QTYSUR 301/311 – BSCE 3A D.

As to Methods of Construction
1. Ordinary
FORMWORKS AND SCAFFOLDING 2. Unit

GROUP MEMBERS: E. As to Uses

1. Baldove, Ivan 1. Foundation
2. Evaristo, Sarah Angela 2. Wall
3. Urbano, Cezar Jhon 3. Steps
4. Beam and Girders
Topics: 5. Slab
● Formworks 6. Sidewalk, etc.
● Plywood as Construction Form
● Forms for Square and Rectangular Columns F. Construction of Forms consists of:
● Forms for Circular Columns 1. Retaining Boards
● Forms for Beams and Girder 2. Supporters or studs
● Scaffolding and Staging 3. Braces
● Estimating Scaffolding and Staging 4. Spacer
● Steel Pipe Scaffolding 5. Tie wire
FORMWORKS 6. Bolts and nails

o Form - a temporary boarding, sheathing, or G. Types of Post and Wall Form

pan used to produce the desired shape and 1. Continuous
size of concrete. 2. Full Unit
o Concrete mixture - generally semi-fluid that 3. Layer Unit
reproduces the shape of anything into which a. Continuous
it is poured. a. Sectional

Selection of Forms are based on: The time of formwork removal depends on the
following factors:
1. Cost of the materials
2. Construction and assembling cost 1. Type of Cement
3. The number of times it could be used Rapid-hardening cement requires less
4. Strength and resistance to pressure and tear time compared to Ordinary Portland Cement
and wear
Ratio of Concrete Mix
Rich ratio concrete gains strength earlier
Characteristics of a Good Formwork:
as compared to weak ratio concrete.
Weather Condition
1. It should be strong enough to withstand The hydration process accelerates in hot
different forms of loads such as a dead weather conditions as compared to cold and
load of concrete and live load during and
humid weather conditions.
after casting concrete.
2. It should be leakage-proof.
3. It should be waterproof.
4. It should be rigid enough to avoid deflection.
5. It should be as light as possible.
6. The materials used for making formwork
should
resist warping, bulking, and weather.
7. The materials used for the construction
of formwork should be easily available,
cheap, and reusable.

Classifications of Forms:

A. As to Materials
1. Wood
2. Metal
3. Plastic
4. Composite

B. As to Shape
1. Straight
2. Circular, etc.

C. Solid or Hollow Cast

1. Single
2. Double
For cement other than Ordinary Portland cement, construction. Its purpose is to maintain the proper
the time required for formwork removal should be positioning and alignment of reinforcement bars
as: (rebar) within the concrete formwork before and
during the pouring of concrete.
1. Portland Pozzolana Cement - stripping
time will be 10/7 of the time stated above PURPOSE
(Table-2)
● Maintaining Rebar Position
2. Low heat cement - stripping time will be
● Preventing Corrosion
10/7 of the time stated above (Table-2)
● Even Concrete Cover
● Supporting Rebar
● Uniform Concrete Distribution
3. Rapid Hardening Cement - stripping time
of 3/7 of the time stated above (Table-2) will
be sufficient in all cases except for vertical FORMS FOR SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR
sides of slabs, beams, and columns which COLUMN
should be retained for at least for 24 hours.
In determining the materials for square and
Greasing of Forms rectangular column forms, one has to consider
the following:
● The purpose of greasing the form is to make 1. The thickness of the board to be used
the wood waterproof, preventing the
absorption of water in the concrete which 2. The size of the frame
causes swelling and warping. It also
prevents the adherence of concrete into the 3. Types of frameworks to be adopted
pores of the wood.
● Crude Oil - the most economical a. Continuous rib type
and satisfactory material for
greasing b. Stud type
● is mixed with No. 40 motor oil
to a proportion of 1:3 mixtures FORMULA IN FINDING THE
or with varying viscosity MATERIALS FOR SQUARE AND
depending upon the temperature
RECTANGULAR
condition
COLUMN FORMS
● A thicker mixture is
recommended in warm weather
1. P = 2 (a + b) + 0.20
conditions
● Greasing of Forms should not be allowed
Where:
after the steel bars have been set to their
position. P = lateral perimeter of the column
● Metal Forms also need oil applications to
prevent rust formation. a = shorter side of the column
PLYWOOD AS CONSTRUCTION FORM b = the longer side of the column
● Plywood - a versatile construction material
used as wall partitions, cabinets, and 0.20 = constant value for the lapping of form joints
furniture
- also utilized in boat building as 2. Multiply P by the height of one column
well as forms for reinforced concrete times the number of columns to get the total
constructions area of the forms.

Plywood as Form has the following advantages: 3. Divide the total area found by 2.88
1. It is economical in terms of labor to get the number of plywood forms.
cost.
2. It is lightweight and handy. 4. Multiply the number of plywood found by
3. It has a smooth surface which may 29.67 to get the board foot of frame
not require plastering. required.
4. Less consumption of nails.
5. Ease of assembling and
disassembling.
6. Easily available

● Plywood is manufactured in various

thickness ranging from 4, 6, 12, 20, and
25 mm with standard commercial sizes of
90 x 1.80 and 1.20 x 2.40 meters

CONCRETE SPACERS

• A concrete spacer, also known as a rebar

spacer or reinforcement spacer, is a device
used in reinforced concrete structures during
 EXAMPLE BASED ON THE PLAN: 2. A = P * h * n
A = 1.4 m * 5.5 m * 2
A = 15.4 sq.m

4. Number of Plywood = 15.4/2.88

Number of Plywood = 15.4/2.88
Number of Plywood = 5.35 pieces

Total Number of Plywood

= 38.94 pieces + 5.35
= 44.29 pieces
= 45 pieces

Total Board Foot of Frame

= 45 x 29.67
= 1335.15 bd. Ft
= 1336 bd. ft

For Concrete Spacer:

