("%d", &cols);

int **matrix = (int **)malloc(rows * sizeof(int *));

if (matrix == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed for rows.\n");
return 1;
}

for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {

matrix[i] = (int *)malloc(cols * sizeof(int));
if (matrix[i] == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed for row %d.\n", i);
return 1;
}
}

printf("Enter elements for the matrix:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
printf("Element [%d][%d]: ", i, j);
scanf("%d", &matrix[i][j]);
}
}

printf("\nThe matrix is:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
printf("%d ", matrix[i][j]);
}
 printf("\n");
}

for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {

free(matrix[i]);
}
free(matrix);

return 0;

5.
//Student Record Management

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

struct student {
char name[50];
int rollNumber;
 float marks;
};

void AddStudent(struct student students[], int *numStudents);

void DisplayAll(struct student students[], int numStudents);
void FindStudent(struct student students[], int numStudents);
void AverageMarks(struct student students[], int numStudents);

int main() {
struct student students[100];
int choice;
int numStudents = 0;

while(1) {
printf("\n1. Add Student\n2. Display All Students\n3. Find Student by
Roll Number\n4. Calculate Average Marks\n5. Exit\n");
printf("\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d", &choice);
switch(choice) {
case 1:
AddStudent(students, &numStudents);
break;
case 2:
DisplayAll(students, numStudents);
break;
case 3:
FindStudent(students, numStudents);
break;
case 4:
AverageMarks(students, numStudents);
break;
case 5:
printf("Exiting...\n");
exit(0);
default:
printf("Invalid choice. Please try again.\n");
break;
}
}
return 0;
}

void AddStudent(struct student students[], int *numStudents)

{
printf("Enter name: ");
scanf("%s", &students[*numStudents].name);
printf("Enter roll number: ");
scanf("%d", &students[*numStudents].rollNumber);
printf("Enter marks: ");
scanf("%f", &students[*numStudents].marks);
(*numStudents)++;
printf("\nStudent added successfully!\n");
}

void DisplayAll(struct student students[], int numStudents)

{
if(numStudents == 0) {
printf("No students found.\n");
return;
}

printf("Name Roll Number Marks\n");

printf("------------------------------------------\n");

for (int i = 0; i < numStudents; i++) {

printf("%-20s %-15d %-10.2f\n", students[i].name, students[i].rollNumber,
students[i].marks);
}
}

void FindStudent(struct student students[], int numStudents)

{
int number;
printf("Enter roll number to find: ");
scanf("%d", &number);

for(int i = 0; i < numStudents; i++) {

if(students[i].rollNumber == number) {
printf("Name: %s\nRoll Number: %d\nMarks: %0.2f\n", students[i].name,
students[i].rollNumber, students[i].marks);
return;
}
}
printf("Student not found.\n");
}
void AverageMarks(struct student students[], int numStudents)
{
if (numStudents == 0) {
printf("No students available to calculate average marks.\n");
return;
}

float sum = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < numStudents; i++) {
sum += students[i].marks;
}
printf("Average marks: %0.2f\n", sum/numStudents);
}
6.
/*Problem 1: Employee Management System
Objective: Create a program to manage employee details using structures.
Description:
Define a structure Employee with fields:
int emp_id: Employee ID
char name[50]: Employee name
float salary: Employee salary
Write a menu-driven program to:
Add an employee.
Update employee salary by ID.
Display all employee details.
Find and display details of the employee with the highest salary.*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

struct Employee {
int emp_id;
char name[50];
float salary;
};

void addEmployee(struct Employee employees[], int* employeeCount);

void updateSalary(struct Employee employees[], int employeeCount);
void displayAll(struct Employee employees[], int employeeCount);
void highestSalary(struct Employee employees[], int employeeCount);

int main() {
struct Employee employees[100];
int employeeCount = 0;
int choice;

while (1) {
printf("\n==============================\n");
printf(" Employee Management System \n");
printf("==============================\n");
printf("1. Add Employee\n");
printf("2. Update Employee Salary\n");
printf("3. Display All Employee Details\n");
printf("4. Find and Display Details of Employee with Highest Salary\n");
printf("5. Exit\n");
printf("Enter your choice: ");
scanf("%d", &choice);

switch (choice) {
case 1:
addEmployee(employees, &employeeCount);
break;
case 2:
updateSalary(employees, employeeCount);
break;
 case 3:
displayAll(employees, employeeCount);
break;
case 4:
highestSalary(employees, employeeCount);
break;
case 5:
printf("\nExiting... Goodbye!\n");
return 0;
default:
printf("\nInvalid choice. Please try again.\n");
}
}
return 0;
}

void addEmployee(struct Employee employees[], int* employeeCount) {

printf("\n--- Add Employee ---\n");
printf("Enter employee name: ");
scanf("%s", employees[*employeeCount].name);
printf("Enter employee ID: ");
scanf("%d", &employees[*employeeCount].emp_id);
printf("Enter employee salary: ");
scanf("%f", &employees[*employeeCount].salary);
(*employeeCount)++;
printf("\nEmployee added successfully.\n");
}

void updateSalary(struct Employee employees[], int employeeCount) {

int id;
printf("\n--- Update Employee Salary ---\n");
printf("Enter employee ID to update salary: ");
scanf("%d", &id);
for (int i = 0; i < employeeCount; i++) {
if (employees[i].emp_id == id) {
printf("Enter new salary: ");
scanf("%f", &employees[i].salary);
printf("Salary updated successfully.\n");
return;
}
}
printf("Employee with ID %d not found.\n", id);
}
void displayAll(struct Employee employees[], int employeeCount) {
if (employeeCount == 0) {
printf("\nNo employees to display.\n");
return;
}
printf("\n--- All Employee Details ---\n");
for (int i = 0; i < employeeCount; i++) {
printf("\nEmployee ID: %d\n", employees[i].emp_id);
printf("Employee Name: %s\n", employees[i].name);
printf("Employee Salary: $%.2f\n", employees[i].salary);
printf("------------------------------\n");
}
}

void highestSalary(struct Employee employees[], int employeeCount) {

if (employeeCount == 0) {
printf("\nNo employees available to find the highest salary.\n");
return;
}

float highestSalary = employees[0].salary;

int highestIndex = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < employeeCount; i++) {
if (employees[i].salary > highestSalary) {
highestSalary = employees[i].salary;
highestIndex = i;
}
}

printf("\n--- Employee with Highest Salary ---\n");

printf("Employee ID: %d\n", employees[highestIndex].emp_id);
printf("Employee Name: %s\n", employees[highestIndex].name);
printf("Employee Salary: $%.2f\n", employees[highestIndex].salary);
printf("-----------------------------------\n");
}
7.
/*Problem 2: Library Management System
Objective: Manage a library system with a structure to store book details.
Description:
Define a structure Book with fields:
int book_id: Book ID
char title[100]: Book title
char author[50]: Author name
int copies: Number of available copies
Write a program to:
Add books to the library.
Issue a book by reducing the number of copies.
Return a book by increasing the number of copies.
Search for a book by title or author name.*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>

struct Book {
int book_id;
char title[100];
char author[50];
int copies;
};

void addBook(struct Book books[], int *noOfBooks);

void issueBook(struct Book books[], int noOfBooks);
void returnBook(struct Book books[], int noOfBooks);
void searchBook(struct Book books[], int noOfBooks);

int main() {
struct Book books[100];
int noOfBooks = 0;
int choice;

while(1) {
printf("\nLibrary Management System\n");
printf("1. Add book\n");
printf("2. Issue book\n");
printf("3. Return book\n");
printf("4. Search book\n");
printf("5. Exit\n");
printf("Enter your choice: ");
scanf("%d", &choice);

