RESEARCH PROBLEM addressing a gap in knowledge, a practical concern, or a theoretical

dilemma that holds significance.

A research problem is a gap in existing knowledge, a contradiction in an 3. Feasible: A practical research problem allows for the formulation of
established theory, or a real-world challenge that a researcher aims to hypotheses and the design of research methodologies A feasible
address in their research. It is at the heart of any scientific inquiry directing research problem is one that can realistically be investigated given
the trajectory of an investigation (Singh) the available resources, time, and expertise. It should not be too
broad or too narrow to explore effectively, and should be measurable
A research problem is a specific issue or gap in existing knowledge that you in terms of its variables and outcomes. It should be amenable to
aim to address in your research. You may choose to look for practical investigation through empirical research methods, such as data
problems aimed at contributing to change, or theoretical problems aimed collection and analysis, to arrive at meaningful conclusions A
at expanding knowledge. (McCombes and George) practical research problem considers budgetary and time constraints,
as well as limitations of the problem. These limitations may arise due
A problem is (1) any significant, perplexing and challenging situation, real or to constraints in methodology, resources, or the complexity of the
artificial, the solution of which requires reflective thinking; (2) a perplexing problem.
situation after it has been translated into a question or series of questions 4. Clear and specific: A well-defined research problem is clear and
that help determine the direction of subsequent inquiry. The foregoing specific, leaving no room for ambiguity; it should be easily
definitions are according to Dewey. (Good, p. 414) understandable and precisely articulated. Ensuring specificity in the
problem ensures that it is focused addresses a distinct aspect of the
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM broader topic and is not vague.
5. Rooted in evidence: A good research problem leans on trustworthy
The characteristics of a good problem possesses the acronym evidence and data, while dismissing unverifiable information. It must
S-M-A-R-T This means that a research problem should be: also consider ethical guidelines, ensuring the well-being and rights of
any individuals or groups involved in the study.
Specific. The problem should be specifically stated.
HOW TO DEFINE A RESEARCH PROBLEM
Measurable. It is easy to measure by using research instruments in
collecting data. 1. Look for a broad problem area: Identify under-explored aspects or
Achievable. The data are achievable using correct statistical techniques to areas of concern, or a controversy in your topic of interest. Evaluate
arrive at precise results. the significance of addressing the problem in terms of its potential
Realistic. Real results are not manipulated, and contribution to the field, practical applications, or theoretical insights.
Time-bound. Time frame is required in every activity because the shorter the 2. Learn more about the problem: Read the literature, starting from
completion of the activity is the better. historical aspects to the current status and latest updates. Rely on
reputable evidence and data. Be sure to consult researchers who
CHARACTERISTICS (SING) work in the relevant field, mentors, and peers. Do not ignore the gray
1. Novel. An Ideal research problem introduces a fresh perspective, literature on the subject.
offering something new to the existing body of knowledge. It should 3. Identify the relevant variables and how they are related:
contribute original insights and address unresolved matters or Consider which variables are most important to the study and will
essential knowledge. help answer the research question. Once this is done, you will need
to determine the relationships between these variables and how
2. Significant. A problem should hold significance in terms of its these relationships affect the research problem.
potential impact on theory, practice, policy, or the understanding of a
particular phenomenon. It should be relevant to the field of study,
 4. Think of practical aspects: Deliberate on ways that your study can 1. Personal Experiences
be practical and feasible in terms of time and resources. Discuss Researchers may identify problems based on their own observations,
practical aspects with researchers in the field and be open to revising struggles, or lived experiences. Personal experiences often highlight real-
the problem based on feedback. Refine the scope of the research world issues that require further exploration.
problem to make it manageable and specific; consider the resources Example:
available, time constraints, and feasibility. A teacher notices that students in a multilingual classroom struggle with
5. Formulate the problem statement: Craft a concise problem comprehension and decides to research the impact of bilingual instruction on
statement that outlines the specific issue, its relevance, and why it academic performance.
needs further investigation.
6. Stick to plans, but be flexible: When defining the problem, plan 2. Brainstorming
ahead but adhere to your budget and timeline. At the same time, A research problem may arise from creative discussions, group ideation
consider all possibilities and ensure that the problem and question sessions, or individual reflection. Brainstorming allows researchers to
can be modified if needed. generate and refine research topics through critical thinking.
Example:
ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM
A group of education researchers brainstorms challenges in online learning
1. Aim or Purpose of the problem for investigation. This answers and identifies student engagement as a major concern, leading to a study on
the question "Why?" Why is there an investigation, inquiry or study? strategies to improve engagement in virtual classrooms.
2. The subject matter or topic to be investigated. This answers the
question "What?" What is to be investigated or studied? 3. Literature Sources
3. The place or locale where the research is to be conducted. This Reviewing existing studies, books, journal articles, and academic papers can
answers the question "Where?" Where the study to be conducted? help researchers identify gaps in knowledge or areas that require further
4. The period or time of the study during which the data are to be exploration.
gathered. This answers the question "When?" When is the study to Example:
be carried out? A researcher reviewing studies on inclusive education notices a lack of
5. Population or universe from the data are to be collected. This research on how students with autism adapt to higher education, leading to a
answers the question "Who?" or "from whom?" Who are the study on support systems for autistic college students.
respondents? From whom are the data to be gathered?
4. Intuition
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM Sometimes, a research problem arises from a researcher’s instincts or a
strong personal belief that a certain issue needs investigation. Intuition often
• Personal experiences
plays a role in groundbreaking discoveries.
• Brain storming
Example:
• Literature sources
A scientist intuitively feels that excessive smartphone use negatively impacts
• Intuition
mental health, prompting a study on the correlation between screen time and
• Existing theories
anxiety levels among teenagers.
• Consultations
• Previous research
5. Existing Theories
• Social issues
Established theories can serve as a foundation for research problems by
• Academic experiences
testing their validity in new contexts, refining them, or applying them to
• Professional experience
different populations.
Example:
A researcher applies Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory to study how peer A hospital administrator observes high patient readmission rates and
collaboration influences language acquisition in second-language learners. conducts a study on the effectiveness of post-discharge care programs in
reducing hospital readmissions.
6. Consultations
Discussions with experts, practitioners, or stakeholders can reveal pressing
issues that require research. Consulting professionals in a specific field can
help refine a research problem.
Example:
A policymaker consults with teachers and finds that many struggle with
integrating technology in the classroom, leading to a study on digital literacy
training for educators.

7. Previous Research
A study’s findings often suggest new areas for investigation. Researchers
can build upon existing work by exploring unanswered questions or
addressing limitations.
Example:
A previous study on the effects of mindfulness on stress reduction in adults
suggests the need for further research on its impact on children, leading to a
new study on mindfulness in elementary school students.

8. Social Issues
Pressing societal problems such as poverty, discrimination, and climate
change often inspire research aimed at finding solutions.
Example:
A researcher studying gender equality examines how the wage gap affects
career advancement for women in STEM fields.

9. Academic Experiences
Challenges faced in academic settings—such as gaps in curriculum, student
learning difficulties, or teaching methodologies—can inspire research.
Example:
A university professor notices that students struggle with critical thinking in
essay writing and decides to research the effectiveness of inquiry-based
learning in improving analytical skills.

10. Professional Experience

Practical challenges encountered in a researcher’s professional field can
lead to research problems that aim to improve practices, policies, or
procedures.
Example: