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Lecture 6

The document covers complex integration, specifically line integrals in the complex plane, and provides examples of parametrically representing paths and evaluating integrals along those paths. It includes examples of line segments, semicircles, and the unit circle, along with exercises for practice. The document also demonstrates the evaluation of complex integrals using specific functions and paths, illustrating the process step-by-step.

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7 views

Lecture 6

The document covers complex integration, specifically line integrals in the complex plane, and provides examples of parametrically representing paths and evaluating integrals along those paths. It includes examples of line segments, semicircles, and the unit circle, along with exercises for practice. The document also demonstrates the evaluation of complex integrals using specific functions and paths, illustrating the process step-by-step.

Uploaded by

23108003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course Code: MTH (EEE) 301

Course Title: Probability & Statistics;


Complex variable & Harmonics
Lecture-6
Complex Integration
Line integral in the complex plane:
Complex definite integrals are called (complex) line integrals. They are
written as  f ( z ) dz .
C

Here the integrand f (z ) is integrated over a given curve C. This curve C


in the complex plane is called the path of integration.
If C is a closed path (one whose terminal point coincides with its initial
point), then it is denoted by  f ( z )dz .
C

Partitioning of path C: If C is a combination of 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 then,

∫ 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧


𝐶 𝐶1 𝐶2

We may represent C by a parametric representation 𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑖𝑦(𝑡),

𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏. That is, ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧(𝑡))𝑧 ′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡


Note: Parametric representation of any curve is not unique.
Example 1: Find and sketch the path whose orientation is given
by 𝑧(𝑡) = (1 + 3𝑖)𝑡 , 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2.
Solution: Given, 𝑧(𝑡) = (1 + 3𝑖)𝑡
⇒ 𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑖 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 + 𝑖 3𝑡
Comparing real and imaginary part, we get
𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝑡 , 𝑦(𝑡) = 3𝑡; 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2.
𝑡 x y (x,y)
1 1 3 (1,3)
2 2 6 (2,6)

So, 𝑧(𝑡) = (1 + 3𝑖 )𝑡 ; 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2 represents the line segment from (1,3)


to (2,6) in complex plane.

Example 2: Find and sketch the path whose orientation is given by


𝑧(𝑡) = 2𝑒 𝑖𝑡 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋.
Solution: Given, 𝑧(𝑡) = 2𝑒 𝑖𝑡 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 𝜋

⇒𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑖 𝑦(𝑡) = 2 cos(t) + 𝑖 2 sin(𝑡)

Comparing real and imaginary part, we get

𝑥 (𝑡) = 2 cos (𝑡) , 𝑦(𝑡) = 2 sin(𝑡) ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋.

So, 𝑧(𝑡) = 2𝑒 𝑖𝑡 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋 represents upper semicircle of radius 2 with


center (0,0).
Example 3: Sketch and represent the line segment from 1 + 𝑖 to 4 − 2𝑖
parametrically.
Solution: The equation of straight line passing through the points (1,1)
−2−1
to (4,-2) is, 𝑦 − 1 = ( ) (𝑥 − 1)
4−1

That is, 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2

Let, 𝑥 = 𝑡 then 𝑦 = −𝑡 + 2 where t varies from 𝑡 = 1 to 𝑡 = 4.

So, the parametric equation of line segment from 1 + 𝑖 to 4 − 2𝑖 is,

𝑥 (𝑡) = t , 𝑦(𝑡) = −t + 2; 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4.
Example 4: Sketch and represent unit circle (counterclockwise)
parametrically.
Solution: The equation of unit circle in counterclockwise direction is

|𝑧| = 1 ⇒ |𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑦| = 1 ⇒ √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 .

Let, 𝑥 = cos 𝑡 and 𝑦 = sin 𝑡,

Then (cos 𝑡)2 + (sin 𝑡)2 = 1 where t varies from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 2𝜋.

So, the parametric equation of unit circle (counterclockwise) is,

𝑥 (𝑡) = cos 𝑡 , 𝑦(𝑡) = sin t ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋.

Exercise
1. Find and sketch the path and its orientation given by:
i) 𝑧(𝑡) = 3𝑒 𝑖𝑡 ; 𝜋 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋 ii) 𝑧(𝑡) = (2 − 𝑖)𝑡 ; −2 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2
2. Sketch and represent them parametrically:
(i) Line segment from 1 + 3𝑖 to2 − 3𝑖 (ii) unit circle (clockwise)
(iii) |𝑧 + 4𝑖| = 4 (counter clockwise)
Line Integral
Example 1: Evaluate  f ( z ) dz , if f(z) = z2. Where the path C consisting
C
of two line segments, one from z = 0 to z = 2 and other from z = 2 to
z = 3+i.
Solution: Here, the path C consists of two line segments, one from

z = 0 to z = 2 ( say 𝐶1 )and other from z = 2 to z = 3+i( say 𝐶2 )

Along 𝐶1 : (The line from z = 0 to z = 2)

Here, 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,0)

And, 𝑧 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 2 ⇒ (𝑥, 𝑦) = (2,0)

Equation of the line, which passes through (0,0) and (2,0), is 𝑦 = 0

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 [using 𝑦 = 0]

Also, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥, [𝑦 = 0] so, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥 varies from 0 to 2.