• Number of Columns (n): 9

• Height of the Columns (h): 7.40 m (elevation from
NGL to the top of R.B) + 1.50 (height of on fill
and FTB) = 8.9 m
• Size of the Column: a= 0.20 b=0.40

Area = [2(0.20 + 0.40)] x 8.9 x 9

= 96.12 sq.m.
A 2-storey house has 9 concrete posts at 7.40 meters
high and 2 concrete posts 4 meters high with uniform
cross-sectional dimensions of 0.20 x 0.40 m. Specify the • Number of Columns (n): 2
use of 6 mm (1/4") marine plywood on a 2" x 2" wood • Height of the Columns (h): 4m (elevation from NGL
frame. List down the materials required using to the second floor) + 1.50 (height of on fill and
continuous rib type forms. FTB) = 5.5 m
SOLUTION: • Size of the Column: a= 0.20 b=0.40

• Number of Columns (n): 9 Area = [2(0.20 + 0.40)]x 5.5 x 2

• Height of the Columns (h): 7.40 m (elevation from = 13.2 sq.m.
NGL to the top of R.B) + 1.50 (height of on fill
and FTB) = 8.9 m TOTAL AREA = 96.12 + 13.2 = 109.32 sq. m.
• Size of the Column: a= 0.20 b=0.40
The minimum number of concrete spacers per unit
area with a maximum of 750mm spacing per concrete
1. P = 2 (a + b) + 0.20 spacer is 2 pieces.
P = 2 (0.20 + 0.40) + 0.20
P = 1.4 m Total Number of Concrete Spacer
= 109.32 sq.m (2 pieces)
2. A = P * h * n = 218.64 pieces
A = 1.4 m * 8.9 m * 9 = 219 pieces
A = 112.14 sq.m

3. Number of Plywood = A/2.88 For Nails:

Number of Plywood = 112.14/2.88 • Number of Columns (n): 9
Number of Plywood = 38.94 pieces
• Height of the Columns (h): 7.40 m (elevation from
NGL to the top of R.B) + 1.50 (height of on fill
• Number of Columns (n): 2 and FTB) = 8.9 m
• Height of the Columns (h): 4m (elevation from • Size of the Column: a= 0.20 b=0.40
NGL to the second floor) + 1.50 (height of on fill
and FTB) = 5.5 m Area = [2(0.20 + 0.40)] x 8.9 x 9
• Size of the Column: a= 0.20 b=0.40 = 96.12 sq.m.

1. P = 2 (a + b) + 0.20
P = 2 (0.20 + 0.40) + 0.20
P = 1.4 m
 • Number of Columns (n): 2 • Number of Columns (n): 2
• Height of the Columns (h): 4m (elevation from • Height of the Columns (h): 4m (elevation from NGL
NGL to the second floor) + 1.50 (height of on fill to the second floor) + 1.50 (height of on fill and
and FTB) = 5.5 m FTB) = 5.5 m
• Size of the Column: a= 0.20 b=0.40 • Size of the Column: a= 0.20 b=0.40

Area = [2(0.20 + 0.40)]x 5.5 x 2 Area = [2(0.20 + 0.40)]x 5.5 x 2

= 13.2 sq.m. = 13.2 sq.m.

TOTAL AREA = 96.12 + 13.2 = 109.32 sq. m. TOTAL AREA = 96.12 + 13.2 = 109.32 sq. m.

Thumb Rule: 75 gms of nails used for every 1 sq. m. Thumb Rule: 0.065 x Total Area or 1 L of oil used
of Area for every 15 sq. m. of Area

Total Number of Nails

Total Amount of Oil = (0.065) (109.32)
= (75) (109.32) Total Amount of Oil = 7.1058 L
= 8199 g
= 8.199 kg

For Tie Wire: Summary of Materials:

• Number of Columns (n): 9
Materials Quantity UNITS
• Height of the Columns (h): 7.40 m (elevation from
NGL to the top of R.B) + 1.50 (height of on fill
and FTB) = 8.9 m
• Size of the Column: a= 0.20 b=0.40 Total Number of 45 pieces
Plywood
Area = [2(0.20 + 0.40)] x 8.9 x 9
= 96.12 sq.m. Total Board 1336 bd. ft
Foot of Frame
• Number of Columns (n): 2
• Height of the Columns (h): 4m (elevation from
NGL to the second floor) + 1.50 (height of on fill Total Number
and FTB) = 5.5 m of Concrete 219 pieces
• Size of the Column: a= 0.20 b=0.40 Spacer

Area = [2(0.20 + 0.40)]x 5.5 x 2

= 13.2 sq.m. Total Number of 8.199 kg
Nails
TOTAL AREA = 96.12 + 13.2 = 109.32 sq. m.

Thumb Rule: 75 gms of tie wire used for every 1 sq.

m. of Area Total Number of 8.199 kg
Tie Wire
Total Number of Tie Wire
= (75) (109.32)
= 8199 g Total Amount of
= 8.199 kg Oil 7.1058 L

FOR SHUTTERING OIL:

• Number of Columns (n): 9

• Height of the Columns (h): 7.40 m (elevation from
NGL to the top of R.B) + 1.50 (height of on fill
and FTB) = 8.9 m
• Size of the Column: a= 0.20 b=0.40

Area = [2(0.20 + 0.40)] x 8.9 x 9

= 96.12 sq.m.
FORMS FOR CIRCULAR COLUMNS SOLUTION:

The plain galvanized iron sheet and black sheets

are commonly used as sheeting for circular, oval,
elliptical and other similar types considering its
versatility in forming any shape of geometrical
design. Metal sheet form is supported by metal
frame of either plain bars, angular, tee or circular
1. Solve for the circumference of one column.
in cross section or whatever specified in the plan.
C = 3.1416 x 60 m.
ESTIMATING PROCEDURE
C = 1.88 meters
1. Find the circumferential area of the circular
2. Multiply by column height to find the surface
column using the formula: area.

