LEVEL - I

ANGLE CHASING
1. Of the three angles of a triangle, one is twice the smallest and another is three times the smallest.
Find the angles.
Sol. Let smallest angle = x
ATQ angles are x,2x and 3x.
x+2x+3x=180 ⇒ x=30
Angles = 30,60,90
2. The sides AB and AC of a triangle ABC are produced to P and Q respectively. If the
1
bisectors of ∠PBC and ∠QCB intersects at Ia then prove that BlaC = 90 A
2
Sol.

Bla bisects PBC and Cla bisects QCB

Let IaBP = IaBC = x and IaCB =IaCQ = y
ABC = 180° –2x and ACB = 180° – 2y
In DABC, A + B + C = 180°
 A + 180° – 2X + 180° –2Y = 180°
 x + y = 90° + 1/2 A
In BlaC, x y la 180
 1
 90 A la 180
2
1
la 180 90 A
2
1
BlaC 90 A
2
3. In a quadrilateral ABCD, AO and BO are the bisectors of ∠A and ∠B respectively, prove that
1
∠AOB = C D
2
Sol: In quadrilateral ABCD, ∠A + ∠B +∠C +∠D = 360°

 2X + 2Y + C + D = 360°
1
 x + y=180° C D
2
In DAOB, x + y + 1 = 180°
1
180 C D 1 180
2
1
1 C D
2
4. Can two internal angle bisector in a triangle be perpendicular?
Sol.

We know that BIC = 90° +1/2 A

 If BIC =90 then A=0 not possible.
5. The interior angle of a n sided regular polygon is 48° more than the interior angle of a regular
hexagon. Find n.

Sol.
( n − 2 ) 180 = 48 + ( 6 − 2 )180
n 6
( n − 2 ) 180 = 168n
( n − 2 )  45 = 42n
3n = 90  n = 30
6. If all exterior angles of a polygon are obtuse then find the number of sides of the polygon.
Sol. Let no of sides = n
Each exterior angle grater than 90
Sum of angles > 90n
360 > 90n
n<4n=3
7. In the adjacent diagram, Find ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D + ∠E + ∠F + ∠G.

Sol.
 A + G + B + P + Q = 540
A + G + b + C + D + E + F = 540 (as P = C + E and Q = D + F
8. In ∆ABC, AB = AC. D is a point on BC such that AB = CD. E on AB such that DE ⊥ AB. Prove
that 2∠ADE = 3∠B.
Sol.

B = C = x & A = 180 – 2x
180 − x x
CAD = ADC = = 90 −
2 2
EDB = 90 – B = 90 –x
EDB + ADE + ADC = 180
x
90 – x + ADE + 90 – = 180
2
2ADE = 3x = 3 B
9. In ∆ABC, the angle bisectors of the exterior angles of ∠A and ∠B intersect opposite sides CB
produced and AC produced at D and E respectively, and AD = AB = BE. Then find angle A.
Sol.
 AB = BE ⇒ ∠E = ∠CAB = y
AB = AD ⇒ ∠D = ∠ABC = x
x
2y + = 90
In ∆ABE, 2
y
2x + = 90
In ∆ABD, 2
Solving these, we get
540
x= = 36
15
y = 36
10. The sum of all interior angles of a convex n-sided polygon is less than 2007°. Find the maximum
value of n
Sol. From (n–2) × 180 < 2007° we have n –2 < 12 i.e. n < 14. When n = 13, the sum of interior
angles of convex 13 –sided polygon is 11 × 180° = 1980°, so the maximum value of n is 13.
11. (CHINA/1997) In a right angled DABC, ACB = 90° , E, F are on AB such that AE = AC, BF =
BC, find the EFC in degrees.
Sol. From AE = AC and BC = BF, we have
AEC = 1/2 (180° – A) = 90° – 1/2 A,
BFC= 1/2 (180° – B) = 90° – 1/2 B,
Therefore
ECF = 180° – AEC – BFC
1
= ( A + B) = 45
2
12. (AHSME/1978) In DADE, ADE = 140° . The points B and C are on the sides AD and AE
respectively. If AB = BC = CD = DE, then EAD, in degrees, is
(a) 5° (b) 6° (c) 7.5° (d) 8° (d) 10°
Sol.

Let x = BAC = BCA, y = CBD = CDB, z = DCE = CED, then

 y = 2x, z = x + y = 3x (Exterior angle property)
In ∆ADE, x + 140° + z = 180°
 140° + 4x = 180°,
 x = 10°, i.e. EAD = 10°
13. (AHSME/1977) In DABC, AB = AC, A = 80°. If the points D, E, F are on the sides BC, CA and
AB respectively, such that CE = CD; BF = BD, then EDF , in degrees, is
(a) 30° (b) 40°
(c) 50° (d) 65° (e) None of preceding
Sol. From A = 80° and AB = AC, we have B = C = 50°. Then
CDE = 1/2 (180° – 50°) = 65°
FDB = 1/2 (180° – 50°) = 65°
 EDF = 180° – 2 × 65° = 50°
The answer is (C)
14. (AHSME/1996) Triangles ABC and ABD are isosceles with AB = AC = BD, and AC intersects BD
at E. If AC is perpendicular to BD, then C + D is
(a) 115° (b) 120°
(c) 130° (d) 135° (e) not uniquely
Sol In DABC and DABD since AB = AC = BD, we have

1
C = (180 − BAC) ,
2
1
D = (180 − DBA ) ,
2
1
 C + D = 180 − ( BAC + DBA )
2
Q BAC + DBA = 90°
 C + D = 180° – 45° = 135°
 The answer is (D)
15. In DABC, AB = AC, D, E, F are on AB, BC, CA such that DE = EF = FD. Prove that DEB = 1/2
(ADF + CFE)
Sol. ADE = B + DEB
ADF + 60 = C + DEB [ B = C]
ADF + 60 = (FEB – EFC) + DEB
ADF + 60 = DEB + 60 – EFC + DEB
2DEB = ADF + EFC

CONGRUENCY & INEQUALITY

16. In ABC, D and E are midpoints of the sides AB and AC respectively. If the perpendiculars at D
and E to the sides AB and AC meet at O, prove that OA = OB = OC.
Sol

OD ⊥ ar bisector of AB
 OA = OB &
OE ⊥ ar bisector of AC
OA = OC
⇒ OA = OC = OB
17. If two straight line segments AB and CD bisect each other at right angles, show that the sides of a
quadrilateral ACBD are all equal.
Sol.
 AB ⊥ar bisector of CD
 AB = AD
BC = BD
Similarly CD ⊥ar bisector of AB
 AD = BD
& AC = BC
 AC = BC = AD = BD
18. ABC and DBC are two triangles on the same base BC and on the same side of it such that BA =CD
and BD = CA. If AC and BD meet at O. prove that OBA is congruent to OCD
Sol.

ABC  DCB  By sss 

 A = D
 AOB & COD
AOB = COB [VO]
AB = CD
A = D
By AAS
AOB  DOC
19. If in a parallelogram ABCD, the diagonal AC bisects A then prove that ABCD is a rhombus.
Sol.

As AB||CD
y = x (alternate interior angles]
 AD = CD
 AB = BC = CD = AD [as AD = BC & AB = CD]
20. Show how to find point D and E on the side AB, AC of ABC such tat DE||BC and DE = BD
Sol. from diagram it is clear that point E, we get from angle bisector of B

21. Let ABCDE be regular pentagon. If the internal angular bisectors of angles A and B meet O. Prove
that OC,OD, OE also bisect angles C, D and E.

Sol.

AOB  COB  By SAS

OCB = 54
  OCD = 54
 OC is bisect angle
Similarly we can prove the remaining
22. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which diagonals bisect each other. Show B and D are equidistant from
AC.
Sol.

