UNIT 06. FILE I/O HANDLING AND EXCEPTION HANDLING.

Q1. Name different modes of Python

Ans:- Python has two basic modes:
• Script (Normal Mode)
• Interactive Mode

Q2. List file operations in Python.

Ans:- • Opening file (using open() function)
• Reading file (using read() function)
• Writing file (using write() function)
• Copy files
• Delete files (using remove() function)
• Closing file (Using close() function)

Q3. With neat example differentiate between readline () and readlines ( ) functions in file-
handling.
Ans:-
1) readline( ) Function

Reads only one line from the file at a time.

Each time it is called, it reads the next line from the file.

Useful when reading large files line by line.

Example:
file = open("example.txt", "r") # Open file in read mode
print(file.readline()) # Reads the first line
print(file.readline()) # Reads the second line
file.close()

Output:
Hello, welcome to Python!
This is a file handling tutorial.
(Only two lines are read)

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2) readlines( ) Function

Reads all lines at once and returns them as a list of strings.

Each element in the list represents a line from the file.

Useful when you need to store all lines in memory for processing.

Example:
file = open("example.txt", "r") # Open file in read mode
lines = file.readlines() # Reads all lines and stores them in a list
print(lines) # Prints the list of lines
file.close()

Output:
['Hello, welcome to Python!\n', 'This is a file handling tutorial.\n', 'Have a great
day!\n']

Key Differences

Feature readline( ) readlines( )

Reads how many lines? One line at a time All lines at once

Return type String List of strings

Memory efficient Consumes more memory

Performance
(reads one line at a time) (stores all lines)

Best for reading large files Best when you need all
Usage
line by line lines at once

Marathi (टीप)
readline( ) – एका वेळी फक्त एक ओळ वाचते. मोठ्या फायलीींसाठी चाींगले आहे .

readlines( ) – सवव ओळी यादी (list) स्वरूपात वाचते. लहान फायलीींसाठी चाींगले आहे .

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Q4. State the use of read() and readline () functions in python file handling.
Ans:- 1) read([n]) Method
Functionality:
Reads entire file content and returns it as a string.
If a number n is specified, it reads only first n bytes/characters.
If n is not given, it reads the whole file.
Example:
f = open("sample.txt", "r") # Open file in read mode
print(f.read(5)) # Read first 5 characters
print(f.read()) # Read the rest of the file
f.close() # Close the file
Output:
Pytho
n is fun!
Let's learn file handling.
(First 5 characters read separately, then the rest of the file is read.)

2) readline([n]) Method
Functionality:
Reads one line at a time from the file.
If n is specified, it reads only first n bytes/characters from the line.
If EOF (End of File) is reached, it returns an empty string.
Example:
f = open("sample.txt", "r") # Open file in read mode
print(f.readline()) # Read the first line
print(f.readline(3)) # Read first 3 characters of the second line
print(f.readline()) # Read the remaining part of the second line
f.close() # Close the file
Output:
Python is fun!
Let
's learn file handling.
(First line is fully read, then only first 3 characters of the second line, and finally, the rest of the
second line.)

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 UNIT 06. FILE I/O HANDLING AND EXCEPTION HANDLING.

Q5. Explain seek ( ) and tell ( ) function for file pointer manipulation in python with example.
Ans:-

1) seek() Function
Functionality:
Used to move the file pointer (cursor) to a specific position in the file.
Controls where the next read or write operation will start.
Syntax:
f.seek(offset, from_where)
• offset: Number of bytes/characters to move.
• from_where: The reference position (default = 0).
o 0 → Beginning of the file
o 1 → Current position (only in binary mode)
o 2 → End of the file (only in binary mode)
Example:
f = open("demofile.txt", "r") # Open file in read mode
f.seek(4) # Move cursor to the 4th character from the start
print(f.readline()) # Read from the new position
f.close()
Example File (demofile.txt):
Hello, Python!
Welcome to file handling.
Output:
o, Python!
(The first 4 characters 'Hell' are skipped, and reading starts from the 5th character.)

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2) tell() Function
Functionality:
Returns the current position of the file pointer in bytes from the beginning.
Useful for tracking where the file pointer is located.
Syntax:
file.tell()
Example:
f = open("demofile.txt", "r") # Open file in read mode
print(f.tell()) # Prints 0 (File pointer at the start)
f.read(5) # Read first 5 characters
print(f.tell()) # Prints 5 (File pointer moved to 5)
f.close()
Output:
0
5
(Initially, the pointer is at position 0, and after reading 5 characters, it moves to 5.)

Key Differences
Feature seek() tell()

Purpose Moves file pointer to a specific position Returns current file pointer position

Arguments seek(offset, from_where) No arguments

Returns Moves pointer, does not return value Returns an integer (byte position)

Use Case Used to jump to specific locations in a file Used to track the file pointer position

Marathi (टीप)
seek(n) – फाईल पॉइीं टर (कसवर) ददलेल्या n स्थानावर हलवतो.

tell() – सध्याच्या फाईल पॉइीं टरची स्थस्थती दर्ववतो.

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Q6. Write a program function that accepts a string and calculate the number of uppercase
letters and lower case letters.
Ans:-

Python Program to Count Uppercase and Lowercase Letters

def count_case(s):
upper_count = 0 # Counter for uppercase letters
lower_count = 0 # Counter for lowercase letters

for char in s:
if char.isupper():
upper_count += 1
elif char.islower():
lower_count += 1

print(f" Uppercase Letters: {upper_count}")

print(f" Lowercase Letters: {lower_count}")

# Example Usage
string = input("Enter a string: ")
count_case(string)

Output:
Input:
Enter a string: Hello World!
Output:
Uppercase Letters: 2
Lowercase Letters: 8

isupper() – अक्षर मोठ्या (A-Z) स्वरूपात आहे का ते तपासते.

islower() – अक्षर लहान (a-z) स्वरूपात आहे का ते तपासते.

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 UNIT 06. FILE I/O HANDLING AND EXCEPTION HANDLING.

Q1. Describe various modes of file object ? Explain any two in detail.
Q2. Explain any four file modes in Python. Q3. List different modes of opening file in python.
(For all three question write the below answer)
Modes of File Handling in Python

• In Python, files can be opened in different modes depending on the required operation. The
programmer needs to specify whether to read ('r'), write ('w'), or append ('a'). Additionally, files can
be opened in text mode ('t') or binary mode ('b').

Types of File Modes:

1. Text Mode (Default)

o Returns strings while reading from the file.

o Used when working with text files such as .txt.

2. Binary Mode

o Returns bytes instead of strings.

o Used for non-text files such as images or executable files.

• The text (t) and binary (b) modes are combined with r, w, or a modes to perform file operations. The
complete list of file modes in Python is shown in the table below:

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 UNIT 06. FILE I/O HANDLING AND EXCEPTION HANDLING.

(IMP : from below 3 program 1 program fix yeto so remember all three )
Q. Write a Python program to read contents from “a.txt” and write same
contents in “b.txt.”
with open('abs.txt','r') as firstfile, open('prq.txt','w') as secondfile:
# read content from first file
for line in firstfile:
# write content to second file
secondfile.write(line)

Q. Write a Python program to read contents of first.txt file and write same
contents in second.txt file..
with open('first.txt', 'r') as f: # Open the first file for reading
contents = f.read() # Read the contents of the file
with open('second.txt', 'w') as f: # Open the second file for writing
f.write(contents) # Write the contents of the first file to the second file

Q. Write a program to open a file in write mode and append some content at
the end of file.

file1 = open("myfile.txt", "w")

L = ["This is Delhi \n", "This is Paris \n", "This is London"]
file1.writelines(L)
file1.close()

# Append-adds at last
# append mode
file1 = open("myfile.txt", "a")

# writing newline character

file1.write("\n")
file1.write("Today")

# without newline character

file1.write("Tomorrow")

file1 = open("myfile.txt", "r")

print("Output of Readlines after appending")
print(file1.read())
print() file1.close()

Output:
Output of Readlines after appending
This is Delhi
This is Paris
This is London
TodayTomorrow

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 UNIT 06. FILE I/O HANDLING AND EXCEPTION HANDLING.

❖ 6.3 What is Exception Handling in Python? (Most IMP)

In Python, an exception is an error that occurs during program execution and
interrupts the normal flow of the program.

Exception Handling is a mechanism that helps handle such errors gracefully so that
the program doesn’t crash.

Python provides special keywords like try, except, else, and finally to handle
exceptions properly.