2
2 𝑥3 8
∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =[ ] =
3 0 3
.
1

Along 𝐶2 : (The line from z = 2 to z = 3+i)

Here, 𝑧 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 2 ⇒ (𝑥, 𝑦) = (2,0)

And, 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑖 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 3 + 𝑖 ⇒ (𝑥, 𝑦) = (3,1)

Equation of the line, which passes through (2,0) and (3,1) is,

1−0
𝑦−0=( ) (𝑥 − 2) ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2.
3−2
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 = [(𝑦 + 2) + 𝑖𝑦]2 [using 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2]

And, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑦 + 2 + 𝑖𝑦, [using 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2]

So, 𝑑𝑧 = (1 + 𝑖)𝑑𝑦 and 𝑦 varies from 0 to 1.

1
∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧) 𝑑𝑧=∫0 [(𝑦 + 2) + 𝑖𝑦]2 (1 + 𝑖)𝑑𝑦
2

1
= ∫ [(𝑦 + 2)2 + 2(𝑦 + 2)𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖 2 𝑦 2 ] (1 + 𝑖)𝑑𝑦
0

1
= ∫ [𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 + 2𝑖𝑦 2 + 4𝑖𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ] (1 + 𝑖)𝑑𝑦
0

1
= ∫ [4𝑦 + 4 + 2𝑖𝑦 2 + 4𝑖𝑦] (1 + 𝑖)𝑑𝑦
0

1
= ∫ [4𝑦 + 4 + 2𝑖𝑦 2 + 4𝑖𝑦 + 4𝑖𝑦 + 4𝑖 + 2𝑖 2 𝑦 2 + 4𝑖 2 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
0

1
= ∫ [4𝑦 + 4 + 2𝑖𝑦 2 + 8𝑖𝑦 + 4𝑖 − 2𝑦 2 − 4𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
0

1
= ∫ [4 + 2𝑖𝑦 2 + 8𝑖𝑦 + 4𝑖 − 2𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
0

1
𝑦3 𝑦2 𝑦3
= [4𝑦 + 2𝑖 + 8𝑖 + 4𝑖𝑦 − 2 ]
3 2 3 0

2𝑖 2 10 26
=4+ + 4𝑖 + 4𝑖 − = + 𝑖
3 3 3 3
Now, ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 +
1

8 10 26 26
∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = 3 + 3
+
3
𝑖 =6+
3
𝑖
2

Example 2: Evaluate  f ( z ) dz , where f ( z) = z . from 𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = 4 + 2𝑖


C
along the curve 𝑧 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑖𝑡
Solution: Given, 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,0)
To 𝑧 = 4 + 2𝑖 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 4 + 2𝑖 ⇒ (𝑥, 𝑦) = (4,2) and
𝑧 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑖𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑖𝑡
Comparing real and imaginary part, we get = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 so, 𝑥 = 𝑦 2
Now, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧̅ ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑖𝑦 [using 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 ]
And, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑖𝑦, [using 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 ]

So, 𝑑𝑧 = (2𝑦 + 𝑖)𝑑𝑦 and 𝑦 varies from 0 to 2.

Now,

2
∫ 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ (𝑦 2 − 𝑖𝑦)(2𝑦 + 𝑖)𝑑𝑦
𝐶 0

2
= ∫ (2𝑦 3 + 𝑖𝑦 2 − 2𝑖𝑦 2 − 𝑖 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
0

2 2
3 2
2𝑦 4 𝑦3 𝑦2
= ∫ (2𝑦 − 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = [ −𝑖 + ]
0 4 3 2 0
1 𝑖 1 8𝑖
= (16 − 0) − (8 − 0) + (4 − 0) = 8 − + 2
2 3 2 3
8𝑖
= 10 −
3

Example 3: Evaluate  f ( z ) dz ,where f ( z) = z where the path C from 𝑧 =


C

−1 to 𝑧 = 1 along the upper half of the circle |𝑧| = 1 in the clockwise


direction.
Solution:

Given, C is the upper half of the circle z =1 from z = -1 to z = 1.

Since, |𝑧| = 1, so, 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖Ѳ and 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖Ѳ 𝑑  , where 𝜃 varies from 𝜋 to


0.

Now, f ( z) = z = 𝑒 −𝑖 

0 0
Now,  f ( z ) dz = ∫𝜋 𝑒 −𝑖  𝑖𝑒 𝑖  𝑑  = ∫𝜋 𝑖 𝑑  = 𝑖[𝜃 ]0𝜋 − 𝜋𝑖.
C

Exercise

1. Evaluate ∫𝐶 Im 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 where the path 𝐶 from 𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = 4𝑖


2. Evaluate ∫𝐶 (𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 )𝑑𝑧 where the path 𝐶, is the unit circle
|𝑧| = 1.
3. Evaluate  z dz , 𝐶 from 0 to 2 + 4𝑖 along the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
C

THANK YOU
STAY SAFE

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