Since its diagonal bisect each other. ABCD is a parallelogram. Consider the following figure
Essentially, we have to show that BF = DE compare BFG with DEG
1. BG = GD (diagonals bisect each other)
2. BGF =  DGE (vertically opposite angles)
3. 1 = 2 (alternate interior angles)
By the ASA criterion the two triangles are congruent, which means that BF =DE. Thus, B and D
are equidistance from AC
23. If two triangles are congruent prove that the straight lines joining the vertices to the midpoints of
their bases are equal.
Sol.

Let ABC  PQR

& D & S are mid points of BC & QR
BC QR
AB = PQ; BD = = = QS
2 2
 B = Q
By SAS
ABD  PQS
 AD = PS [CPCT]
24. AU is the bisector of BAC and SUT is drawn perpendicular to AU meeting AB and AC at S and T
respectively. Prove that ASU is congruent to ATU.
Sol.

1 = 2
AUS = AUT
AU = AU
AUS  AUT
25. Equilateral triangles ABX and ACY are described on sides AB, AC of a ABC externally to ABC.
Prove that CX = BY.

Sol.

AX = AB
AY = AC
XAC = 60 + A = BAY
XAC  YAB
XC = BY [CPCT]
26. ABCD is a parallelogram and O is any point. The parallelograms OAEB, OBFC, OCGD and ODHA
are completed. Show that EFGH is a parallelogram
Sol.

OA = DH = EB [||gm property]
DG = DC = BF [|| gm property]
OA || DH || EB
OC || DG || BF
 HDG = EBF
EBF  HDG
HG = EF
Similarly FG = HE
ERGH is a ||gm
27. Through C the midpoint of a straight line segment AB, a straight line is drawn. Perpendiculars AD
and BE are dropped upon it from A and B. Prove that AD = BE.
Sol.

ACD = BCE [V.O]

AC = BC [C is mid point]
D = E = 90°
By AAS
ACD  BCE
AD = BE [CPCT]
28. AB and CD are two straight lines meeting at O and XY is another straight line. Show that in general
two points can be found in XY which are equidistant from AB and CD. When is there only one such
point?
Sol.

Any point equidistance from AB & CD lies on angle bisectors of BOD and BOC
In general XY cut bisectors at two points.
For one point XY must be parallel to one of the bisectors.
29. ABC is an isosceles triangle. The base BC is produced on either side to D and E so that BD = CE.
Prove that AD = AE
Sol.

ABD = ACE = 180 – x

AB = AC & BD = CE
 ABD  ACE By SAS
 AD = AE
30. If the hypotenuse AC of a right angled ABC is of length 2AB. Prove that BAC = 2ACB.
Sol. Extend AB to D , such that BD = BA

ABC  DBC [By SAS]

 CD = AC = 2x [C.P.C.T]
 AD = CD = AC
 ∆ADC is equilateral ∆
 A = 60 & ACB = 30
31. ABC is an isosceles triangle having B = ∠C = 2∠A. If BD bisecting B meets AC in D, prove that
AD = BC.
Sol.

DAB = DBA = x
 AD = BD …(I)
 BDC = x + x [Exterior angle properties]
 BDC = DCB = 2x
BD = BC …(II)
FROM (1) & (2)
AD = BC
32. In ABC, ACB = 60°, BAC = 75°, AD ⊥ BC at D, BE ⊥ AC at E, AD intersects BE at H. Find
CHD in degrees.
Sol.

ABC = 180° – 75° – 60° = 45°, we have BAC = 45°,

Therefore AD = BD. Since
HBD = 90° – ACB = CAD,
We have HBD  CAD (ASA) hence
HD = CD,  CHD = 45°
33. In the figure, given that in ∆ABC, AB = AC, D is on AB and E is on the extension of AC such that
BD = CE. The segment DE intersects BC at G. Prove that DG = GE

Sol. Draw Perpendiculars DM and EN on BC

∠B = ∠C
∠C = ∠ECN (V.O)
BMD  CNE (by AAS)
DM = NE
DGM  EGN (byAAS)
DG = GE (by CPCT)
34. In a given quadrilateral ABCD, AB = AD, ∠BAD = 60°, ∠BCD = 120°. Prove that BC + DC = AC.
Sol. ABCD is cyclic.

A = 60
 C = 120
ADB = DBA = 60 (As AD = AB)
AB = BD = AD
Rotate ∆BCD about B by 60
D⇒A, C⇒Cˈ, B⇒B
AC1 = CD
& BCC’ is equilateral 
CC' = BC
 AC = CC’ + AC’ = BC + CD
35. ABCD is a square. C' is a point on BA and B' is a point on AD such that BB' and CC' are
perpendicular. Show that AB'B and BC'C are congruent.

Sol.

x = 90 – y
z = 90 – y
⇒z=x
AB = BC
A = B = 90
ABB'  BCC'
36. ABC is a triangle and O is any point in it. Prove that BOC > BAC
Sol. Draw AO

a = x + z (Exterior angle property)

a>x (1)
b = y +w (Exterior angle property)
b>y (2)
Add (1) & (2)
a+b>x+y
BOC >  BAC
37. In quadrilateral PQRS, diagonals intersect at O. Show that
(i) PQ + QR + RS + SP > PR + QS
(ii) PQ + QR + RS + SP < 2 (PR + QS)

Sol: Proof: Since the sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side
(i) In DPQR, PQ + QR > PR
In DQRS, QR + RS > QS
In DPRS, RS + SP > PR
In DPSQ, PS + PQ > QS
Adding all four we get, 2 ( PQ + QR + RS + SP )  2 ( PR + QS)

 PQ + QR + RS + SP > PR + QS
(ii) In DOPQ, OP + OQ > PQ
In DORQ, OQ + OR > RQ
 In DORS, OR + OS > RS
In DOPS, OS + OP > PS
Adding all the above four inequality we get,
2(OP + OR + OQ + OS) > PQ + QR + RS + SP
 2(PR + QS) > PQ + QR + RS + SP
Or PQ + QR + RS + SP < 2 (PR + QS)
38. In ∆ABC, AD ⊥ BC if DC > DB prove that AC > AB.
Sol. Construction: Take a point E on DC such that DB = DE. Join AE.

Proof: ∆ABE ≅ ∆ADE

 1 = 2 (CPCT)
Now 1 + 3 = 180°
Also 1 + 4 < 180°
 1 +4 < 2 + 3
 4 < 3
In DAEC , AC > AE
 AC > AB (As AE = AB)

39. Given that the lengths of three sides, a, b, c of a triangle are positive integers, where a < b < c. Find
the number of the triangles with b = 2.
Sol. When b = 2 then a = 1. From a > c – b we have c = b.
Since b < c, we have no required solution. Thus the answer is 0.
40. In a right-angled triangle, if the length of a leg is 21, and the lengths of the other two sides are also
positive integers, find the minimum value of its possible perimeter.
Sol. Let the lengths of two legs of the right angle be a and b where a = 21, and let c be the length of the
hypotenuse.
Then c2 – b2 = 212, i.e. (c–b) (c + b) = 32.72.
 To let the sum 21 + b + c be minimum b + c should minimum, therefore c – b should be maximum.
Thus c–b = 9, c + b = 49 i.e. the perimeter is 21 + 49 = 70
MID POINT, BPT and SIMILARITY
41. Prove that in any quadrilateral, the midpoints of the sides form the vertices of a parallelogram.
Sol.