// Consume the newline character left by scanf

getchar();

switch(choice) {
case 1:
addBook(books, &noOfBooks);
 break;
case 2:
issueBook(books, noOfBooks);
break;
case 3:
returnBook(books, noOfBooks);
break;
case 4:
searchBook(books, noOfBooks);
break;
case 5:
printf("Exiting...\n");
return 0;
default:
printf("Invalid choice. Please try again.\n");
}
}

return 0;
}

void addBook(struct Book books[], int *noOfBooks) {

printf("\nEnter book ID: ");
scanf("%d", &books[*noOfBooks].book_id);

// Consume the newline character left by scanf

getchar();

printf("Enter book title: ");

fgets(books[*noOfBooks].title, sizeof(books[*noOfBooks].title), stdin);
books[*noOfBooks].title[strcspn(books[*noOfBooks].title, "\n")] = '\0'; //
Remove the newline

printf("Enter author name: ");

fgets(books[*noOfBooks].author, sizeof(books[*noOfBooks].author), stdin);
books[*noOfBooks].author[strcspn(books[*noOfBooks].author, "\n")] = '\0'; //
Remove the newline

printf("Enter number of copies: ");

scanf("%d", &books[*noOfBooks].copies);

(*noOfBooks)++;
printf("Book added successfully.\n");
}

void issueBook(struct Book books[], int noOfBooks) {

int bookId;
printf("\nEnter book ID to issue: ");
scanf("%d", &bookId);

// Consume the newline character left by scanf

getchar();

for(int i = 0; i < noOfBooks; i++) {

if(books[i].book_id == bookId) {
if(books[i].copies > 0) {
books[i].copies--;
printf("Book issued successfully.\n");
return;
} else {
printf("No copies available for this book.\n");
return;
}
}
}
printf("Book not found.\n");
}

void returnBook(struct Book books[], int noOfBooks) {

int bookId;
printf("\nEnter book ID to return: ");
scanf("%d", &bookId);

// Consume the newline character left by scanf

getchar();

for(int i = 0; i < noOfBooks; i++) {

if(books[i].book_id == bookId) {
books[i].copies++;
printf("Book returned successfully.\n");
return;
}
}
printf("Book not found.\n");
}
void searchBook(struct Book books[], int noOfBooks) {
char query[100];
printf("\nEnter book title or author name to search: ");
fgets(query, sizeof(query), stdin);
query[strcspn(query, "\n")] = '\0'; // Remove the newline

int found = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < noOfBooks; i++) {
char titleLower[100], authorLower[50];
for (int j = 0; books[i].title[j]; j++) {
titleLower[j] = tolower(books[i].title[j]);
}
titleLower[strlen(books[i].title)] = '\0';

for (int j = 0; books[i].author[j]; j++) {

authorLower[j] = tolower(books[i].author[j]);
}
authorLower[strlen(books[i].author)] = '\0';

if (strstr(titleLower, query) != NULL || strstr(authorLower, query) !=

NULL) {
printf("\nBook ID: %d\n", books[i].book_id);
printf("Title: %s\n", books[i].title);
printf("Author: %s\n", books[i].author);
printf("Copies: %d\n", books[i].copies);
found = 1;
}
}

if (!found) {
printf("No books found matching the search query.\n");
}
}
8.
/*Problem 3: Cricket Player Statistics
Objective: Store and analyze cricket player performance data.
Description:
Define a structure Player with fields:
char name[50]: Player name
int matches: Number of matches played
int runs: Total runs scored
float average: Batting average
Write a program to:
Input details for n players.
Calculate and display the batting average for each player.
Find and display the player with the highest batting average.*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

struct Player {
char name[50];
int matches;
int runs;
float average;
};

void addDetails(struct Player players[], int noOfPlayers);

void battingAverage(struct Player players[], int noOfPlayers);
void highestAverage(struct Player players[], int noOfPlayers);

