RAMCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Academic Year: 2023- 2024 (Even Semester)

Degree, Semester & Branch: IV Semester B.E. ECE A &B

Course Code & Title: EC3452 Electromagnetic Fields
Name of the Faculty member: Mrs.S.Jeeva & Mr.D.Gopinath

UNIVERSITY TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

UNIT-V PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

1. What is the importance of Poynting vector? [Nov/Dec 2017]

In an electromagnetic field the flow of energy is given by the Poynting vector. For an
electromagnetic wave, this vector is in the direction of propagation and accounts for
radiation pressure. However, in a static electromagnetic field the Poynting vector can
be non-zero.

2. Write down the expressions for instantaneous and complex poynting vector.
[Nov/Dec 2016, May/June 2013, Nov/Dec 2010]

The instantaneous Poynting vector is given by

P  EH
The complex Poynting vector is given by
1 
P EH
2
3. State Poynting Theorem. [April/May 2015]
Poynting’s theorem states that the net power flowing out of a given volume v is equal
to the time rate of decrease in the energy stored within v minus the ohmic losses.
P  EH
4. Define complex poynting vector. [April/May 2011]
The complex Poynting vector is given by

1 
P EH
2

Using complex Poynting vector the average and reactive parts of the power flow per
unit area can be found.

5. Define a wave.
If a physical phenomenon that occurs at one place at a given time is
reproduced at other places at later times, the time delay being proportional to the
space separation from the first location then the group of phenomena constitutes a
wave.
6. State the properties of uniform plane wave. (EE6302-Nov-Dec-16 / EC6403-Apr-
May-17)
a. At every point in space the electric field E and magnetic field H are
perpendicular to each other and to the direction of travel.
b. The fields vary harmonically with time and at the same frequency everywhere
in space.
c. Each field has the same direction magnitude and phase at every point in any
plane perpendicular to the direction of travel.

7. Define Phase velocity. (EC6403-Nov-Dec-16)

The velocity of some point in the sinusoidal waveform is called phase
velocity. It is given by v = 1/ ().

8. Define intrinsic impedance.

It is the ratio of electric field to magnetic field or is the ratio of square root of
permeability to permittivity of the medium.

9. Write down the one-dimensional wave equation.

2E 2H
 2 E   and  2
H  
t 2 t 2

10. What is the wavelength and frequency of a wave propagation in free space when
β = 2? (EE6302-Apr-May-2015)
2 2
Wavelength       3.14 m
 2
     2 f  o r o r

f 
2  o r o r
2 3 108
f  
2  o 1  o  1 
f  0.9554 108 Hz

11. What is skin depth?(EE6302-Apr-May-17/ May-June-16) (EC6403-Apr-May-17)

Skin depth or depth of penetration is defined as that depth in which the wave
has been attenuated to 1/e or approximately 37% of its original value.
1 1
 
(f ) 

12. What is practical significance of skin depth? (EE6302-Nov-Dec-15)

Skin depth indicates that at higher frequencies the signal will be concentrated
on the surface of the conductor and the conductor may radiate the signal.

13. Define standing wave ratio. (EE6302-Nov-Dec-16)

The standing wave ratio (S) is defined as the ratio of maximum to minimum
amplitudes of voltage.
 E1s max 1 
S 
E1s min 1 

14. Find the velocity of a plane wave in a lossless medium having a relative
permittivity 2 and relative permeability of unity. (EE6302-Apr-May-17)
1 1
v 
 o r o r
1 1
v 
o o r r
3  108
v  2.1213  108
2 1

15. The capacitance and inductance of an overhead transmission line are 0.0075
µF/km and 0.8 mH/km respectively. Determine the characteristic impedance of
the line. (EE6302-Nov-Dec-14)
Natural impedance (or) Surge impedance
L 0.8  103
Z   326.5986
C 0.0075  106
o
Characteristic impedance for the air medium    120  377
o
16. Find the characteristics impedance of the medium whose relative permittivity is
3 and relative permeability is 1. (EE6302-Nov-Dec-15)

Characteristic impedance  

o  r 4 107 1
   217.51
 o r 8.854 1012  3

17. A plane wave travelling in air is normally incident on a block of paraffin’s with
𝜺𝒓 = 𝟐. 𝟑. Find the reflection co-efficient. (EE6302-Nov-Dec-15)
Er 2  1
The reflection coefficient is given by    .
Ei 1  2
For the air, 1  376.73 and
2 o  r 2
2  
2  o r 2

4  107  1
2   248.41
8.854  1012  2.3
   248.41  376.73
 2 1   0.2053
1  2 248.41  376.73

18. If a plane wave is incident normally from medium 1 to medium 2, write the
reflection and transmission coefficients. (EE6302-Nov-Dec-14)
 Et 22
The transmission coefficient is given by    .
Ei 1  2
Er 2  1
The reflection coefficient is given by    .
Ei 1  2

19. Define loss tangent.


Loss tangent is defined as: tan   , where  is the conductivity of the

medium,  is the permittivity of the medium and  is the angular frequency.

20. What do you mean by polarization?

The time varying behaviour of electric field intensity at a given point in space
is called as polarization of uniform plane waves.

21. Define circular polarization.

If x and y component of electric field E x and Ey have equal amplitude and 90° phase
difference, then the locus of the resultant electric field is a circle and the wave is said
to be circularly polarized.

22. Define surface impedance.

It is defined as the ratio of the tangential component of electric field (E tan) at
the surface of the conductor and linear current density (J s) which flows as a result of
this electric field.