MATH 211 Calculus 2 Tutorial 5

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 Problem 1
If f (n) (0) = (n + 1)! for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . , find the Maclaurin series for f and its radius of conver-
gence.

Problem 2
Use the definition of a Taylor series to find the first four nonzero terms of the series for f (x)
centered at the given value of a
√ π
1) f (x) = xex , a=0 2) f (x) = 3
x, a=8 3) f (x) = sin x, a=
6
Problem 3
Find the Maclaurin series for f (x) using the definition of a Maclaurin series. [Assume that f
has a power series expansion. Do not show that Rn (x) → 0.] Also find the associated radius of
convergence.

1) f (x) = (1 − x)−2 2)f (x) = cos x 3) f (x) = sinh x

Problem 4
Find the Taylor series for f (x) centered at the given value of a. [Assume that f has a power
series expansion. Do not show that Rn (x) → 0.] Also find the associated radius of convergence.

1) f (x) = x5 + 2x3 + x, a=2 2) f (x) = ln x, a=2

Problem 5
Prove that the series obtained in Problem 3 (exercise 3) represents sinh x for all x.

Problem 6
Use the binominal series to expand the given function as a power series. State the radius of
convergence.
√
4 1
1) 1−x 2)
(2 + x)3

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 Problem 8
Use a Maclaurin series from the table to obtain the Maclaurin series for the given function.
x
1) f (x) = arctan (x2 ) 2) f (x) = x cos 2x 3) f (x) = √
4 + x2
4) f (x) = sin2 x [Hint: Use sin2 x = 21 (1 − cos 2x).]

Problem 9
Use the definitions

ex − e−x ex + e−x
sinh x = cosh x =
2 2

and the Maclaurin series for ex to show that

∞ ∞
X x2n+1 X x2n
a) sinh x = b) cosh x =
n=0
(2n + 1)! n=0
(2n)!
Problem 10
Use the Maclaurin series for cos x to compute cos 5◦ correct to five decimal places.

Problem 11
1
a) Use the binominal series to expand √ .
1 − x2
b) Use part (a) to find the Maclaurin series for sin−1 x.

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 Problem 12
Evaluate the indefinite integral as an infinite series.
Z √
cos x − 1
Z
1) 3
1 + x dx 2) dx
x
Problem 13
Use series to approximate the definite integral to within the indicated accuracy.
Z 1
2
1) x3 arctan x dx (four decimal places)
0
Z 0,4 √
2) 1 + x4 dx (|error| < 5 × 10−6 )
0

Problem 14
Use series to evaluate the limit.
x − ln (1 + x) 1 − cos x
1) lim 2) lim
x→0 x2 x→0 1 + x − ex

Problem 15
Find the function represented by the given power series.
∞ 4n ∞
X
nx
X x2n+1
1) (−1) 2) (−1)n
n=0
n! n=0
22n+1 (2n + 1)
Problem 16
Find the sum of the series.
∞ ∞
X (−1)n X 3n
1) 2) (−1)n−1
n=0
n! n=1
n5n

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 Problem 17

Find the third-degree Taylor polynomial T3 (x) for the following functions centered at the
given points a, and graph both f (x) and T3 (x) on the same screen.
1. f (x) = ex , a=1
π
2. f (x) = cos x, a= 2

3. f (x) = ln x, a=1

Solution
1. f (x) = ex , a=1
The Taylor series for f (x) = ex centered at a = 1 is:
f ′′ (1) f ′′′ (1)
T3 (x) = f (1) + f ′ (1)(x − 1) + (x − 1)2 + (x − 1)3
2! 3!
Since f (x) = ex , all derivatives at x = 1 are equal to e:
e e
T3 (x) = e + e(x − 1) + (x − 1)2 + (x − 1)3
2 6
π
2. f (x) = cos x, a= 2
π
The Taylor series for f (x) = cos x centered at a = 2
is:

f ′′ 2 π 2 f ′′′ π2
π
π  π 


′ π π
T3 (x) = f +f (x − ) + (x − ) + (x − )3
2 2 2 2! 2 3! 2
The derivatives are:
π  π  π  π 
f = 0, f′ = −1, f ′′ = 0, f ′′′ =1
2 2 2 2
Thus, the Taylor polynomial is:
π (x − π2 )3
T3 (x) = −(x − ) +
2 6

3. f (x) = ln x, a=1
The Taylor series for f (x) = ln x centered at a = 1 is:
f ′′ (1) f ′′′ (1)
T3 (x) = f (1) + f ′ (1)(x − 1) + (x − 1)2 + (x − 1)3
2! 3!
The derivatives at x = 1 are:
f (1) = 0, f ′ (1) = 1, f ′′ (1) = −1, f ′′′ (1) = 2
Thus, the Taylor polynomial is:
(x − 1)2 (x − 1)3
T3 (x) = (x − 1) − +
2 3

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Figure 1: The graphs of each function along with their third-degree Taylor polynomials

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 Problem 18
(a) Approximate f by a Taylor polynomial with degree n at the number a.
(b) Use Taylor’s Inequality to estimate the accuracy of the approximation f (x) ≈ Tn (x) when
x lies in the given interval.
1) f (x) = 1/x, a = 1, n = 2, 0.7 ≤ x ≤ 1.3
2) f (x) = x2/3 , a = 1, n = 3, 0.8 ≤ x ≤ 1.2
2
3) f (x) = ex , a = 0, n = 3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1

Problem 19
Use the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem or Taylor’s Inequality to estimate the range of
values of x for which the given approximation is accurate to within the stated error. Check
your answer graphically.

x3
sin x ≈ x − (|error| < 0.01)
6

Solution
We apply Taylor’s Inequality to find the range of x for which the given approximation is
accurate.

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Step 1: Taylor’s Inequality
For the Taylor series of sin x, the remainder after the third-degree term is:
f (4) (c) 4 sin c 4
R3 (x) = x = x
4! 24
Since | sin c| ≤ 1 for all c, we have:
|x|4
|R3 (x)| ≤
24
We require |R3 (x)| < 0.01:
|x|4 √
|x|4 < 0.24
4
< 0.01 ⇒ ⇒ |x| < 0.24
24
Approximating the fourth root of 0.24:
|x| < 0.759
Thus, the range of x for which the approximation is accurate to within 0.01 is approximately:

−0.759 < x < 0.759

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