Let P,Q,R,S are midpoints of AB, BC, CD & AD respectively join AC

In DACD, R & S mid points
SR ||AC & SR = 1/2AC …(1)
In DABC
P & Q mid points
PQ || AC & PQ = 1/2 AC …(2)
From (1) & (2)
PQ || RS & PQ = RS
 PQRS is a parallogram
42. Suppose the straight line AB is bisected at C and the perpendiculars AX, BY, CZ are drawn to any
straight line OP. Prove that
(i) If A, B are on the same side of OP, then 2CZ = AX + BY
(ii) If A, B are on the opposite sides of OP, then 2CZ = difference of AX and BY
Sol. (i) Clearly XA ||ZC || YB

Join AY, intersect ZC at M

ZM = 1/2 AX & CM = 1/2 BY [mid point then]
 ZM + CM = 1/2 AX + 1/2BY
ZC = 1/2 (AX + BY) ⇒ 2ZC = AX + BY
(ii) Draw BZ’X’ || XYZ

In DBAX’
C is mid pint & CZ’ || AX’
1
CZ' = AX '
2
CZ+ ZZ’ =1/2 [AX + XX’]
CZ + BY = 1/2[AX + BY]
CZ = 1/2 [AX – BY]
43. Let X be the midpoint of the side AB of DABC. Let Y be the midpoint of CX. Let BY cut AC at Z,
Prove that AZ = 2ZC.
Sol.

Draw XM || BZ
In DABZ
X is mid point & XM || BZ
 AM = MZ
In DCXM
Y is mid point & YZ ||XM
 MZ = ZC
 AZ = 2ZC
44. Prove that the mid-point of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is equidistant from all its
vertices.

Sol: Given In DABC, ∠B = 90°, AD = DC

To prove: BD = 1/2 AC
Construction : Draw DE || CB
Proof In DABC, D is a mid-point of AC and DE || CB
 By converse of mid-point theorem E is a mid-point of AB, i.e., AE = EB also ∠E = 90°  DE ⊥
AB in ∆AED and DBED
AE = BE (Proved above)
∠AED = ∠BED = 90°
ED = ED (Common)
 By SAS congruence ∆AED ≅ ∆BED
 AD = BD
but AD = CD
 BD = AD = CD = 1/2 AC.
45. (CHINA/1997) ABCD is a quadrilateral with AD || BC. If the angle bisector of DAB intersects CD
at E, and BE bisects ABC, prove that AB = AD + BC.
Sol.

Draw EF || AD || BC
1 =5` [alt. interior]
 2 = 5 [as 1 = 2]
  AF = EF (1)
Similarly BF = EF (2)
AB = AF + BF = 2EF (3)
AF = FB
 F is md pint of AB
 E is mid point of CD (equal intercept theorem)
In trapezium of ABCD
1
EF = AD + BC
2
AB = AD + BC
46. Let ABCD is a parallelogram. X is mid-point of AB. DX intersect AC at Y. Prove that AC=3AY.
Sol.

Draw BP ||DX
DPXB is parallelogram
In DABZ
X is mid point & XY || BZ
 Y is mid point
AY = YZ
Similarly in DCDY
CZ = YZ
 3AY = AC
47. In figure DE || BC and CD || EF. Prove that AD2 = AB×AF
Sol. In triangle ABC, AD/DB = AE/EC ------(1)
In triangle ADC, AF/FD = AE/EC -----(2)
(1) = (2)
AD/DB = AF/FD
Taking reciprocal on both side, so we get
DB/AD = FD/AF
Add 1 on both sides, we get
(DB/AD) + 1 = (FD/AF ) + 1
(DB + AD)/AD = (FD + AF)/AF
AB/AD = AD/AF
AD2 = AB x AF
48. Let ABCD be a parallelogram and P be any point on AC. The line XPY|| DA meets DC at X and AB
at Y. Again the line QPR ||DC meets AD at Q and BC at R. Prove that PX.PQ = PY .PR
(ii) Take AD = a, AB = b, XP = x and QP = y. Show that x/a + y/b = l
Sol.

Given QR || AB || CD
XY || AD ||BC
 AYPQ, PYBR, PRCX & PXDQ all are parallelograms
As PQ || CD
AQ AP PY AP
 =  =  As, AQ = PY &QD = PX
QD PC XP PC
As PY ||BC
AY AP PQ AP
=  = [AS AY = PQ & BY = PR]
YB PC PR PC
PY PQ
 =
XP PR
 PY  PR = PQ  PX
(ii) Put values in above result
(a -x) (b–y) = xy
ab = bx + ay
x y
 1= +
a b
49. ABCD is a trapezium with AB||CD. If the diagonals meet at O, prove that AO : OC = BO : OD.
Sol

Draw OE || AB ||CD
in DBCD
BE OB
= .....(i)
EC OD
& in DABC
BE OA
= ...(2)
CE OC
FROM (1) & (2)
OA OB
= ...(2)
OC OD
50. ABCD is a parallelogram X divides AB in the ratio 3 :2 and Y divides CD in the ratio 4 :1. If XY
cuts AC at Z, prove that 7AZ = 3AC.
Sol.

Draw PB || XY
Intersect AC at Q
 In DABQ
AX AZ
=
XB ZQ
3 AZ
= ….. (i)
2 ZQ
In DCYZ
PQ||YZ
CP CQ
= ..(2)
PY QZ
Clearly BX = PY = 2a
 PC = 2a
2
From (i) ZQ = AZ
3
2a CQ
From (2) =
2a QZ
 CQ = QZ = 2/3 AZ
2 2
 AC = AZ + AZ + AZ
3 3
3AC = 7AZ
51. ABCD is a trapezium with AB||CD and AB = 2CD. If the diagonals meet at O, then prove that 3AO
= 2AC. If AD and BC meet at F, then prove that AD = DF.
Sol.

AOB  COD [By AA]

OA AB
=
OC CD
OA = 2OC
3
 AC = OA + OC = OA
2
2AC = 3OA
 (ii) FDC  FAB
CD FD
=
AB FA
1 FD
=
2 FA
FA = 2FD
 FD = DA
52. (CHNMOL/1991) ABCD is a trapezium with AB || CD and AB < DC. AC and BD intersect at E, EF
|| AB, intersecting BC at F . Given that AB = 20; CD = 80; BC = 100, then EF is
(A) 10, (B) 12, (C) 16, (D) 18.
Ans (c)
Since BEF ~ BDCand CEF ~ CAB
EF BF EF CF
= & =
DC BC AB BC
 1 1 
 EF  +  = 1,
 80 20 
EF
= 1,  EF = 16
16
53. P is any point with ABC. Q is a point outside ABC such that CBQ = ABP and BCQ =
BAP. Show that the triangles PBQ and ABC are similar.

Sol. APB  CQB  By AA 

 AB PB
=
BC QB
AB BC
 =
PB QB
ABC = ABP + PBC
= BQC + PBC
= QBP
ABC  PBQ
54. (CHINA/1990) In the isosceles right triangles ABC, B = 90°, AD is the median on BC. Write AB
= BC = a. If BE ⊥ AD, intersecting AC at E, and EF ⊥ BC at F then EF is
1 1 2 2
(A) a (B) a (C) a (D) a
3 2 3 5
Sol. (A)
From BAD = EBF we have Rt ABD ~ RtEBF. Then
AB BF
2= =
BD EF
EFC ~ ABC,
 EF = FC,
BF
 =2
FC
EF FC 1
 = =
AB BC 3
1 1
 EF = AB = a.
3 3
55. (CHINA/1997) ABC is an isosceles right triangle with C = 90°,M, N are on AB such that MCN
= 45°.Write AM = m, MN = x, BN = n. Then the triangle formed by taking x, m, n as the lengths of
it three sides is
(a) An acute triangle (b) A right triangle
(c) An obtuse triangle (d) Not determined
Sol (B)
MCN = A = B = 45 , MCN ~ CAN ~ MBC ,
 BC x + m
 =
x+n AC
BC = AC

 BC2 = ( x + n )( x + m )

2BC2 = AB2

2 ( x + m )( x + n ) = ( m + x + n )
2

By simplification, we have x2 = m2 + n2, therefore the triangle is a right triangle , the answer is (B)
56. In ABC, D is the midpoint of BC, E is on AC such that AC = 3EC. BE and AD intersect at G. Find
AG:GD.
Sol. (d)
Though D introduce DF || BE. Intersecting AC at F
By the midpoint theorem,
EF = FC.
AC = 3EC  AE = 2EC
 AE = 4EF
ADF ~ AGE
AG AE
 = =4
GD EF
 the answer is ( D )

57. ABCD is a trapezium with AB || CD and the diagonals meets at O. If XOY ||AB meets AD and BC
at X and Y then prove that XO = OY.
Sol

BOY BDC
OY BO
=
CD BD
AOX  ACD
 OX AO
=
CD OC
AOB  COD
AO OB
=
OC OD
OY OX
 =
CD CD
OX = OY

58. ABCD is a parallelogram. A straight line through A meets BD at X, BC at Y and DC at Z. Prove that
AX : XZ = AY : AZ
Sol.