int main() {
int noOfPlayers;
printf("Enter the number of players: ");
scanf("%d", &noOfPlayers);

struct Player players[noOfPlayers];

int choice;
while(1) {
printf("\n1. Input player details\n2. Calculate batting average\n3. Find
player with highest batting average\n4. Exit\n");
printf("Enter your choice: ");
 scanf("%d", &choice);

switch(choice) {
case 1:
addDetails(players, noOfPlayers);
break;
case 2:
battingAverage(players, noOfPlayers);
break;
case 3:
highestAverage(players, noOfPlayers);
break;
case 4:
printf("Exiting...\n");
return 0;
default:
printf("Invalid choice. Please try again.\n");
}
}

return 0;
}

void addDetails(struct Player players[], int noOfPlayers) {

for(int i = 0; i < noOfPlayers; i++) {
printf("\nEnter details for player %d:\n", i + 1);
printf("Name: ");
scanf("%s", players[i].name);
printf("Matches: ");
scanf("%d", &players[i].matches);
printf("Runs: ");
scanf("%d", &players[i].runs);
}
}

void battingAverage(struct Player players[], int noOfPlayers) {

for(int i = 0; i < noOfPlayers; i++) {
players[i].average = (float)players[i].runs / players[i].matches;
printf("\nBatting average for %s: %.2f\n", players[i].name,
players[i].average);
}
}
void highestAverage(struct Player players[], int noOfPlayers) {
struct Player highest = players[0];
for(int i = 1; i < noOfPlayers; i++) {
if(players[i].average > highest.average) {
highest = players[i];
}
}

printf("\nPlayer with the highest batting average: %s\n", highest.name);

printf("Batting average: %.2f\n", highest.average);
}
9.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

struct Student {
int roll_no;
char name[50];
float marks[5];
char grade;
};

void addDetails(struct Student students[], int noOfStudents);

void calculateGrade(struct Student students[], int noOfStudents);
void displayDetails(struct Student students[], int noOfStudents);

int main() {
int noOfStudents;
printf("Enter the number of students: ");
scanf("%d", &noOfStudents);

struct Student students[noOfStudents];

int choice;
while(1) {
printf("\n1. Input student details\n2. Calculate grades\n3. Display
student details with grades\n4. Exit\n");
printf("Enter your choice: ");
 scanf("%d", &choice);

switch(choice) {
case 1:
addDetails(students, noOfStudents);
break;
case 2:
calculateGrade(students, noOfStudents);
break;
case 3:
displayDetails(students, noOfStudents);
break;
case 4:
printf("Exiting...\n");
return 0;
default:
printf("Invalid choice. Please try again.\n");
}
}

return 0;
}

void addDetails(struct Student students[], int noOfStudents) {

for(int i = 0; i < noOfStudents; i++) {
printf("\nEnter details for student %d:\n", i + 1);
printf("Roll Number: ");
scanf("%d", &students[i].roll_no);
printf("Name: ");
scanf("%s", students[i].name);

printf("Enter marks for 5 subjects: ");

for(int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
scanf("%f", &students[i].marks[j]);
}
}
}

void calculateGrade(struct Student students[], int noOfStudents) {

for(int i = 0; i < noOfStudents; i++) {
float sum = 0;
for(int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
sum += students[i].marks[j];
 }
float average = sum / 5;

// Assign grade based on average marks

if(average >= 90) {
students[i].grade = 'A';
} else if(average >= 80) {
students[i].grade = 'B';
} else if(average >= 70) {
students[i].grade = 'C';
} else if(average >= 60) {
students[i].grade = 'D';
} else {
students[i].grade = 'F';
}
}
}

void displayDetails(struct Student students[], int noOfStudents) {

printf("\nDetails of students with grades:\n");
printf("Roll No Name Marks Grade\n");
printf("------------------------------------------------------------\n");

for(int i = 0; i < noOfStudents; i++) {

printf("%-8d %-18s", students[i].roll_no, students[i].name);
for(int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
printf("%.2f ", students[i].marks[j]);
}
printf(" %c\n", students[i].grade);
}
}
10.
/*Problem 5: Flight Reservation System
Objective: Simulate a simple flight reservation system using structures.
Description:
Define a structure Flight with fields:
char flight_number[10]: Flight number
char destination[50]: Destination city
int available_seats: Number of available seats
Write a program to:
Add flights to the system.
Book tickets for a flight, reducing available seats accordingly.
Display the flight details based on destination.
Cancel tickets, increasing the number of available seats.*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

struct Flight {
char flight_number[10];
char destination[50];
int available_seats;
};

void addFlight(struct Flight flights[], int *noOfFlights);

void bookTicket(struct Flight flights[], int noOfFlights);
void cancelTicket(struct Flight flights[], int noOfFlights);
void displayFlights(struct Flight flights[], int noOfFlights);

int main() {
struct Flight flights[100];
int noOfFlights = 0;
int choice;

while(1) {
printf("\nFlight Reservation System\n");
printf("1. Add flight\n");
printf("2. Book ticket\n");
printf("3. Cancel ticket\n");
printf("4. Display flights by destination\n");
printf("5. Exit\n");
printf("Enter your choice: ");
scanf("%d", &choice);

switch(choice) {
case 1:
addFlight(flights, &noOfFlights);
break;
case 2:
bookTicket(flights, noOfFlights);
break;
case 3:
cancelTicket(flights, noOfFlights);
 break;
case 4:
displayFlights(flights, noOfFlights);
break;
case 5:
printf("Exiting...\n");
return 0;
default:
printf("Invalid choice. Please try again.\n");
}
}

return 0;
}

void addFlight(struct Flight flights[], int *noOfFlights) {

printf("Enter flight number: ");
scanf("%s", flights[*noOfFlights].flight_number);

printf("Enter destination city: ");

scanf("%s", flights[*noOfFlights].destination);

printf("Enter number of available seats: ");

scanf("%d", &flights[*noOfFlights].available_seats);

(*noOfFlights)++;
printf("Flight added successfully.\n");
}

void bookTicket(struct Flight flights[], int noOfFlights) {

char flightNumber[10];
printf("Enter flight number to book ticket: ");
scanf("%s", flightNumber);

for(int i = 0; i < noOfFlights; i++) {

if(strcmp(flights[i].flight_number, flightNumber) == 0) {
if(flights[i].available_seats > 0) {
flights[i].available_seats--;
printf("Ticket booked successfully for flight %s to %s.\n",
flights[i].flight_number, flights[i].destination);
return;
} else {
printf("No available seats on this flight.\n");
 return;
}
}
}
printf("Flight not found.\n");
}

void cancelTicket(struct Flight flights[], int noOfFlights) {

char flightNumber[10];
printf("Enter flight number to cancel ticket: ");
scanf("%s", flightNumber);

for(int i = 0; i < noOfFlights; i++) {

if(strcmp(flights[i].flight_number, flightNumber) == 0) {
flights[i].available_seats++;
printf("Ticket cancelled successfully for flight %s to %s.\n",
flights[i].flight_number, flights[i].destination);
return;
}
}
printf("Flight not found.\n");
}

void displayFlights(struct Flight flights[], int noOfFlights) {

char destination[50];
printf("Enter destination city to search flights: ");
scanf("%s", destination);

int found = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < noOfFlights; i++) {
if (strcmp(flights[i].destination, destination) == 0) {
printf("\nFlight Number: %s\n", flights[i].flight_number);
printf("Destination: %s\n", flights[i].destination);
printf("Available Seats: %d\n", flights[i].available_seats);
found = 1;
}
}

if (!found) {
printf("No flights available to %s.\n", destination);
}
}