Statistical Analysis With Software Application
Statistical Analysis With Software Application
ANALYSIS
WITH
SOFTWARE
APPLICATION
Numerical Description of Data (Measures of Variation)
A measure of variation, or
dispersion, quantifies how spread out
or varied a set of data is, with common
examples including range, variance,
and standard deviation.
Measures of Variation
Standard
Range Variance
Deviation
Range
Solution:
3, 5, 4, 10, 8
The highest value is 10 and the lowest value is 3.
Therefore, the range is
R = 10 – 3 = 7
Example 2: Find the range for the amount of European auto
sales for a sample of 6 years shown. The data are in millions of
dollars: 11.9, 13.4, 11.2, 12.0, 12.8, 14.3.
Solution:
11.9, 13.4, 11.2, 12.0, 12.8, 14.3
The highest value is 14.3 and the lowest value is 11.2.
Therefore, the range is
Staff Salary
Owner 500,000 Highest value
Manager 40,000
Admin. Officer 30,000
Workers 15,500 Lowest value
18,650
21,300
𝒏 σ 𝒙𝒊 − σ 𝒙 𝒊 𝟐
Formula for sample variance: 𝒔𝟐 =
𝒏−𝟏
Standard Deviation
The standard deviation is the How to find the standard
positive square root of the variance. deviation:
Extract the square root of the
The symbol for the population standard deviation value of the variance.
is 𝜎 and the symbol for the sample standard
deviation is 𝑠.
Solution:
Step 1:
σ 𝑥𝑖 = 11.9 + 13.4 + 11.2 + 12.0 + 12.8 + 14.3 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟔
Step 2:
σ 𝑥𝑖 2 = 11.92 + 13.42 + 11.22 + 12.02 + 12.82 + 14.32 = 𝟗𝟓𝟖. 𝟗𝟒
Step 3:
2 𝑛 σ 𝑥𝑖 2 − σ 𝑥𝑖 2 6 958.94 −(75.6)2 5753.64−5715.36 138.28
𝑠 = 𝑛(𝑛−1)
= 6(6−1)
= 6(5)
= 30
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