Area = 1,88 x 4.00

C = 3.1416 x diameter x Height x No. of
columns.
Area = 7.52 sq.m.
2. Divide the area found by the effective area
3. Find the Area of the 8 columns, multiply:
covering of one metal sheet.
3. Count the number of ribs or support classified Total Surface Area = 7.52 x 8

as to their kind and length then convert to Total Surface Area = 60.16 sq.m
commercial size of steel bars.
5. Find the Number of Sheet required. Refer to
4. In estimating materials for any particular work, Table 5-2. Using a 1.20 x 2.40 m. black sheet,
a detailed plan is imperative. Without a detailed multiply:

plan, expect a half hazard result even from your Number of Sheet = 60.16 x 347
brightest estimator.
Number of Sheet = 21 pieces

SAMPLE PROBLEM 5. Find the number of Vertical Support (ribs) at 15

cm. spacing distance. Refer again to Table 5-2.
From Figure 5-4, determine the required metal
black sheet form for 8 circular columns 4.00 Vertical Support = 60.16 x 25

meters high each with a uniform cross-sectional Vertical Support = 1,504 meters
diameter of 60 centimeters.
6. Convert to commercial length of steel bars say
6.00 meters long. Divide:

1,504/6 = 250.7 ≈ 251 pieces (vertical supports)

7. Solve for the Circumferential Ties. Again, refer

to Table 5-2. Multiply:

Ties = 60.16 x 9.52 = 572.7

Ties ≈ 573 meters

8. Convert to the commercial length of steel bars
say meters. Divide:

573.00/6.00 = 95.5 ≈ 96 pieces (for

circumferential ties)

FORMS FOR BEAM & GIRDERS

Form for beam and girder are made of only three

parts: one bottom form and two side forms. They
are made of either metal or plywood materials
supported by galvanized pipe staging or wooden
lumber of varying sizes from 2" x 2" to 2" x 3"
frames. When coconut lumber is used, a bigger
size from 2" x 3" to 2" x 4" are used.

Wooden forms are rigidly supported with

sufficient vertical and diagonal bracing to carry
the heavy load of concrete weighing
approximately 65 kilograms per cubic foot.

The ease of dismantling is the primary

consideration in the assembling of forms. The
freedom from pain and difficulty in removing the
form depends on how it was fastened.
EXAMPLE BASED ON THE A = 7.2 m2

PLAN 3. No. of Plywood = 2.88

�

ROOF BEAMS: No. of Plywood = 2.88

7.2

No. of Plywood = 2.5 pieces

Number of Beams (n) = 1

Length of the Beams (l) = 3.05 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.30m, b = 0.20 m

1. P = 2d + b + 0.10
P = 2(0.30) + 0.20 + 0.10
P = 0.9 m

2. A = P l n
A = 0.9 (3.05) (1)
A = 2.75 m2
�
3. No. of Plywood = 2.88

SOLUTION: No. of Plywood = 2.88

2.75

Number of Beams (n) = 1

Length of the Beams (l) = 5.00 m No. of Plywood = 0.95 pieces
Size of Beams: d = 0.30m, b = 0.20 m
Number of Beams (n) = 3
1. P = 2d + b + 0.10
Length of the Beams (l) = 4.95 m
P = 2(0.30) + 0.20 + 0.10
P = 0.9 m Size of Beams: d = 0.30m, b = 0.20 m

2. A = P l n 1. P = 2d + b + 0.10
P = 2(0.30) + 0.20 + 0.10
A = 0.9 (5.00) (1)
P = 0.9 m
A = 4.5 m2
� 2. A = P l n
3. No. of Plywood = 2.88 A = 0.9 (4.95) (3)
A = 13.37 m2
4.5
No. of Plywood = 2.88
�
3. No. of Plywood = 2.88
No. of Plywood = 1.56 pieces
13.37
No. of Plywood = 2.88

No. of Plywood = 4.64 pieces

Number of Beams (n) = 2

Number of Beams (n) = 1
Length of the Beams (l) = 8.55 m
Length of the Beams (l) = 8.00 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.30m, b = 0.20 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.30m, b = 0.20 m
1. P = 2d + b + 0.10
1. P = 2d + b + 0.10
P = 2(0.30) + 0.20 + 0.10
P = 2(0.30) + 0.20 + 0.10
P = 0.9 m
P = 0.9 m
2. A = P l n
2. A = P l n
A = 0.9 (8.55) (2)
A = 0.9 (8.00) (1)
 A = 15.39 m2 Area = [2 (0.20 + 0.30)] (5.00) (1)
Area = 14.85 m2

3. No. of Plywood = 2.88

� Number of Beams (n) = 2
Length of the Beams (l) = 8.55 m
15.39 Size of Beams: d = 0.30 m, b = 0.20 m
No. of Plywood = 2.88 Area = [2 (0.20 + 0.30)] (8.55) (1)
Area = 17.10 m2
No. of Plywood = 5.34 pieces
Number of Beams (n) = 1
Length of the Beams (l) = 13.55 m
Number of Beams (n) = 1 Size of Beams: d = 0.30 m, b = 0.20 m
Length of the Beams (l) = 13.55 m Area = [2 (0.20 + 0.30)] (13.55) (1)
Size of Beams: d = 0.30m, b = 0.20 m Area = 13.55 m2

1. P = 2d + b + 0.10 Total Area = 5 + 8 + 3.05 + 14.85 +

P = 2(0.30) + 0.20 + 0.10 17.10 + 13.55
P = 0.9 m Total Area = 61.55 m2

2. A = P l n The minimum number of concrete spacers per unit

A = 0.9 (13.55) (1) area with a maximum of 750 mm spacing per
A = 12.20 m2 concrete spacer is 2 pieces.

