Chapter 1

Introduction to Engine Modeling

and Simulation
Avinash Kumar Agarwal , Dhananjay Kumar , Nikhil Sharma ,
and Utkarsha Sonawane

Abstract Stricter emission norms and increasing pollution have motivated

researchers to find an optimal way to explore and deploy advanced engine tech-
nology and alternative fuels. Engine combustion is a complex process that is yet
to understand significantly. Computational modelling has enabled the researcher
to understand complex underlying processes quickly and economically. This book
covers major aspects of internal combustion (IC) engine modelling. The first two
sections of this book focus on various engine models, mathematical modelling of
injection processes, and spray breakup modelling. The third section of this book is
dedicated to the modelling of diesel engine combustion. Emphasis has been made
on soot and NOx modelling. The fourth section of this book is dedicated to model
the spark ignition engine processes. Various 1D and 3D tools that are currently used
by the automotive community are discussed in detail. The last section of this book
covers the prediction of exhaust heat recovery from IC engines. Overall, this book
emphasises mathematical modelling of the different processes involved in IC engines.

Keywords Simulation · Modelling · IC engine · Spray · Emissions · Exhaust heat

recovery

The first part of the book introduces modelling and simulation of IC engines. One
of the chapters discusses the development of engine models and analyses of stresses
and temperature. This chapter covers the simulations and analyses of the structural
and thermal consequences of specified bore piston and cylinder block models. This
section effectively analyses stress and temperature using finite element methods using
various tools such as ANSYS workbench, ADSL, and Deform 3D.

A. K. Agarwal (B) · D. Kumar · U. Sonawane

Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
e-mail: [email protected]
D. Kumar
e-mail: [email protected]
N. Sharma
Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 3
A. K. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Engine Modeling and Simulation, Energy, Environment,
and Sustainability, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8618-4_1
4 A. K. Agarwal et al.

The second part of the book covers the fundamentals of spray modelling. One of
the chapters discusses the mathematical modelling of fuel injection processes and
spray characteristics of diesel engines. In a diesel engine, the injection phenomenon
is vital because it impacts fuel spray characteristics and mixture formation processes.
The current research aims to review computational/ mathematical models of spray
characteristics and empirical models of the engine’s fuel injection and spray
processes. The challenges for modelling the spray characteristics are also highlighted
in this section. Numerous research works have been analysed for the effect of fuel
injection parameters. Another chapter in this section covers spray breakup modelling
for internal combustion engines. This chapter attempts to capture widely used spray
breakup models and research studies involving IC engines. Fundamentals of spray
breakup and atomisation have been discussed at the beginning of the section. In
the end, the section has comprehensively examined the key contributions in spray
modelling to provide an overall idea about the spray models and their application for
IC engines.
The third part of this book has four chapters covering different simulation aspects
of diesel engines. This section comprehensively covers complete modelling and
simulation processes, starting from the basic input data required, typical assump-
tions, fundamental governing equations and discretisation, model formulation, initial
conditions, boundary conditions, model validation, various sub-models used, and the
analysis of results. The first chapter of this section is about the modelling and simu-
lation of diesel engines using CFD. The second chapter of this section is focused on
a large-bore marine diesel engine. This chapter discusses physical and data-driven
models’ hybridisation for modelling the dynamic state of a four-stroke marine diesel
engine. Due to strict emission norms, low complex emissions prediction models
are needed, actively controlling the combustion phase and after-treatment systems.
The last two chapters in this section are about emissions from a diesel engine. This
section focuses on the simulation and experimental investigations of a simplified 0-D
model for the prediction of NOx emissions with unburned zones, burned zones, adia-
batic flame temperatures, and species concentrations, especially atomic oxygen [O],
Nitrogen [N2 ], and nitric oxide [NO]. To understand the development of a model
for soot formation, the Hiroyasu-NSC model, Waseda model, Gokul model, and
Dalian model with their capabilities are discussed. For NOx formation, the two most
fundamental models based on the Zeldovich mechanism and prompt NOx (Fenimore
mechanism), which are semi-empirical, are discussed.
The fourth part of the book has four chapters covering simulation aspects of
the spark-ignition (SI) engine. The first chapter covers the fundamentals, evolution,
and modelling of ignition systems. This chapter summarises modelling aspects of
spark ignition engines using 1-D and 3-D simulation tools. The working of these
advanced ignition systems has been discussed in detail, along with their challenges.
The second chapter in this section focuses on the calibration of combustion and heat
transfer models and exergy analysis in the SI engines. This chapter reports on a
workflow that aims at obtaining more profound insights into SI engines using ther-
modynamic modelling. This workflow is divided into two steps: (i) Auto-calibration
of combustion and heat transfer models using AVL Boost and AVL Design Explorer;
1 Introduction to Engine Modeling and Simulation 5

and (ii) In-cylinder exergy analysis using Wolfram Mathematica. This analysis can
be instrumental in determining the best fuel mixture, operating conditions, and
areas for improvement. The last chapter discusses the effect of injection timings
on combustion, performance, and emissions of methanol fuelled direct-injected SI
engines through 1-D simulations.
The fifth part of the book covers exhaust heat recovery from IC engines. This part
of the book discusses generalised principles for the simulation of IC engine waste
heat recovery. Automotive exhaust thermoelectric generator unit is integrated into
the exhaust noise muffler, heat recovery, and noise attenuation simulations. The first
chapter discusses harvesting mufflers that utilise thermoelectric generators (TEG)
to convert waste heat from the engine exhaust into electricity and simultaneously
reduce the engine noise. The recovered electricity can power the auxiliary units
in automobiles and can effectively improve the system’s overall efficiency. In this
section, an automotive exhaust thermoelectric generator (AETEG) unit is fabricated
to extract the waste exhaust heat from the engine. To further enhance the performance
of the AETEG unit, changes in the internal geometry of the unit are proposed, and
a systematic computational study is carried. The last chapter is about heat recovery
from diesel engines. The present chapter explores the simulation results of possible
schemes and effect of waste heat recovery from diesel engines.
This book presents both fundamental and applied emerging technologies for emis-
sion reduction using a simulation approach. Several mathematical models to predict
the engine spray, combustion, and emissions are discussed. The topics covered in
this book include:
• Introduction to engine modelling and simulation,
• Development of engine models and analysis of cylinder bore piston stresses and
temperature effects in IC engines,
• Mathematical modelling of injection and spray characteristics of a diesel engine:
a review,
• Spray breakup modelling for internal combustion engines,
• Modelling and simulation of diesel engines using CFD and its applications in
optimising various in-cylinder techniques,
• Physical and data-driven models hybridisation for modelling the dynamic state of
a four-stroke marine diesel engine,
• Soot particles and NOx modelling for diesel engine,
• NOx emission prediction model for DI diesel engine,
• Fundamentals, evolution, and modelling of ignition systems for spark-ignition
engines,
• Methods in SI engine modelling: auto-calibration of combustion and heat transfer
models and exergy analysis,
• Investigation on the effect of injection timings on combustion, performance, and
emissions of pure methanol fuelled DISI engine through 1-D simulations,
• Automotive exhaust thermoelectric generator unit integrated to exhaust noise
muffler: heat recovery and noise attenuation simulations,
6 A. K. Agarwal et al.

• Diesel engine waste heat recovery schemes for improved fuel economy and
reduced emissions: simulation results.
These mentioned topics are categorised into five sections: (i) Introduction, (ii)
Spray Modelling, (iii) CI Engine Modelling, (iv) SI Engine Modeling, and (v)
Exhaust Heat Recovery.