Some common exceptions in Python:

• ZeroDivisionError → When you divide a number by zero.
• ValueError → When you enter an invalid value (e.g., letters instead of numbers).
• FileNotFoundError → When a file is not found.
◆ Python Code to Check for Zero Division Error Exception

To avoid crashing, we can use try-except to catch the error and display a proper message.

try:

num1 = int(input("Enter a number: "))

num2 = int(input("Enter another number: "))

result = num1 / num2 # This may cause ZeroDivisionError

print("Result:", result)

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("Error: Cannot divide by zero!") # Handles the error gracefully

Output 1 (No Error, User enters 10 and 2)

Enter a number: 10

Enter another number: 2

Result: 5.0

Output 2 (Error, User enters 10 and 0)

Enter a number: 10

Enter another number: 0

Error: Cannot divide by zero!

Now, the program does not crash! Instead, it shows a friendly error message.

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 UNIT 06. FILE I/O HANDLING AND EXCEPTION HANDLING.

◆ Try-Except-Else-Finally Block in Python (Step-by-Step Explanation)

Python provides four blocks for exception handling:

1. try block:

• This is where we write the code that may cause an error.

• If an error occurs, the control moves to the except block.

• If no error occurs, the program continues normally.

2. except block:

• This block catches the error and prevents the program from crashing.

• We can have multiple except blocks for different types of errors.

3. else block (optional):

• This block executes only if there is no exception in the try block.

• Used when we want to confirm that the operation was successful.

4. finally block (optional):

• This block always executes, whether there was an exception or not.

• Used for cleanup operations, like closing files or freeing resources.

Python Program Using Try-Except-Else-Finally

try:

a = int(input("Enter first number: "))

b = int(input("Enter second number: "))

result = a / b # May cause ZeroDivisionError

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("Error: Cannot divide by zero!") # Handles division by zero error

except ValueError:

print("Error: Please enter valid numbers!") # Handles invalid input

else:

print("Division successful! Result:", result) # Executes if no error

finally:

print("Execution completed!") # Always executes

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Case 1: No Error (User enters 10 and 2)

Enter first number: 10

Enter second number: 2

Division successful! Result: 5.0

Execution completed!

Everything works fine!

Case 2: ZeroDivisionError (User enters 10 and 0)

Enter first number: 10

Enter second number: 0

Error: Cannot divide by zero!

Execution completed!

The program doesn’t crash, and the finally block still runs.

Case 3: ValueError (User enters 10 and abc)

Enter first number: 10

Enter second number: abc

Error: Please enter valid numbers!

Execution completed!

The program handles invalid input properly.

Why Exception Handling is Important?

Prevents the program from crashing.

Makes the program more user-friendly.

Helps in debugging and identifying errors.

Ensures smooth execution even when unexpected input is given.

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 UNIT 06. FILE I/O HANDLING AND EXCEPTION HANDLING.

Marathi Tip (मराठीत संक्षिप्त माक्षिती)

Exception Handling म्हणजे कार्यक्रमात र्ेणाऱ्र्ा त्रुटी (errors) िाताळण्याची पद्धत आहे .
try मध्ये त्रुटी येऊ र्कणारा कोड दलदहला जातो.
except मध्ये जर त्रुटी आल्यास, ती योग्य प्रकारे िाताळली जाते आदण प्रोग्राम क्रॅर् होत नाही.
else फक्त त्रुटी नसल्यास चालतो.
finally हा नेिमी चालतो, त्रुटी आली तरी दकींवा आली नाही तरी.

प्रोग्रॅम क्रॅश टाळण्यासाठी Exception Handling वापरणे गरजेचे आिे !

Real-World Example: ATM Cash Withdrawal System

Let's take a real-world example where exception handling is used in an ATM system:

try:

balance = 5000

withdraw = int(input("Enter amount to withdraw: "))

if withdraw > balance:

raise ValueError("Insufficient balance!")

balance -= withdraw

print("Transaction successful! Remaining balance:", balance)

except ValueError as e:

print("Error:", e)

finally:

print("Thank you for using our ATM!")

Output 1 (Valid case - withdrawal possible)

Enter amount to withdraw: 2000

Transaction successful! Remaining balance: 3000

Thank you for using our ATM!

Output 2 (Insufficient balance case)

Enter amount to withdraw: 6000

Error: Insufficient balance!

Thank you for using our ATM!

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 UNIT 06. FILE I/O HANDLING AND EXCEPTION HANDLING.

❖What is a User-Defined Exception in Python? (Most IMP)

User-Defined Exceptions are custom exceptions created by programmers to handle
specific errors in a program.