3. No. of Plywood = 2.88

� Total Number of Concrete Spacer
= 61.55 sq. m. (2 pieces/ sq. m.)
12.20 = 123.1 pieces
No. of Plywood = 2.88 ≈ 124 pieces

No. of Plywood = 4.23 m2 For Nails:

Total Number of Plywood = 1.56 + 2.5 + 0.95 + 4.64 Number of Beams (n) = 1
+ 5.34 + 4.23 Length of the Beams (l) = 5.00 m
Total Number of Plywood = 19.22 pieces Size of Beams: d = 0.30 m, b = 0.20 m
Total Number of Plywood ≈ 20 pieces Area = [2 (0.20 + 0.30)] (5.00) (1)
Area = 5 m2

For Concrete Spacers: Number of Beams (n) = 1

Area = [2 (b + d)] l n Length of the Beams (l) = 8.00 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.30 m, b = 0.20 m
Number of Beams (n) = 1 Area = [2 (0.20 + 0.30)] (8.00) (1)
Length of the Beams (l) = 5.00 m Area = 8 m2
Size of Beams: d = 0.30 m, b = 0.20 m
Area = [2 (0.20 + 0.30)] (5.00) (1) Number of Beams (n) = 1
Area = 5 m2 Length of the Beams (l) = 3.05 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.30 m, b = 0.20 m
Number of Beams (n) = 1 Area = [2 (0.20 + 0.30)] (3.05) (1)
Length of the Beams (l) = 8.00 m Area = 3.05 m2
Size of Beams: d = 0.30 m, b = 0.20 m
Area = [2 (0.20 + 0.30)] (8.00) (1) Number of Beams (n) = 3
Area = 8 m2 Length of the Beams (l) = 4.95 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.30 m, b = 0.20 m
Number of Beams (n) = 1 Area = [2 (0.20 + 0.30)] (5.00) (1)
Length of the Beams (l) = 3.05 m Area = 14.85 m2
Size of Beams: d = 0.30 m, b = 0.20 m
Area = [2 (0.20 + 0.30)] (3.05) (1) Number of Beams (n) = 2
Area = 3.05 m2 Length of the Beams (l) = 8.55 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.30 m, b = 0.20 m
Number of Beams (n) = 3 Area = [2 (0.20 + 0.30)] (8.55) (1)
Length of the Beams (l) = 4.95 m Area = 17.10 m2
Size of Beams: d = 0.30 m, b = 0.20 m
Number of Beams (n) = 1
Length of the Beams (l) = 13.55 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.30 m, b = 0.20 m
Area = [2 (0.20 + 0.30)] (13.55) (1) FLOOR BEAMS:
Area = 13.55 m2

Total Area = 5 + 8 + 3.05 + 14.85 +

17.10 + 13.55
Total Area = 61.55 m2

Thumb Rule: 75 g of nails used for every 1 sq. m. of

Area.
Total Number of Nails
= 61.55 sq. m. (75 g/sq. m.)
= 4616.25 g
≈ 4.62 kg

For Tie Wire (Binding Wire):

Total Area = 5 + 8 + 3.05 + 14.85 +
17.10 + 13.55
Total Area = 61.55 m2

Thumb Rule: 75 g of wires used for every 1 sq. m.

of Area. SOLUTION:
Total Number of Wire
= 61.55 sq. m. (75 g/sq. m.) Number of Beams (n) = 4
= 4616.25 g Length of the Beams (l) = 3.00 m
≈ 4.62 kg Size of Beams: d = 0.35m, b = 0.20 m

For Greasing of Forms (Shuttering Oil): 1. P = 2d + b + 0.10

P = 2(0.35) + 0.20 + 0.10
Total Area = 5 + 8 + 3.05 + 14.85 + P=1m
17.10 + 13.55
Total Area = 61.55 m2 2. A = P l n
A = 1 (3.00) (4)
Thumb Rule: 0.065 x Total Area or 1 L of oil used A = 12 m2
for every 15 sq. m. Area.
�
3. No. of Plywood = 2.88
Total Amount of Oil
= 61.55 sq. m. (0.065 L/sq. m.) 12
= 4.00 L No. of Plywood = 2.88

No. of Plywood = 4.17 pieces

Number of Beams (n) = 5

Length of the Beams (l) = 2.00 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.35m, b = 0.20 m

1. P = 2d + b + 0.10
P = 2(0.35) + 0.20 + 0.10
P=1m

2. A = P l n
A = 1 (2.00) (5)
A = 10 m2
�
3. No. of Plywood = 2.88
 10 13.35
No. of Plywood = 2.88 No. of Plywood = 2.88

No. of Plywood = 3.47 pieces No. of Plywood = 4.64 pieces

Number of Beams (n) = 5 Number of Beams (n) = 1
Length of the Beams (l) = 3.00 m Length of the Beam (l) = 13.35 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.35m, b = 0.20 m Size of Beams: d = 0.35m, b = 0.20 m

1. P = 2d + b + 0.10 1. P = 2d + b + 0.10
P = 2(0.35) + 0.20 + 0.10 P = 2(0.35) + 0.20 + 0.10
P=1m P=1m

2. A = P l n 2. A = P l n
A = 1 (3.00) (5) A = 1 (13.35) (1)
A = 15 m2 A = 13.35 m2
� �
3. No. of Plywood = 2.88 3. No. of Plywood = 2.88

15 13.35
No. of Plywood = 2.88 No. of Plywood = 2.88

No. of Plywood = 5.21 pieces No. of Plywood = 4.64 pieces

Total Number of Plywood = 4.17 + 3.47 + 5.21 + 4.64

+ 4.64 + 4.64
Number of Beams (n) = 1 Total Number of Plywood = 26.77 pieces
Length of the Beams (l) = 13.35 m Total Number of Plywood ≈ 27 pieces
Size of Beams: d = 0.35m, b = 0.20 m
For Concrete Spacers:
1. P = 2d + b + 0.10 Area = [2(d+b)] l n
P = 2(0.35) + 0.20 + 0.10
P=1m Number of Beams (n) = 4
Length of the Beams (l) = 3.00 m
2. A = P l n Size of Beams: d = 0.35m, b = 0.20 m
A = 1 (13.35) (1) Area = [2(0.35+0.20)] (3.00) (4)
A = 13.35 m2 Area = 13.20 m2
�
3. No. of Plywood = 2.88 Number of Beams (n) = 5
Length of the Beams (l) = 2.00 m
No. of Plywood =
13.35 Size of Beams: d = 0.35m, b = 0.20 m
2.88 Area = [2(0.35+0.20)] (2.00) (5)
Area = 11 m2
No. of Plywood = 4.64 pieces
Number of Beams (n) = 5
Length of the Beams (l) = 3.00 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.35m, b = 0.20 m
Number of Beams (n) = 1 Area = [2(0.35+0.20)] (3.00) (5)
Length of the Beam (l) = 13.35 m Area = 16.50 m2
Size of Beams: d = 0.35m, b = 0.20 m
Number of Beams (n) = 1
1. P = 2d + b + 0.10 Length of the Beams (l) = 13.35 m
P = 2(0.35) + 0.20 + 0.10 Size of Beams: d = 0.35m, b = 0.20 m
P=1m Area = [2(0.35+0.20)] (13.35) (3)
Area = 14.69 m2
2. A = P l n
A = 1 (13.35) (1) Number of Beams (n) = 1
A = 13.35 m2 Length of the Beams (l) = 13.35 m
�
Size of Beams: d = 0.35m, b = 0.20 m
3. No. of Plywood = 2.88 Area = [2(0.35+0.20)] (13.35) (3)
Area = 14.69 m2
Number of Beams (n) = 1
Length of the Beams (l) = 13.35 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.35m, b = 0.20 m
Area = [2(0.35+0.20)] (13.35) (3)
LINTEL BEAMS:
Area = 14.69 m2

Total Area = 13.20 + 11 + 16.50 + 14.69 +

14.69 + 14.69
Total Area = 84.77 m2

The minimum number of concrete spacers per unit

Lintel Beam for 1.00 m
area with a maximum of 750 mm spacing per
Width of Windows
concrete spacer is 2 pieces.
Number of Beams (n) = 4
Total Number of Concrete Spacer
Length of the Beams (l) = 1.30 m
= 84.77 sq. m. (2 pieces/ sq. m.)
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
= 169.54 pieces
≈ 170 pieces
1. P = 2d + b + 0.10
P = 2(0.20) + 0.10 + 0.10
For Nails: P = 0.6 m
Total Area = 13.20 + 11 + 16.50 + 14.69 + 2. A = P l n
14.69 + 14.69 A = 0.6 (1.30) (4)
Total Area = 84.77 m2 A = 3.12 m2
Thumb Rule: 75 g of nails used for every 1 sq. m. of �
3. No. of Plywood = 2.88
Area.
Total Number of Nails
3.12
= 84.77 sq. m. (75 g/sq. m.) No. of Plywood = 2.88
= 6357.75 g
≈ 6358 g No. of Plywood = 1.08 pieces
≈ 6.358 kg
Lintel Beam for 3.60 m
For Tie Wire (Binding Wire): Width of Windows

Total Area = 13.20 + 11 + 16.50 + 14.69 + Number of Beams (n) = 4

14.69 + 14.69 Length of the Beams (l) = 3.9 m
Total Area = 84.77 m2 Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m

Thumb Rule: 75 g of wires used for every 1 sq. m. 1. P = 2d + b + 0.10

of Area. P = 2(0.20) + 0.10 + 0.10
Total Amount of Wire P = 0.6 m
= 84.77 sq. m. (75 g/sq. m.)
= 6357.75 g 2. A = P l n
≈ 6358 g A = 1 (3.9) (4)
≈ 6.358 kg A = 9.36 m2

For Greasing of Forms (Shuttering Oil): 3. No. of Plywood = 2.88

�

Total Area = 13.20 + 11 + 16.50 + 14.69 + 9.36

14.69 + 14.69 No. of Plywood = 2.88
Total Area = 84.77 m2
No. of Plywood = 3.25 pieces
Thumb Rule: 0.065 x Total Area or 1 L of oil used
for every 15 sq. m. Area.

Total Amount of Oil

= 84.77 sq. m. (0.065 L/sq. m.)
= 5.51 L
 A = 0.60 (2.10) (1)
A = 1.26 m2

Lintel Beam for 1.60 m 3. No. of Plywood = 2.88

�
Width of Windows
1.26
Number of Beams (n) = 1 No. of Plywood = 2.88
Length of the Beams (l) = 1.9 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m No. of Plywood = 0.44 pieces

1. P = 2d + b + 0.10 Lintel Beam for 1.10 m

P = 2(0.20) + 0.10 + 0.10 Width of Doors
P = 0.6 m
Number of Beams (n) = 1
2. A = P l n Length of the Beams (l) = 1.40 m
A = 0.6 (1.9) (1) Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
A = 1.14 m2
1. P = 2d + b + 0.10
3. No. of Plywood =
� P = 2(0.20) + 0.10 + 0.10
2.88
P = 0.60 m
1.14
No. of Plywood = 2.88 2. A = P l n
A = 0.60 (1.40) (1)
No. of Plywood = 0.40 pieces A = 0.84 m2

Lintel Beam for 1.20 m 3. No. of Plywood = 2.88

�
Width of Windows
0.84
Number of Beams (n) = 2 No. of Plywood = 2.88
Length of the Beams (l) = 1.50 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m No. of Plywood = 0.29 pieces

1. P = 2d + b + 0.10 Lintel Beam for 0.80 m

P = 2(0.20) + 0.10 + 0.10 Width of Doors
P = 0.60 m
Number of Beams (n) = 2
2. A = P l n Length of the Beams (l) = 1.10 m
A = 0.60 (1.50) (2) Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
A = 1.80 m2
1. P = 2d + b + 0.10
3. No. of Plywood =
� P = 2(0.20) + 0.10 + 0.10
2.88
P = 0.60 m
1.80
No. of Plywood = 2.88 2. A = P l n
A = 0.60 (1.10) (2)
No. of Plywood = 0.63 pieces A = 1.32 m2
�
3. No. of Plywood = 2.88
Lintel Beam for 1.80 m
Width of Windows 1.32
No. of Plywood = 2.88
Number of Beams (n) = 1
Length of the Beams (l) = 2.10 m No. of Plywood = 0.46 pieces
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
Lintel Beam for 0.70 m
1. P = 2d + b + 0.10 Width of Doors
P = 2(0.20) + 0.10 + 0.10
P = 0.60 m Number of Beams (n) = 2
Length of the Beams (l) = 1.00 m
2. A = P l n Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
 + 0.44 + 0.29 + 0.46
1. P = 2d + b + 0.10 + 0.42 + 0.75 + 1.04
P = 2(0.20) + 0.10 + 0.10 Total Number of Plywood = 8.76 pieces
P = 0.60 m Total Number of Plywood ≈ 9 pieces
2. A = P l n Total Number of Plywood (Roof Beams) = 28 pieces
A = 0.60 (1.00) (2) Total Number of Plywood (Floor Beams) = 27 pieces
A = 1.20 m2 Total Number of Plywood (Lintel Beams) = 9 pieces

3. No. of Plywood = 2.88

� Refer to table 5-1. Under column beam using 6mm
�
(�”) thick plywood on 2” x 2” frame, multiply;
1.20
No. of Plywood = 2.88 64 pieces (25.06 bd. ft.) = 1603.84 bd. ft.
≈ 1604 bd. ft.
No. of Plywood = 0.42 pieces
For Concrete Spacers:
Area = [2(d+b)] l n
Lintel Beam for 0.90 m
Width of Doors
Number of Beams (n) = 4
Length of the Beams (l) = 1.30 m
Number of Beams (n) = 3
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
Length of the Beams (l) = 1.20 m
Area = [2(0.20+0.10)] (1.30) (4)
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
Area = 3.12 m2
1. P = 2d + b + 0.10
Number of Beams (n) = 4
P = 2(0.20) + 0.10 + 0.10
Length of the Beams (l) = 3.9 m
P = 0.60 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
Area = [2(0.20+0.10)] (3.90) (4)
2. A = P l n
Area = 9.36 m2
A = 0.60 (1.20) (3)
A = 2.16 m2
Number of Beams (n) = 1
� Length of the Beams (l) = 1.9 m
3. No. of Plywood = 2.88 Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
Area = [2(0.20+0.10)] (1.90) (1)
2.16
No. of Plywood = 2.88 Area = 1.14 m2

Number of Beams (n) = 2

No. of Plywood = 0.75 pieces
Length of the Beams (l) = 1.50 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
Lintel Beam for 2.20 m
Area = [2(0.20+0.10)] (1.50) (2)
Width of Doors
Area = 1.80 m2
Number of Beams (n) = 2
Number of Beams (n) = 1
Length of the Beams (l) = 2.50 m
Length of the Beams (l) = 2.10 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
Area = [2(0.20+0.10)] (2.10) (1)
1. P = 2d + b + 0.10
Area = 1.26 m2
P = 2(0.20) + 0.10 + 0.10
P = 0.60 m
Number of Beams (n) = 1
Length of the Beams (l) = 1.40 m
2. A = P l n
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
A = 0.60 (2.50) (2)
Area = [2(0.20+0.10)] (1.40) (1)
A = 3.00 m2
Area = 0.84 m2
�
3. No. of Plywood = 2.88 Number of Beams (n) = 2
Length of the Beams (l) = 1.10 m
3.00
No. of Plywood = 2.88 Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
Area = [2(0.20+0.10)] (1.10) (2)
Area = 1.32 m2
No. of Plywood = 1.04 pieces
Number of Beams (n) = 2
Total Number of Plywood = 1.08 + 3.25 + 0.40 + 0.63
Length of the Beams (l) = 1.00 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m Total Area = 3.12 + 9.36 + 1.14 + 1.80 + 1.26 + 0.84
Area = [2(0.20+0.10)] (1.00) (2) + 1.32 + 1.20 + 2.16 + 3.00
Area = 1.20 m2 Total Area = 25.20 m2

Number of Beams (n) = 3 Thumb Rule: 0.065 x Total Area or 1 L of oil used
Length of the Beams (l) = 1.20 m for every 15 sq. m. Area.
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m
Area = [2(0.20+0.10)] (1.20) (3) Total Amount of Oil
Area = 2.16 m2 = 25.20 sq. m. (0.065 L / sq. m.)
= 1.638 L
Number of Beams (n) = 2
Length of the Beams (l) = 2.50 m
Size of Beams: d = 0.20m, b = 0.10 m SUMMARY:
Area = [2(0.20+0.10)] (2.50) (2)
Area = 3.00 m2

Total Area = 3.12 + 9.36 + 1.14 + 1.80 + 1.26 + 0.84

+ 1.32 + 1.20 + 2.16 + 3.00
Total Area = 25.20 m2

The minimum number of concrete spacers per unit

area with a maximum of 750 mm spacing per
concrete spacer is 2 pieces.

Total Number of Concrete Spacer

= 25.20 sq. m. (2 pieces/ sq. m.)
= 50.4 pieces
≈ 51 pieces

For Nails:

Total Area = 3.12 + 9.36 + 1.14 + 1.80 + 1.26 + 0.84

+ 1.32 + 1.20 + 2.16 + 3.00
Total Area = 25.20 m2

Thumb Rule: 75 g of nails used for every 1 sq. m. of

Area.

Total Number of Nails

= 25.20 sq. m. (75 g / sq. m.)
= 1890 g
= 1.890 kg

For Tie Wire (Binding Wire):

Total Area = 3.12 + 9.36 + 1.14 + 1.80 + 1.26 + 0.84

+ 1.32 + 1.20 + 2.16 + 3.00
Total Area = 25.20 m2

Thumb Rule: 75 g of wire used for every 1 sq. m. of

Area.

Total Amount of Wire

= 25.20 sq. m. (75 g / sq. m.)
= 1890 g
= 1.890 kg

For Greasing of Forms (Shuttering Oil):

QTYSUR 301/311
Chapter 2.2: Frameworks and Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds,
also known as swing-stage scaffolds, are
Scaffolding
perhaps the most common type of suspended
scaffold.
SCAFFOLDING OR STAGING
Construction records revealed that
numerous accidents in construction
● Scaffolding or Staging - is a temporary happened because of:
structure of wooden poles and planks
providing platform for workers to stand on ❖ Neglect and faulty construction method
while erecting or repairing of building. It is such as:
further defined as a temporary framework
for other purposes. It is a more substantial - Insufficient supports
framework progressively built up as a tall - Hangers
building rises up. A term staging is applied - Braces
because it is built up in one stages at a time.
It is not simple as others may think of it. It One example of a tragic incident happened
requires special skill and experienced men. in the construction of the Film Palace in
Metro Manila where several lives including
Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, the Supervising Engineer were buried alive
is a temporary structure used to support a in cement and rubbles when the forms and
work crew and materials to aid in the staging swayed and rammed down in total
construction, maintenance and repair of collapse. Incidentally, the primary causes of
buildings, bridges and all other human-made accidents and failure of the framework are
structures. Scaffolds are widely used on site the use of inferior quality lumber,
to get access to heights and areas that would inadequate supports and braces, nails, and
be otherwise hard to get to. Unsafe others for economy or negligence.
scaffolding has the potential to result in Definitely, poor quality lumber has no place
death or serious injury. in horizontal members of scaffolding work if
the builder is aware of the value of life and
Scaffolding is also used in adapted forms for property involved in building construction.
formwork and shoring, grandstand seating, Lumber intended for temporary structures to
concert stages, access/viewing towers, support heavy loads such as concrete should
exhibition stands, ski ramps, half pipes and be selected from straight grain of wood free
art projects. shake or knots and other defects. Coconut
lumber was extensively used due to scarcity
THERE ARE TWO BASIC TYPES OF of wood plus the prohibitive price of lumber.
SCAFFOLDS:
Scaffolds are required to be properly braces
1. Supported Scaffolds - which consist by cross bracing or diagonal braces, or both,
of one or more platforms supported for securing vertical members together
by rigid, load-bearing members, such laterally, and the cross braces shall be of
as poles, legs, frames, outriggers, etc. such length as will automatically square and
align vertical members so that the erected
Frame scaffolding, also known as fabricated scaffold is always plumb, square, and rigid.
scaffolding, is the most common type of
supported scaffolding because it is
economical, easy to set up and tear down,
and the most versatile. In this scaffolding THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF
type, modular pieces are used to build the SCAFFOLDING TO CONSIDER ARE:
scaffolding from the ground up.
1. Vertical Member - The vertical members
2. Suspended scaffolds - which are of the framework are called standards.
one or more platforms suspended by
ropes or other non-rigid, overhead 2. Base or Vertical Support - Base plates,
support. also referred to as sole plates, are the load-
bearing base of a scaffold. They're used to
distribute weight and support the vertical
scaffolding poles known as standards. Cost is the primary consideration in
Connecting the base plates to standards selecting the kind of materials to be used
ensures a strong scaffolding foundation. in Scaffolding. This refers to:

3. Horizontal Member 1. Initial cost of materials

2. Assembling cost
Examples : 3. The number of times it could be used
Ledgers - These are horizontal members
4. Durability to resist pressure, tear and wear.
which are parallel to the wall.

Putlogs - These are horizontal members

which are perpendicular to the walls. COMMON MATERIALS USED AS
SCAFFOLDING:
4. Diagonal Braces - are fixed members to
support the vertical and horizontal members Scaffolding can be made from a variety of
materials, including steel, aluminum, wood,
5. Blocks and Wedges fiberglass, and plastic.

Blocks are used as a material for support * Steel

constructions in basement or foundation. A popular choice for scaffolding because it's
strong, durable, and resistant to corrosion. Steel
Wedges are used with pins to tighten scaffolding is flexible, which helps prevent
adjoining members. Securing the tie and the cracks. Steel is a good choice for tall scaffolding
members form in place. and moving heavy equipment

6. Nails or Bolts * Aluminum

A lightweight, corrosion-resistant metal that's
Nails are most commonly used to fasten
stable and secure
pieces of wood together, but they are also
Aluminum scaffolding is easy to move and
used with plastic, drywall, masonry, and
concrete. handle.