AY CD
= =  BPT....(i)
YZ CZ
AXB ~ ZXD
XZ DZ
=
AX AB
CD + CZ XZ
=
AB AX
CZ XZ
1+ =
AB AX
ZY XZ
1+ = (from (i))
AY AX
AZ XZ
=
AY AX
59. In an isosceles ABC, the bisectors of the base angles B and C meet the opposite sides at E and F
respectively. Prove that FE || BC
Sol.
AX AB AY AC
= & =
XC BC BY BC
As AB = AC
AX AY
=
XC BY
XY || BC [ Converse of BPT]

60. If A’ is the midpoint of BC and if the internal bisectors of AA’B and AA’C meet AB and AC at
P and Q respectively. Prove that PQ ||BC.
A 'B BP A 'C CQ
Sol. = & =
A 'A PA A 'A QA
As A 'B = A 'C
BP CQ
 =
PA QA
PQ || BC [Converse of BPT]

61. ABC is triangle with AB > AC. The bisector of A meets BC at U and D is the midpoint of BC.
Prove that DU : DB = (AB - AC) : (AB + AC)

Sol.
BU AB
=
UC AC
 BU − UC AB − AC
=
BU + UC AB + AC
BD + UD − UC AB − AC
=
BC AB + AC
CD + UD − UC AB − AC
=
BC AB + AC
2UD AB − AC UD AB − AC
=  =
2BD AB + AC BD AB + AC
AF AC
62. In ABC, BE and CF are the angular bisector of ∠B and ∠C meeting at I. Prove that
FI Cl

Sol.
FI BF
= …(i)
IC BC
BF BC
=
AF AC
BF AF
= (II)
BC AC
From (1) and (2)
FI AF
=
IC AC
63. If in quadrilateral ABCD, AC ⊥ BD, show that AB2 + CD2 = BC2 + DA2

Sol.
AB2 + CD 2 = ( OA 2 + OB 2 ) + ( OC2 + OD 2 )

= ( OA 2 + OD2 ) + ( OB2 + OC2 )

AD2 + BC2
64. (CHINA/1195) In ∆ABC, A = 90°, AB = AC, D is a point on BC. Prove that BD2 + CD2 = 2AD2
Sol. From A introduce AE ⊥ BC at E. Since B = C = 45°, BAE = CAE = 45°
 AE =BE = CE.
BD2 + CD2 = (BE + ED)2 + (CE – ED)2
= BE2 + 2BE. DE + DE2 + CE2 – 2CE. DE + DE2
= BE2 + CE2+ 2DE2
=2(AE2+ DE2) = 2AD2 (By Pythagoars' Theorem )

65. Given that Right angle ∆ABC has a perimeter of 30 cm and an area of 30 cm2. Find the lengths of its
three sides.
Sol. Suppose that C = 90°. Let a = BC, b = AC, c = AB. Then

a + b + a 2 + b 2 = 30, (1)
ab
= 30 ( 2)
2
From (2) ab = 60, therefore , from (1),

(a + b) − 120 = 30 − ( a + b )
2

(a + b) − 120 = 900 + ( a + b ) − 60 ( a + b )
2 2

( a + b ) = 17

By substituting b = 17 – a into ab = 60, it follows that a2 – 17a + 60 = 0, so a = 5, b = 12 or a = 12,

b = 5.

By Pythagoras. Theorem, c = 52 + 122 = 169 = 13 i.e. the length of three side are 5, 12, 13
respectively
66. In the right triangle ABC, C = 90°, E & D are points on AC and BC respectively. Prove that AD2 +
BE2 = AB2 + DE2
Sol.
By using the Pythagoras, Theorem
AD 2 + BE 2
= AC2 + CD2 + CE 2 + BC2

= ( AC2 + BC2 ) + ( CD 2 + CE 2 )

= AB2 + DE2
67. ABC is a right angled triangle right angled at A. AD is the altitude through A, E is a point on AC
such that AE= CD and F is a point on AB such AF = BD. Prove that BE = CF

Sol.
BE 2 = AE 2 + AB2
= CD2 + AB2
= AC2 − AD2 + AB2
= AC2 + BD2
= AC2 + AF2
BE 2 = CF2
BE = CF
68. In right angled ABC, C = 90°, E is on BC such that AC = BE. D is on AB such that DE ⊥ BC.
Given that DE + BC = 1, BD = ½, find B in degrees
Sol.
Let a = DE, b = BE = AC
AC DE b a
=  = and
BC BE 1 − a b
b 2 = (1 − a ) a = a − a 2 i.e, a 2 + b 2 = a
2
1
a 2 + b2 =  
2
1 1
a= = BD, thus B = 30
4 2
AREA
69. ABCD is a parallelogram and E is the midpoint of CD. Prove that area of ADE = 1/4 the area of
parallelogram ABCD.
(ii) Consider the family R of parallelograms on equal bases whose areas are all equal. Prove that
in R that which is a rectangle has the least perimeter.
Sol. Draw EF || AD
[ADE] = 1/2 [AFED] = 1/4 [ABCD]

(ii) [ABEF] = [ABCD]

AF & AD & BE < BC [perpendicular distance is shortest]
 AB + BE + EF + AF < AB + BC + CD + AD
70. (i) If the lengths of two sides of a triangle are given, show that its area is greatest when the angle
between the sides is a right angle.
(ii) ABC is a fixed triangle. P is any point on the same side of BC as that of A such that PAB and
ABC have equal areas. Find the locus of P.
Sol. (i) Clearly h < Ac

[ABC] = 1/2AB x h
[ABC]Max when h = AC this happens
When  = 90°
(ii) P lies on the line parallel to BC passing through A

71. (CHINA/1996) Let the heights on three sides of ABC ha, hb, hc respectively and 2b = a + c. Prove
2 1 1
that = +
hb ha hc
1 1 1
Sol. Let A be area of the ABC. Then A = h a a = h b b = h cc therefore
2 2 2
2A 2A 2A
a= , b= , c=
ha hb hc

4A 2A 2A 2 1 1
Since 2b = a + c, we have = + i.e. = +
hb ha hc , hb ha hc
72. If ABC and XYZ are two triangles such that AB : BC = XY : YZ and the angles B and Y are
supplementary prove that [ABC]/[XYZ] = AB2/XY2
Sol Draw Z’Y = ZY
 ABC  XYZ '  BySAS
 ABC = AB2
 XYZ XY2
 XYZ' =  XYZ [XY is median]

 ABC = AB2
 XYZ XY2
73. (i) In the given figure, what is the ratio of the areas of the two shaded triangles?

(ii) In the given figure, what is the ratio of the shaded area to the area of one of the five
congruent triangles?

Sol. (i)

1
 5  CE
A1 2 5CE
= =
A 2 1  4  BD 4BD
2
BD || CE
ABD  ACE
BD AB 5
= =
CE AC 9
 A1 5 9 9
=  =
A2 4 5 4

(II)
Shaded area 4 3 3 1 2 1 1
= 1 +  +  + 
One Triangle Area 5 4 5 2 5 4 5

4 9 1 1 3
= + + + =
5 20 5 20 2

LEVEL II
1. Given a quadrilateral ABCD, E is a point on AD. F is a point inside ABCD such that CF, EF bisects
1
∠ACB and ∠BED respectively. Prove that CFE 90 CAD CBE
2
Sol.

