Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om | pg.

3 Optics
h i
1 1 1
Lens maker’s formula: f = (µ − 1) R1 − R2

3.1: Reflection of Light f

1 1
normal
Lens formula: v − u = f1 , m= v
u
Laws of reflection: (i)
incident i r reflected
u v
Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same
plane (ii) ∠i = ∠r Power of the lens: P = f1 , P in diopter if f in metre.

Two thin lenses separated by distance d:

Plane mirror:
d d
(i) the image and the object are equidistant from mir- 1 1 1 d
= + − d
ror (ii) virtual image of real object F f1 f2 f1 f2
f1 f2

I
Spherical Mirror: O
f 3.3: Optical Instruments
v
u
Simple microscope: m = D/f in normal adjustment.
1. Focal length f = R/2 Objective Eyepiece
1 1 1
2. Mirror equation: v + u = f
O ∞
3. Magnification: m = − uv Compound microscope:
u v fe
3.2: Refraction of Light D
speed of light in vacuum c
Refractive index: µ = speed of light in medium = v 1. Magnification in normal adjustment: m = v D
u fe
1 2µ sin θ
incident reflected 2. Resolving power: R = ∆d = λ
sin i µ2 µ1 i
Snell’s Law: sin r = µ1
µ2 fo fe
r refracted

real depth d d0 Astronomical telescope:

Apparent depth: µ = apparent depth = d0 d I
O

Critical angle: θc = sin−1 1 µ

µ θc 1. In normal adjustment: m = − ffoe , L = fo + fe
1 1
2. Resolving power: R = ∆θ = 1.22λ

A
3.4: Dispersion
δ
Deviation by a prism: i i0 A
r r0 Cauchy’s equation: µ = µ0 + λ2 , A>0
µ
Dispersion by prism with small A and i:

δ = i + i0 − A, general result 1. Mean deviation: δy = (µy − 1)A

sin A+δ m
2. Angular dispersion: θ = (µv − µr )A
µ= 2
, i = i0 for minimum deviation
sin A2 µv −µr θ
Dispersive power: ω = µy −1 ≈ δy (if A and i small)
δ
δm = (µ − 1)A, for small A δm µ0
A
i0 i Dispersion without deviation:
µ A0

µ1 µ2 (µy − 1)A + (µ0y − 1)A0 = 0

Refraction at spherical surface: Deviation without dispersion:

P O Q
(µv − µr )A = (µ0v − µ0r )A0
u v

µ2 µ1 µ2 − µ1 µ1 v
− = , m=
v u R µ2 u

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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 8

5 Electricity and Magnetism 5.3: Capacitors

5.1: Electrostatics Capacitance: C = q/V

−q +q
Coulomb’s law: F~ = 1 q1 q2
4π0 r 2 r̂ q1 r q2 Parallel plate capacitor: C = 0 A/d
A A
d
~ r) =
Electric field: E(~ 1 q
4π0 r 2 r̂
~
E
q ~
r
r2
1 q1 q2
Electrostatic energy: U = − 4π 0 r Spherical capacitor: C = 4π0 r1 r2
−q +q
r2 −r1
r1
1 q
Electrostatic potential: V = 4π0 r

Z ~
r
~ · ~r,
dV = −E V (~r) = − ~ · d~r
E 2π0 l r2
∞ Cylindrical capacitor: C = ln(r2 /r1 ) l
r1
p
~
Electric dipole moment: p~ = q d~ −q +q
d A
Capacitors in parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2 C1 C2
B
1 p cos θ V (r)
Potential of a dipole: V = 4π0 r 2
θ r
1 1 1
p
~ Capacitors in series: Ceq = C1 + C2
C1 C2
A B

Er Force between plates of a parallel plate capacitor:

Field of a dipole: Q2
θ r F = 2A
Eθ 0
p
~
Q2
Er = 1 2p cos θ
4π0 r3 , Eθ = 1 p sin θ
4π0 r 3
Energy stored in capacitor: U = 12 CV 2 = 2C = 12 QV

~ ~τ = p~ × E
Torque on a dipole placed in E: ~ Energy density in electric field E: U/V = 12 0 E 2
0 KA
~ U = −~
Pot. energy of a dipole placed in E: ~
p·E Capacitor with dielectric: C = d

5.2: Gauss’s Law and its Applications 5.4: Current electricity

~ · dS
~
H
Electric flux: φ = E Current density: j = i/A = σE
H
~ · dS~ = qin /0 1 eE i
Gauss’s law: E Drift speed: vd = 2 mτ = neA

Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis: Resistance of a wire: R = ρl/A, where ρ = 1/σ
1 qx a
EP = 4π0 (a2 +x2 )3/2 q ~
E Temp. dependence of resistance: R = R0 (1 + α∆T )
x P
Ohm’s law: V = iR
E and V (of a uniformly charged sphere:
1 Qr Kirchhoff ’s Laws: (i) The Junction Law: The algebraic
4π0 R3 , for r < R E
E= 1 Q sum of all the currents directed towards a node is zero
4π0 r 2 , for r ≥ R O
r
R i.e., Σnode Ii = 0. (ii)The Loop Law: The algebraic
sum of all the potential differences along a closed loop
( 2

Q
3 − Rr 2 , for r < R V
V = 8π 0R
1 Q in a circuit is zero i.e., Σloop ∆ Vi = 0.
4π0 r , for r ≥ R O
r
R
1 1 1 A
Resistors in parallel: Req = R1 + R2 R1 R2
E and V of a uniformly charged spherical shell: B

0, for r < R E
E= 1 Q Resistors in series: Req = R1 + R2
4π0 r 2 , for r ≥ R O
r A
R1 R2
B
R
(
1 Q
4π0 R , for r < R V R1 R2
V = 1 Q
4π0 r , for r ≥ R r ↑ G
O R Wheatstone bridge:
R3 R4

λ
Field of a line charge: E = 2π0 r
V
Balanced if R1 /R2 = R3 /R4 .
σ
Field of an infinite sheet: E = 20
Electric Power: P = V 2 /R = I 2 R = IV
σ
Field in the vicinity of conducting surface: E = 0

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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 9

i ig G i ~
Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in B:
Galvanometer as an Ammeter: i − ig U = −~µ·B~
S
~
ig G = (i − ig )S Bi l B
Hall effect: Vw = ned w
y
x
R G i d z
Galvanometer as a Voltmeter: ↑
A ig B
VAB = ig (R + G)
5.6: Magnetic Field due to Current
R C
i ~
⊗B
Charging of capacitors: ~ = µ0 i d~l×~
r
Biot-Savart law: dB 4π r 3 θ
~
r
V d~l
h t
i
q(t) = CV 1 − e− RC
θ2
C
t Field due to a straight conductor: i
d ~
Discharging of capacitors: q(t) = q0 e− RC q(t)
⊗B
θ1
R
µ0 i
B= 4πd (cos θ1 − cos θ2 )
Time constant in RC circuit: τ = RC
µ0 i
Field due to an infinite straight wire: B = 2πd

∆H Peltier heat
Peltier effect: emf e = ∆Q = charge transferred . dF µ0 i1 i2 i1 i2
Force between parallel wires: dl = 2πd

e d
Seeback effect: T
T0 Tn Ti
a
P
1. Thermo-emf: e = aT + 12 bT 2 Field on the axis of a ring: i ~
B
d
2. Thermoelectric power: de/dt = a + bT .
µ0 ia2
3. Neutral temp.: Tn = −a/b. BP = 2(a2 +d2 )3/2
4. Inversion temp.: Ti = −2a/b.
a
µ0 iθ
∆H Thomson heat Field at the centre of an arc: B = ~ θ i
Thomson effect: emf e = ∆Q = charge transferred = σ∆T . 4πa B
a
Faraday’s law of electrolysis: The mass deposited is
µ0 i
Field at the centre of a ring: B = 2a
1
m = Zit = F Eit
~ · d~l = µ0 Iin
H
Ampere’s law: B
where i is current, t is time, Z is electrochemical equiv-
alent, E is chemical equivalent, and F = 96485 C/g is Field inside a solenoid: B = µ0 ni, n = N
l
Faraday constant. l

µ0 N i
5.5: Magnetism Field inside a toroid: B = 2πr r

Lorentz force on a moving charge: F~ = q~v × B

~ + qE
~
~2
B
Charged particle in a uniform magnetic field: d
v Field of a bar magnet: ~1
S N B
q mv 2πm
r= qB , T = qB d
~⊗ r µ0 2M µ0 M
B B1 = 4π d3 , B2 = 4π d3

~
B Horizontal Bh
Angle of dip: Bh = B cos δ δ
Force on a current carrying wire: ~l
Bv B
~
F i

F~ = i ~l × B
~
Tangent galvanometer: Bh tan θ = µ0 ni
2r , i = K tan θ
Magnetic moment of a current loop (dipole): k
Moving coil galvanometer: niAB = kθ, i= nAB θ
µ ~
~ A
µ ~
~ = iA q
i I
Time period of magnetometer: T = 2π M Bh
~ ~τ = µ
Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in B: ~
~ ×B
~ = µH
Permeability: B ~

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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f-p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 10

C R
5.7: Electromagnetic Induction 1
Z
RC circuit: i ωC
φ
~ · dS
~
H
Magnetic flux: φ = B
p ˜
e0 sin ωt
1
R

Faraday’s law: e = − dφ Z= R2 + (1/ωC)2 , tan φ = ωCR

dt

Lenz’s Law: Induced current create a B-field that op- L R R

poses the change in magnetic flux. LR circuit: i
ωL
φ

+ √ ωL
˜
e0 sin ωt
Z

Z= R2 + ω 2 L2 , tan φ = R
Motional emf: e = Blv l ~
v ⊗B
~

− L C R 1
ωC Z 1
LCR Circuit: i φ ωC − ωL
di
Self inductance: φ = Li, e= −L dt
q ˜
e0 sin ωt
ωL

1
R

Self inductance of a solenoid: L = µ0 n2 (πr2 l) 1

2 −ωL
Z= R2 + ωC − ωL , tan φ = ωC
R
h i q
t 1 1
Growth of current in LR circuit: i = Re 1 − e− L/R νresonance = 2π LC

i
L R Power factor: P = erms irms cos φ
e
e 0.63 R

t N1 e1 e1 N1 N2 e2
Transformer: = e2 , e1 i1 = e2 i2
S i L
R
N2
˜ i1 i2
˜
t
− L/R √
Decay of current in LR circuit: i = i0 e Speed of the EM waves in vacuum: c = 1/ µ0 0
L R i
i0

0.37i0
t
S i L
R

Time constant of LR circuit: τ = L/R

Energy stored in an inductor: U = 12 Li2

U B2
Energy density of B field: u = V = 2µ0

di
Mutual inductance: φ = M i, e = −M dt

EMF induced in a rotating coil: e = N ABω sin ωt

i
Alternating current: t
T
i = i0 sin(ωt + φ),
T = 2π/ω
RT
Average current in AC: ī = T1 0 i dt = 0

h R i1/2 i2
1 T i0
RMS current: irms = T 0
i2 dt = √
2
t

Energy: E = irms 2 RT Visit www.concepts-of-physics.com to buy

Capacitive reactance: Xc = 1 “IIT JEE Physics: Topic-wise Complete Solutions”
ωC
and our other books. Written by IITians, Foreword
Inductive reactance: XL = ωL by Dr. HC Verma, Appreciated by Students.

Imepedance: Z = e0 /i0

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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f-p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 11

6 Modern Physics N0
N

Population at time t: N = N0 e−λt N0

6.1: Photo-electric effect 2

O t1/2 t
Photon’s energy: E = hν = hc/λ

Photon’s momentum: p = h/λ = E/c Half life: t1/2 = 0.693/λ

Max. KE of ejected photo-electron: Kmax = hν − φ Average life: tav = 1/λ

Threshold freq. in photo-electric effect: ν0 = φ/h Population after n half lives: N = N0 /2n .

V0 Mass defect: ∆m = [Zmp + (A − Z)mn ] − M

hc 1

φ hc
Stopping potential: Vo = e λ − e
e
Binding energy: B = [Zmp + (A − Z)mn − M ] c2
φ 1
hc λ
−φ
e
Q-value: Q = Ui − Uf
de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p
Energy released in nuclear reaction: ∆E = ∆mc2
where ∆m = mreactants − mproducts .
6.2: The Atom
Energy in nth Bohr’s orbit: 6.4: Vacuum tubes and Semiconductors

mZ 2 e4 13.6Z 2 D
En = − , En = − eV Half Wave Rectifier:
80 2 h2 n2 n2 R Output

Radius of the nth Bohr’s orbit:

˜
0 h2 n2 n2 a0 Full Wave Rectifier:
rn = , rn = , a0 = 0.529 Å
πmZe2 Z ˜ Output

nh
Quantization of the angular momentum: l = 2π
Grid

Triode Valve: Cathode

Photon energy in state transition: E2 − E1 = hν Filament Plate

E2 E2
hν hν
∆Vp
E1
Emission
E1 Plate resistance of a triode: rp = ∆ip
Absorption ∆Vg =0

Wavelength of emitted radiation: for a transition Transconductance of a triode: gm =

∆ip
∆Vg
from nth to mth state: ∆Vp =0
 
1 2 1 1 Amplification by a triode: µ = −
∆Vp
= RZ − 2 ∆Vg
∆ip =0
λ n2 m
Relation between rp , µ, and gm : µ = rp × gm

I Kα
Kβ
hc
X-ray spectrum: λmin = eV
Ie Ic
Current in a transistor: Ie = Ib + Ic
λmin λα λ
Ib
√
Moseley’s law: ν = a(Z − b)
Ic
α and β parameters of a transistor: α = Ie , β =
X-ray diffraction: 2d sin θ = nλ Ic α
Ib , β = 1−α

Heisenberg uncertainity principle: ∆Ic

Transconductance: gm = ∆Vbe
∆p∆x ≥ h/(2π), ∆E∆t ≥ h/(2π)
Logic Gates:
AND OR NAND NOR XOR
A B AB A+B AB A+B AB̄ + ĀB
6.3: The Nucleus 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Nuclear radius: R = R0 A1/3 , R0 ≈ 1.1 × 10−15 m 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
dN
Decay rate: dt = −λN

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