Standard Scaffolding Bolts: Generally used * Wood

for connecting scaffold sections, these bolts A natural, inexpensive material that's
are made from high-strength steel. lightweight and portable. However, wood is not
as strong as metal and can rot, crack, or shrink
when exposed to different climates.

* Fiberglass
A lightweight, tough, and hard composite
material made from glass fibers and resin
Fiberglass is resistant to chemicals and
temperature changes.

* Plastic
A synthetic material that's lightweight, flexible,
and sturdy. Plastic resists moisture and fire.

* Scaffolding Boards
Used to create walkways and platforms within a
scaffold structure. Scaffold boards can be used at
multiple levels
ESTIMATING SCAFFOLDING AND
STAGING

ESTIMATING - estimating the materials for

scaffolding and staging requires time and wider
imagination considering the different parts of the
structure involved such as:

● Vertical and Horizontal supports

● Diagonal braces
● Blocks and wedges

SAMPLE PROBLEM

A reinforced concrete residential building

has 11 columns with a clear height of 3.40
meters as shown on the plan. Determine
the required scaffoldings under the
required specifications: 2” x 3” (Vertical
Support and Flooring) and 2”x2”
(Horizontal and Diagonal Braces).

Lumber Column Beam Flooring

Size Board ft. per M. Ht. Board ft. per M. Ht. Board ft.
Vertical Horizontal Brace Vertical Horizontal per M.
2”x2” 4.70 21.00 11.70 4.00 4.70 6.10
2”x3” 7.00 31.67 17.50 6.00 7.00 9.10
2”x4” 9.35 42.25 23.35 8.00 9.35 12.10
SOLUTION: C. Scaffolding for Concrete Slab

A. Scaffolding for Columns 1. Find the area of the concrete floor slab.

1. Find the total length of the 11 columns: Total Area = ((8.00 m x (4.45 m + 4.10 m +5.00
3.40 x 11 columns = 37.4 meters m))
Total Area = 108.40 sq. m.
2. Refer to Table 5-3. Using 2" x 3" vertical
support, multiply: 2. Refer to Table 5-3. Using 2" x 3" support,
multiply:
37.4 x 7.00 = 261.8 bd. ft. or 262 Bd. Ft. 2" x
3" x 14 ft lumber 108.40 x 9.10 = 986.44 bd. ft. or 987 bd. ft.

3. Find the horizontal supports. Refer to Table 5-

3, using 2" x 2" lumber, multiply: D. Floor Slab Forms

37.4 x 21.00 = 785.4 bd. ft. or 786 Bd. Ft. 2" x 1. Find the floor area:
2" lumber
Total Area = ((8.00 m x (4.45 m + 4.10 m +5.00
4. Find the diagonal braces. From Table 5-3, m))
multiply: Total Area = 108.40 sq. m.

37.4 x 11.70 = 437.58 bd. ft. or 438 bd. ft. 2" x 2. Divide by 2.88 effective covering of one
2" lumber plywood

108.40/2.88 = 37.639 pcs. or 38 pcs 4'x 8'

Marine Plywood.
B. Scaffolding for the Beam

1. Find total length of the beams.

E. Nails and Wires
Total Length = (9 x 3.00 m) + (5 x 2.00 m) + (4 1. Find the floor area:
x 5.00 m) + (4 x 4.50 m) + (4.10 m) + (3 x 1.90
m) + (2 x 2.20 m) Total Area = ((8.00 m x (4.45 m + 4.10 m +5.00
m))
Total Length = 89.20 meters
Total Area = 108.40 sq. m.
2. Refer again to Table 5-3.

a.) For vertical support using 2" x 3" lumber, 2. Multiply by the Thumb Rule ( 75
multiply: grams/square meter)
89.20 x 6.00 = 535.20 bd. ft. or 536 bd. ft.
Total Area × 0.075
b.) For horizontal support using 2" x 2" lumber, 108.40 sq. m. × 0.075 = 8.13 kg
multiply:
89.20 x 4.70 = 419.24 bd. ft. or 420 bd. ft.
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS

EXAMPLES:
STEEL PIPE SCAFFOLDING

Steel Pipe Scaffolding can be used freely to

prefabricate height and width according to the
places and forms to install. Galvanized steel pipe
with good strength makes durability and also
leads economical delivery and storage. Standard
scaffolding frames have 4' (1.2 m.) width
available in 3 different heights ranging from 90
to 1.70 m. They are useful for access platforms
and concrete support works. Steel is the most
common, most relied-upon material in the
modern scaffolding industry. The biggest
advantage of steel is that it offers great strength.
It can support very heavy loads, so it's suitable
for tasks that require transporting heavy
equipment and supplies. While it's strong, it's
also flexible.
IMPORTANCE OF SCAFFOLDING

Scaffolding is an integral part of the construction

industry. It allows builders to safely erect high-
rise buildings and/ ог carry out necessary repairs
and maintenance of any structure or building.
Scaffolding also ensures fast completion of the
construction work needed, whilst guaranteeing
the safety of workers and the general public.

IMPORTANCE OF ESTIMATING

Overall, estimating is extremely important in the

world of construction as the project scope or
goals need to be transparent despite project
complexity, project size, new design, or
timelines. That is why planning a construction
project requires finances to be evaluated for
project feasibility. Construction can be a taxing
process if not well executed. The only way for
construction projects to become a reality is with
accurate cost estimates.

SUMMARY

Forms, also called formworks, are temporary

boarding, sheating, or pan used to produce the
desired shape and size of concrete. Various
considerations must be given attention in
selecting forms to ensure their quality and at the
same time, it is economical. Classifications of
forms were also introduced, together with the
procedures for the estimation. In addition,
scaffolding and staging were also discussed,
jointly with its different parts and procedures for
estimation. The importance of scaffoldings and
estimating were also cited, highlighting its
relevance and efficiency brought in the
construction project.