A+ B− y
1 = 2 = exterior angle
2
A + B+ y
3 = 2 + y = Exterior angle
2
5 + 6 = 180 − ( A − x + B ) angle sum properties 

25 = 180 – (A + B – x)
4 = 5 + 3
24 = 25 + 23
24 = 180 – (A + B –x) + A + B + y
x+y
4 = 90 +
2
2. (CHINA/1998) In triangle ABC, A = 96°. Extend BC to an arbitrary point D. The angle bisectors
of angle ABC and ACD intersect at A1, and the angle bisectors of A1BC and A1CD intersect
at A2 and so on. The angle bisectors of is A4BC and A4CD intersect at A5. Find the size of A5
in degrees.
Sol.

Since A1B and A1C bisect ABC and ACD respectively A = ACD - ABC = 2 ( A1CD -
1
A1BC) = 2A1, therefore A1 = A
2
Similarly we have Ak+1 = 1/2 Ak for k = 1,2,3,4 Hence
1 1 1 1 1 96
A5 = A 4 = A3 = A 2 = 4 A1 = 5 A = = 3
2 4 23 2 2 32

3. The difference between two angles of a triangles is 24°. All angles are numerically double digits.
Find the number of possible values of third angle.
Sol . 9 < x, y, z < 100
x-y =24 ⇒ x=y+24
9 < x < 100
⇒ -15 < y < 76 & 9 < y < 100
⇒9 < y < 76
X + y + z = 180
z=156-2y
⇒9<156-2y<100
⇒28<y<73.5
Y can take 73-28=45 values
Correspondingly 45 values of z.
4. Two regular octagons and one square completely cover the part of a plane around a point without
any overlapping shown in the figure. Find all the other possible combinations of three regular
polygons, two of which are congruent and one different.
 Sol A.T.Q 2 
( n1 − 2 )180 + ( n 2 − 2 )180 = 360
n1 n2

 2  2
2 1 −  + 1 −  = 2
 n1   n 2 
4 2
l= +
n1 n 2

4n 2 + 2n1 = n1n 2

n 2  4 − n1  + 2n1 − 8 = −8

( n 2 − 2 )( 4 − n1 ) = −8
( n1 − 4 )( n 2 − 2 ) = 8 = 8 1, 4  2, 2  4,1 8
n1 = 12, n 2 = 3; n1 = 8, n 2 = 4; n1 = 6, n 2 = 6; n1 = 5, n 2 = 10

(12, 2,3) ; (8,8, 4 ) ; ( 5,5,10 ) But ( 6, 6, 6 ) is rejected.

5. Quadrilateral ABCD has ∠BDA = ∠CDB = 50°, ∠DAC = 20° and ∠CAB = 80°. Find angles ∠BCA
and ∠DBC.
Ans.

Draw AE, such that ∠CAE = 50

∠CAE = ∠CDE = 50
 AECD is cyclic
 ACE = 50
EAB = EBA = 30
AE = EB
AE = EC (As EAC = ECA )
 EB = EC
x = y
x = 10
6. Given BE and CF are the altitudes of the ABC. P, Q are on BE and the extension of CF
respectively, such that BP = AC, CQ = AB, Prove that AP ⊥ AQ.
Sol.

CQA  BAP (bySAS)

⇒ BAP = AQC
AQC + QAF = 90
  +  = 90
7. In the square ABCD, E is the mid-point of AD, BD and CE intersect at F. Prove that AF ⊥ BE
Sol. Let ∠DAF = 𝜭

AFD  CFD (by SAS)

 FCD = 
CED  BEA (by SAS)
ABE = DCE = 
 ABO + BAO =  + 90 −  = 90
→ AOB = 90
8. Each side of square ABCD has length 1 unit. Points P and Q belong to AB and DA, respectively.
Find ∠PCQ if the perimeter of ∆APQ is 2 units. The square is shown in the figure.

Ans. 45
Sol. Rotate ∆BCP about C by 90˚
∆CBP ⇒ CDPˈ

x + y + PQ = 2
PQ = 1–X + 1 – Y
PQ = DQ + PB
 PQ = DQ + PˈD = PˈQ

CQP '  CPQ (By SSS)

 +  =  (CPCT)
 +  + = 90
  +  = 90   = 45
9. In the figure, ABD and BEC are both equilateral with A, B, C being collinear, M and N are
midpoints of AE and CD respectively, AE intersects BD at G and CD intersects BE at H. Prove that
(i) ∆MBN is equilateral, (ii) GH || AC.
Sol.

BC = BE
AB = BD
ABE = 60 + DBE = DBC
ABE  DBC SAS

1 = 3 [CPCT]
2 = 4 [CPCT]
AE = CD = [CPCT]
AE CD
=
2 2
ME = CN
4 = 2
BE = BC
⇒ BME  BNC
BM = BN [CPCT]
∠MBN = ∠MBH + HBN
= NBC + HBN
MBN = 60°
 MBN is equilateral 
(ii) in BHD  BGA
 AB = BD
3 = 4
DBH = DBA = 60
By SAS
BHD  BGA
 BH = BG & DBH = 60

 BHG is equilateral 
 ∠BGH = ∠GBA = 60
 GH || AC
NOTE: For (ii) part, similarity is better method.
BE||AD
DG AD
 = ......(i)
GB BF
BD||EC
DH DB AD
 = = .....(As BD = AD&EC = BE)
HC EC BE
DG DH
 =
GB HC
⇒GH||AC
10. Squares ABDE and BCFG are drawn outside of triangle ABC. Prove that triangle ABC is isosceles
if DG is parallel to AC. [Leningrad MO, 1988]
Sol. We prove this by contradiction:

Let y > 
 BC > AB
As AC||DG
  +  + y =  (Co-interior angles
 =  − y
Similarly  =  − 
y>⇒
 BD > BG
⇒ AB > BC
Contraction  y = 
M2 Rotate BC about B by 90˚anticlockwise
∆BAC ⇒ ∆BDC

 +  = 90
In right angle GDC
BG = CB = DB
 AB = BC

11. In ∆ABC, If AD, BE, CF are the medians then prove that
3
( AB + BC + CA )  AD + BE + CF  AB + BC + CA
4

Sol.
AB + AC > 2AD (proved in class eg.)….(1)
Simiarly, AB + BC > 2BE …..(2)
 & AC + BC > 2CF……..(3)
Adding Eqs. (1), (2) and (3),
we get 2(AB + BC + CA) > 2(AD + BE + CF)
 AB + BC + CA > AD + BE + CF
Or AD + BE + CF < AB + BC + CA
Also in DGBC
GB + GC > BC……(4)
Similarly GC + GA > AC …..(5)
& GA + GB > AB……(6)
Adding equation (4), (5) and (6) we get 2(GA + GB + GC) > AB + BC + CA
2 2 2 
 2  AD + BE + CF   AB + BC + CA
3 3 3 
(As G being centroid of the triangle divides median in 2 : 1 ratio)
3
 AD + BE + CF > (AB + BC + CA)
4
3
Thus ( a + b + c )  ma + m b + m c  a + b + c
4
12. As shown in the figure, in ∆ABC, D is the mid-point of BC, ∠EDF = 90°, DE intersects
AB at E and DF intersects AC at F. Prove that BE + CF > EF

Sol. Construction DE’ = DE

DEB  DE 'C (BySAS)

BE = E'C
 EDF  E 'DF
EF = E 'F
E 'F  E 'C + FC
EF  BE + FC
13. If the lengths of three sides of a triangle are consecutive positive integers, and its perimeter is less
than or equal to 100, how many such acute triangles are there?
Sol. n + (n + 1 + (n+2) ≤ 100 yields 1 ≤ n ≤ 32. The triangle inequality means n + 2 < 2n + 1 which
implies n ≥ 2.
The triangle is acute yields n2 + (n+1)2 > (n+2)2
2n2 + 2n + 1 > n2 + 4n + 4
n2 – 2n – 3 > 0
(n–3) (n+1) > 0,  n > 3
Thus, there are in total 29 such triangles
14. Let each side of the triangle is a prime number and divisor of 2001. Find the number of such
triangles.
Sol. 2001=3 ⨯ 23 ⨯ 29
(3,3,3), (23,23,23), (29,29,29), (3,23,23), (3,29,29), (23,29,29), (29,23,23)
7 such triangles.
15. If a, b, c be the sides of a triangle prove that a, b and c will also represents sides of a triangle.