Python allows us to define our own exception classes by inheriting from the built-in
Exception class.

This helps in providing meaningful error messages and better debugging.

The raise keyword is used to trigger a user-defined exception when a condition is met.

Example of When to Use a User-Defined Exception:

• Checking valid passwords (minimum 8 characters, must contain numbers & special
characters).

• Validating age for voting (should be 18+).

• Ensuring bank transactions do not exceed available balance.

◆ Python Program: User-Defined Exception for Password Validation

Scenario:

• We will create a user-defined exception called InvalidPasswordError. If the password

does not meet the required conditions, an error will be raised.

Python Code:

# Define a custom exception for password validation

class InvalidPasswordError(Exception):

def __init__(self, message="Password is invalid! It must be at least 8 characters long and

contain a number & special character."):

self.message = message

super().__init__(self.message)

# Function to check password validity

def check_password(password):

if len(password) < 8 or not any(char.isdigit() for char in password) or not any(char in

"!@#$%^&*()" for char in password):

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 UNIT 06. FILE I/O HANDLING AND EXCEPTION HANDLING.

raise InvalidPasswordError()

else:

print("Password is valid!")

# User input and exception handling

try:

user_password = input("Enter your password: ")

check_password(user_password)

except InvalidPasswordError as e:

print("Error:", e)

Output Examples:
Valid Password Case:

Enter your password: Abc@1234

Password is valid!

Invalid Password Case (Too Short):

Enter your password: abc12

Error: Password is invalid! It must be at least 8 characters long and contain a number &
special character.

Marathi Tip (मराठीत सोपे समजावून सांक्षगतले आिे !)

User-defined Exception म्हणजे प्रोग्रामरने स्वतः तर्ार केलेली त्रुटी (Error) आिे .
raise कीवडव चा वापर करून आपल्याला गरजेनुसार एरर टाकता येते.
वर ददलेल्या उदाहरणात, पासवडव योग्य नसल्यास InvalidPasswordError नावाची एरर दनमावण
होते.
यात पासवडव 8 कॅरॅ क्टरचा असला पाक्षिजे, नंबर आक्षण स्पेशल कॅरॅ क्टर असावा अर्ी अट
ददली आहे.
अर्ा प्रकारे कस्टम एरर वापरून डे टा व्हॅक्षलडे शन सोपे िोते!

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 UNIT 06. FILE I/O HANDLING AND EXCEPTION HANDLING.

❖ Summer 2022

1. Name different modes of python.. (2marks)

2. List different modes of opening file in python. (2marks)

3. Write a program to open a file in write mode and append some contents at the end
of file (6marks)

4. Explain Try-except block used in exception handling in python with example.

(6marks)

❖ Winter 2022

1. List file operations in Python. (2marks)

2. Explain how try-catch block is used for exception handling in python. (4marks)

3. Write python program to read contents of abc.txt and write same content to pqr.txt..
(4marks)

❖ Summer 2023

1. With neat example differentiate between readline( ) and readlines( ) functions in file-
handling. (4marks)

2. Explain any four file modes in Python.. (4marks)

3. Write a program to show user defined exception in Python. (4marks)

❖ Winter 2023

1. State the use of read ( ) and readline ( ) functions in python file handling.. (2marks)

2. Describe various modes of file object ? Explain any two in detail. (4marks)

3. Explain seek ( ) and tell ( ) function for file pointer manipulation in python with
example. (4marks)

4. WAP to read contents of first.txt file and write same content in second.txt file.
(4marks)

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 UNIT 06. FILE I/O HANDLING AND EXCEPTION HANDLING.

❖ Summer 2024

1. Write the syntax of fopen.. (2marks)

2. Write a program function that accepts a string and calculate the number of uppercase
letters and lower case letters. (4marks)

3. Write a Python program to create user defined exception that will check whether the
password is correct or not. (6marks)

4. Describe various modes of file object. Explain any three in detail. (6marks)

❖ Winter 2024

1. List different modes of opening file in Python. (2marks)

2. Describe various modes of file object ? Explain any two in details . (4marks)

3. Write python code to check for zero division errors exception . (4marks)

4. Write a Python program to read contents from “a.txt” and write same contents in
“b.txt.” (4marks)

5. Write a Python program to read contents of first.txt file and write same contents in
second.txt file.. (6marks)

6. Explain Try-except-else-finally block used in exception handling in Python with

example. (6marks)

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