Sol. a+b>c ….(1)

b+c>a ….(2)

( )
2
a+ b = a + b + 2 ab  c

a+ b c

( )
2
b+ c = b + c + 2 bc  a

b+ c a
16. Find a point P, inside a convex quadrilateral ABCD, such that PA + PB + PC + PD is minimum.
Sol.
 PA + PC ≥ AC
PA + PC = AC if P lies on AC
PB + PD ≥ BD
PB + PD = BD if P lies on BD
 P lies of AC as well as BD
 P is point of intersection of AC & BD
17. (i) Prove that in a convex quadrilateral ABCD, max{AB + CD, AD + BC} < AC + BD <
AB + BC + CD + DA.
(ii) Also prove that if, AB + BD ≤ AC + CD, then AB < AC

Sol.
OA + OB > AB & OC + OD > CD
OA + OB + OC + OD > AB + CD
AC + BD > AB + CD
Similarly AC + BD > BC + AD
(ii) Given AB + BD ≤ AC + CD (1)
AB + CD < AC + BD (2) (proved)
Adding (1) & (2)
2AB < 2AC
AB < AC
18. A line l is given in a plane and two points A and B are also in the same plane. Find P on the line such
that AP + PB is minimum. Give your answer in two cases separately A, B on same side of the line or
on opposite side of the line.
Sol. Case : I
 If A & B on opposite side

PA + PB > AB
PA + PB =AB When P is at the point where AB segment intersect line l.
Case : (ii)
When A & B same side plot’A’ mirror image of A about the line

PA + PB = PA’ + PB > A’B

PA’ + PB = A’B when
P is the point of intersection of A’B & line l.
19. A line l is given in a plane and two points A and B are also in the same plane such that AB not
perpendicular to line l. Find P on the line such that |AP - PB| is minimum. Give your answer in two
cases separately A, B on same side of the line or opposite side of the line.
Sol Case I
If A & B same side
Min |PA – PB| can be zero, if PA = PB. It mean P lies on perpendicular bisector of AB.
 P is point of intersection of perpendicular bisector & the given line
Same in the Case II
20. In an acute angle there is a fixed point A, locate points B and C, one on each arm of the angle such
that perimeter of the ∆ABC be minimum.
Sol. Take reflection of A in both arms of the angle and Join reflections. Let this line meets arms of the
angle at B and C respectively. Now make the triangle ABC.
21. Let A, B, C be an acute angled triangle in which, D, E, F are points on BC, CA, AB
respectively, such that AD ⊥ BC, AE = EC, CF bisects ∠C internally. Suppose CF meets AD and
DE in M and N respectively. If FM = 2, MN = 1, NC = 3, show that the perimeter and area of this
triangle are equal numerically.

Sol: FN = FM + MN = 2 + 1 = 3 and NC = 3
 FN = NC ⇒ N is the mid-point of CF.
Also E is the mid-point of AC
⇒ NE || AF (By mid-point theorem)
 DE || AB and DE = ½ AB
 BD = DC (by converse of mid-point theorem)
Thus AD is both altitude and median to BC
 ∆ABC is isosceles ⇒ AB = AC (1)
⇒ ∠B = ∠C
∠B = ∠EDC (∴ DE || AB)
⇒ ∠C = ∠EDC
In ∆EDC, ED = DC
2ED = 2DC
AB = BC (2)
 AB = AC = BC (From Eqs. (1) and (2))
 DABC is equilateral.
Let the side of the equilateral triangle be ‘a’.
 CF, being the altitude,
3
CF 6 a 6 a 4 3
2
Perimeter 3 4 3 12 3

Thus area and perimeter are equal numerically.

22. ABCD is a rectangle, E is the mid-point of AD. F is the mid-point of EC. [ABCD] = 120 cm2; FIND
[BDF]
Sol. Construction: Draw perpendicular from F to CD and BC to meet them at G and H respectively. Let
the sides of the rectangle have lengths 2a and b.

Now [ABCD] = 120 That is, (2a) ⋅ (b) = 120 ⇒ ab = 60

Because of Mid-point theorem, FG || ED in DCED and F being the midpoint of CE, G will b be the
midpoint of DC; also CG = GD =b/2 & FG=a/2
Now [BDF] = [BDC] – [DFC] – [FBC]
1 a 1 b
60 b 2a
2 2 2 2
1 1 60 60
BDF 60 ab ab 15cm2
4 2 4 2
23. P is a variable point on a given straight line and A is a fixed pint. Q is a point on AP or AP produce
such that AQ : AP = constant. Find the locus of Q.
Ans.
 AP AP '
= given
PQ P 'Q '
 PP ' ||QQ'
Line parallel to given line
24. In the trapezium ABCD, AD || BC; B = 30, c = 60°, E; M; F; N are the midpoints of AB; BC;
CD; DA respectively. Given that BC = 7; MN = 3. Find EF.
Sol. By applying the midpoint theorem to the trapezium, then

EF =
( AD + BC )
2
so it is important to find AD
Through N we introduce N G || AB; N H || CD, intersecting BC at G; H respectively.

Since AD || BC, the quadrilaterals ABGN and NHCD are both parallelograms.
 BG = AN = CH = ND and AB || NG, CD || NH
Q NGH = ABH = 30°,and NHG = DCG = 60°
GNH = 180° – 30° –60° = 90°
Q BM = CM  GM = HM.
 GH = 2NM = 6 (As GM=NM=HM)
AD = 7 – 6 = 1

EF =
(1 + 7 ) = 4
2
25. (CHINA/2000) Given that AD is the median on BC of ABC, E is a point on AD such that AE =1/3
AD. The line CE intersects AB at F. If AF = 1.2cm. Find the length of AB.
Sol. From D introduce DG || BA, intersecting CF at G. By the midpoint theorem CG = GF and DG = 1/2
BF
AEF ~ DEG ( A.A.A )

AF AE 1
 = = ,
DG ED 2
 1 1
AF = DG = BF,
2 4
AF = 1.2cm
AB = 4AF + AF = 5AF = 6cm

26. ABCD is a rectangle with AD = 2; AB = 4. P is on AB such that AP : P B = 2 : 1, CE ⊥ DP at E.

Find CE.
PB 1
Sol. Extend DP to meet the extension of CB at F. PAD ~ PBF (A.A.A), BF = .AD = .2 = 1 ,
AP 2
therefore CF = CB + BF = 3

DF = DC2 + CF2 = 42 + 32 = 5

DC2 16
DE = =
DF 5
 CE 2 = CD2 − DE 2

256 144
= 16 − =
25 25

12
 CE =
5
M2
Join CP

1 8 1 4
 DCP = 8 −  2 −  2
2 3 2 3
[DCP] = 4
2
 8  10
DP 2 +   =
2

 3 3
1
 DCP = DP  EC = 4
2
12
 EC =
5
27. Given that three congruent squares ABEG; GEFH; HFCD are of side a. Prove that AFE + ACE =
45°
Sol.

AD || BC  AFE = HAF, it suffices to show ACE = FAE, and for this we show that
ACE ~ FAE below.
AE = 2a = 2.EF and

CE = 2a = 2 EA,
Besides AEC = FEA
 ACE ~ FAE. ( S.A.S)

28. OA, OB, OC are three given line segments and P is any point on OC. If PM and PN are the
perpendiculars from P on OA and OB respectively, prove that PM : PN is a constant.
Sol.

PM OP PN
= =
CM ' OC CN '
PM CM '  AOC OB
= =  = c ons tan t
PN CN OA  BOC

29. ABC is a triangle and DAE is a straight line parallel to BC such that DA = AE. If CD meets AB at X
and BE meets AC at Y, prove that XY ||BC
Sol
 BC || DE & AD = AE
BXC  AXD & BYC  EYA
BX BC XC BY YC BC
= = & = =
AX AD XD EY YA EA
BC BC
= ( AD = AE)
AD AE
BX YC
 =  XY || BC
AX YA
30. Given four points A, B, C, D in a straight line, find a point O in the same straight line such that OA :
OB = OC : OD
Sol. Draw OˈDˈ||OD and corresponding segments of equal length like AB = AˈBˈ etc.

∆POˈAˈ ≈ ∆POC and ∆POˈBˈ ≈ ∆POD

PO' O'A ' O'B' OA OB
= =  =
PO OC OD OC OD
31. (i) If in triangles ABC and DEF, we have A = D and AB : DE = BC : EF. Then prove that C =
F or C + F = 180°
(ii) In two obtuse angled triangles, an acute angle of the one is equal to an angle of the other, and also
the sides about the other acute angles are proportional. Prove that the triangles are similar.
Sol.
 AB BC
A = D & = =K
DE EF
First case when B = E
ABC  DEF
C = F2

If B  E
Construct EF1 = EF2

EF1D = 180 − EF1F2

= 180 − EF2 F1

F = 180 − C
F + C = 180
32. ABCD and AECF are two parallelograms and side EF is parallel to AD. Suppose AF and DE meet at
X and BF, CE meet at Y, then prove that XY||AB

Sol.
∆DXA ≈ ∆EXF
DX AX AD
= = ...(I)
XE XF EF
∆BYC ≈ ∆FYE
BY CY BC
= = ...(2)
YF YE EF
AD BC
=  As AD = BC
EF EF
 AX BY
=  XY || AB
XF YE
33. In ∆ABC, AB=c, BC=a, CA=b.
(i) If the bisector of A in ABC meets BC at D, prove that BD = ac/ (b+c) and DC = ab/(b+c)
(ii) If the external bisector of A in ABC with AB > AC meets BC produced at D’ prove that BD’
= ac/(c-b) and CD’ = ab/(c-b)
(iii) Prove that DD’ = 2abc/(c2 –b2)

Sol.
BD c
(I) =
CD b
BD c
=
BD + CD b + c
ac
BD =
b+c
CD b
=
BD c
CD b
=
BD + CD b + c
ab
CD =
b+c
CD' AC
(ii) =
BD' AB
CD' AC
=
BD'− CD' AB − AC
CD' b
=
BC c − b
ab ac
 CD' = & BD' =
c−b c−b
 ab ab
(iii) DD' = CD + CD' = +
b+c c−b
2abc
=
c2 − b 2
34. From A, perpendicular AX, AY are drawn to the bisectors of the exterior angles of B and C of
ABC. Prove that XY||BC

Sol.
Mirror ABX about AX
PAB = ABC
 PA ||BC
Mirror AYC about AY
CAQ = ACB
 QA ||BC
 PAQ || BC
Also PX = XB [Isoscles property]
QY = YC [Isoscles property]
PX QY
=  XY || BC
XB YC
35. ABC is a triangle right angled at A; AP and AQ meet BC or BC produced in P and Q and are equally
inclined to AB. Show that BP : BQ = PC : CQ
Sol. Draw AP 'C  APC

In ∆APQ
 AP PB
= ..(i)
AQ BQ
In ∆CPˈQ
P 'A P 'C AP PC
=  = …(II)
AQ QC AQ CQ
PB PC
=
BQ QC
36. In ABC, we have AB > AC. If A’ is the midpoint of BC, AD is the altitude through A and if the
internal and external bisectors of A meet BC and X and X’ respectively. Prove that
(a) A’X = a(c-b)/2(c+b)
(b) A’X’ = a(c+b)/2(c–b)
(c) A’D = (c2 – b2)/2a

Sol.
XC AC
(i) =
BC AB + AC
ba
XC =
c+b
A 'X = A 'C − XC
a ba a c − b
= − =
2 c + b 2 (c + b)

X 'C AC
(ii) =
BC AB − AC
ab
X 'C =
c−b
A'X' = CA'+ CX'
a ab
= +
2 c−b
 a (c + b)
=
2 (c − b)

(iii) AD2 = AB2 − BD2 = AC2 − CD2

AB2 − AC2 = BD2 − CD2
c2 − b 2 = ( BD − CD )( BD + CD )

= a  BA '+ A ' D − CD

= a  A 'C + A ' D − CD 

c2 − b 2 = a  2A ' D 

c2 − b 2
A 'D =
2a
37. In the right triangle ABC, C = 90°, BC = 12 cm, AC = 6 cm, the perpendicular bisector of AB
intersects AB and BC at D and E respectively. Find CE.
Sol. Connect AE, let CE = x cm. From AE = EB = 12 – x cm

Since AE2 = AC2 + CE2

(12 -x)2 = 62 + x2
144 + x2 – 24x = 36 + x2
24x = 108,
 x = 4.5
Thus CE = 4.5 cm
38. (CHNMOL/1993) When extending the sides AB, BC, CA of ABC to B', C', A' respectively, such
that AB'= 2AB, CC' = 2BC, AA' = 3CA. If area of ABC is 1, find the area of A'B'C'
Sol
 BB'. BC'
From AB = BB’ , BC’ = 3 BC, [BB’C’] =  ABC = 3
AB.BC
Similarly,
 AA 'B' = AA '.AB' = 6
[ABC] AC.AB

 AA 'B' = 6

CC 'A ' = CA '.CC ' = 8 ,

 ABC AC.BC
 CC 'A ' = 8. Thus

 A 'B'C ' = 3 + 6 + 8 + 1 = 18
39. (CHINA/2000) In ABC, D, E, F are on the sides BC, CA, AB respectively, such that AD, BE and
CF are concurrent at a point G, BD = 2CD, the areas S1 = |GEC| = 3 ,S2 = |GCD| =4. Find the area of
ABC
Sol. A shown in the diagram below, we denote area of the corresponding triangles by S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6
respectively. Then BD = 2DC  S3 = 2S2 = 8
BG S2 + S3 S + S5
= =4= 4
GE S1 S6

 S4 + S5 = 4S6

S 4 + S5 = 2 ( S6 + S1 ) = 2S6 + 6

4S6 = 2S6 + 6  S6 = 3

 S4 + S5 = 12

S4 BF S2 + S3
= =
S5 FA S1 + S6
 12
= =2
6
We have S4 = 2S5, so S4 = 8, S5 = 4. Thus
[A + B + C] = 3 + 4 + 8 + 8 + 4 + 3 = 30
40. (AIME/1988) Let P be an interior point of triangle ABC and extend lines from the vertices through P
to the opposite sides. Let a, b, c, and d denote the lengths of the segments indicated in the figure
below. Find the product abc, if a + b + c = 43 and d = 3.

Sol. Let ta, tb, tc be the perpendicular distance of P from BC, CA, AB and ha, hb, hc the heights on BC,
CA, AB, respectively
ta tb tc
+ + = 1 and
ha hb hc

t a  CPF d
= =
h a  CAF d + a

tb d tc d
= , =
hb d + b hc d + c

d d d
 + + =1
d+a d+b d+c
d ( b + d )( c + d ) + ( a + d )( c + d ) + ( a + d )( b + d )  = ( a + d )( b + d )( c + d )

d ( ab + bc + ca ) + 6 ( a + b + c ) + 27 

= abc + 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) + 9 ( a + b + c ) + 27

abc = 9 ( a + b + c ) + 54 = 9  43 + 54 = 441

41. (CHNMOL/1998) In the isosceles right triangle ABC, AB = 1; A = 90°, E is the midpoint of leg
AC. The point F is on the base BC such that EF ⊥ BE. Find the area of CEF
Sol.
From C introduce CD ⊥ AC, intersecting the extension of EF at D
ABE = CED,
 RtABE ~ Rt CED,


 CED  CE  1
=
2

=
 ABE   AB  4
CE AB
And = =2
CD AE
Since ECF = 45 = DCF
CF is the angle bisector of DCE
Therefore the distance from F to CE is equal to that of F to CD, hence
CEF = CE = 2.Thus
CDF CD
2 2 1 2 1 1 1
CEF = CED = .  ABE = . . =
3 3 4 3 4 4 24

M2
[BEC] = [ABC] – [AEB]
1 1
= −
2 4
1
 EBC =
4
 BEF = BF
 BEC BC
 1
 EF  BE
2 BF
=
1 2
4
BE
 EF  BE =
2 2
 8EF2  8E 2 = BF2
 8EF2  BE2 = BE2 + EF2

BE 2
EF =2

8BE 2 − 1
BE
EF2 =
8BE 2 − 1

1 1 BE 2
 BEF =  BE  EF =
2 2 8BE 2 − 1
5
=
24
1 5 1
CEF = − =
4 24 24
42. (IMO/Shortlist/1989) In the convex quadrilateral ABCD, the midpoints of BC and AD are E and F
respectively. Prove that [EDA] + [FBC] = [ABCD].
Sol. Let CF, BF intersect DE, AE at P, Q respectively. If suffices to show that S4 = S6 + S2. Let h1, h2, h3
be the heights of the triangles ABE, FBC, and DEC respectively, then h2 = 1/2 (h1 + h3).Therefore

1
S4 + S5 + S1 = h 2 .BC
2
1
= ( h 1 + h3 ) .BC
4
1 1
= h1 ( 2BE ) + h 3 ( 2EC )
4 4
 = ( S6 + S5 ) + ( S2 + S1 )

= S6 + S2 + S5 + S1

S4 = S6 + S2
43. (AIME/1984) A point P is chosen in the interior of ABC such that when lines are drawn through P
parallel to the sides of ABC, the resulting smaller triangles t1,t2 and t3 in the figure, have areas 4,9
and 49 respectively. Find the area of ABC.

Sol. Since the three triangles t1, t2, t3 are similar, so the ratios of their corresponding sides are
given by
PF : DE : PI
= 4 : 9 : 49
=2:3:7
 CE : DE : BD = 2 : 3: 7,

 CE : CB = 2 : ( 2 + 3 + 7 )

= 2 : 12,
 GPF :  ABC = 22 :122

=4 : 144
GPF = 4,  ABC = 144
44. In ABC, D, E, F are points on the sides BC, CA, AB respectively. Also A, B, C are points on YZ,
ZX, XY of ∆XYZ respectively for which EF || YZ, FD || ZX, DE || XY. Prove that area of [ABC]2 =
[DEF]. [XYZ]

Sol.
 EF || YZ
1
 YEFZ = 2 ( YZ + EF)  h = YZ + 1 …(I)
 AEF 1
 EF  h EF
2

Similarly
 ZFDX = ZX + 1 .....(ii)
 BDF FD

&
 DEYX = XY + 1 …(3)
 DEC DE
YZ ZX XY  XYZ 1
& = = = =
EF FD DE  DEF 2

From (1) , (2) & (3)

1 +  2
 YEFZ =  AEF ….(4)
2

1 +  2
 ZFDX =  BDF ..(5)
2

1 +  2
 DEYX =  DEC ..(6)
2
and (4) + (5) + (6)

1 +  2
 XYZ −  DEF =
2
( ABC − DEF)

 + 2
1 −  2 =
2
( ABC −  ) 2

 ABC −
( 1 −  2 = ) 2
2

1 2 =  ABC

 ABC = 1 2 =  EDF XYZ

2

45. In ABC, find points X, Y, Z on AB, BC, CA such that AXYZ is a rhombus. Show that
1
AXYZ ABC
2
Sol.
Let AX = XY = AZ = YZ = m
YZ || AB
CZ YZ
=
AC AB
AC − CZ AB − YZ
=
AC AB
AZ AB − m
=
AC AB
m AB − m
=
AC AB
mAB = AB X AC – mAC
AB  AC
m= ….(i)
AB + AC
 ABC =  ACY +  AYB
AC AB
=  AYZ + AXY
AZ AX
 AC AB 
= +   AYZ (  AYZ =  AXY )
 m m 

 AB + AC AC + AB   AXYZ
= = + 
 AB AC  2

 AC AB   AXYZ
= 2 + +
 AB AC  2

4
 AXYZ
2
 ABC  2  AXYZ
1
 AXYZ   ABC
2
46. In rectangle ABCD, G and H are trisection points of AD, and E and F are trisection points of BC. If
AB = 360 and BC = 450, compute the area of PQRS.

Sol.
Clearly ABFH is a rectangle & its’s diagonals intersect at R
 BR = RH = AR = RF
 ERG || AB || GH
In rectangle ABEG, diagonal intersect at P.
BERM is a Rectangle
By symmetry [PQR] = [PSR]
PQR  EQB
PR PQ
=
BE EQ

PQ 1  PQR  1  PQR 
= =  =
EQ 2  EQR  1 + 2  PQR  +  EQR 

1 1 
 PQR  =   PRE =  180  75
3 3 2
[PQRS] = 2 x 2250 = 4500
BD CE AF m
47. Let D, E, F be points on the sides BC, CA, AB respectively such that .
DC EA FB n
Prove that if AD, BE and CF are joined then they will form a triangle by their intersections, whose
area is to that of the triangle ABC as (m–n)2/(m2 + mn + n2)
Sol. Draw DP||CF
 AF AX PF CD n
= & = =
FP XD BF BC m + n
AX AF FB m m + n m2 + mn
=  =  =
XD FB FP n n n2
n
 ADC =  ABC
m+n
m2 + mn
 ACX =  ADC
m2 + n 2 + mn
mn
Similarly,  ABY =  BCZ =  ACX = [ABC]
m + n 2 + mn
2

3mn
 XYZ =  ABC −  ABC
m + n 2 + mn
2

(m − n)
2

=  ABC
m 2 + n 2 + mn

LEVEL III
1. There are four points A; B; C; D on the plane, such that any three points are not collinear. Prove that
in the triangles ABC; ABD; ACD and BCD there is at least one triangle which has an interior angle
not greater than 45
Sol. It suffices to discuss the two cases indicated by the following figures:

For case (a), since DAB + ABC + BCD + CDA = 360 , at least one of them is not less than
90°.Assuming CDA  90°, then in CDA, DCA + CAD  90 , so one of them is not greater
than 45°
 For case (b), since ADB + ADC + BDC = 360 , one of the three angles is greater than 90°, say
ADB  90 , then DAB + DBA  90 , so one DAB and DBA is less than 45°
2. Prove that a convex polygon cannot have more than three acute internal angles.
Sol. We prove this method of contradiction. let us assume there are four acute angles a1,a2,a3,a4 < 90
 a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 < 360
Sum of angles = a1 + a2 + … + an = (n–2) 180
a5 + a6 + ……an > (n–2) 180 – 360°
(n –4) angels > (n–4) 180
Clearly seen atleast one angle greater than 180 which is impossible
M2 Sum of exterior angles = 360
Exterior angle = 180 – Interior angle
If interior angle < 90
⇒ Exterior angle ‘q’ > 90
If more than 3 angles are acute
Then their exterior angles are obtuse
 Sum of exterior angle > 360
Not possible
3. Prove that in any triangle, the three points of intersection of the adjacent angle
trisectors form an equilateral triangle.

Sol. Given: AP, AR trisects angle A; BP, BQ trisects angle B; CQ, CR trisects angle C
To Prove: DPQR is an equilateral triangle.
Proof: In DABC 3a + 3b + 3c = 180°
⇒ a + b + c = 60°
In DABE, AP, BP are the angle bisectors
 P is the incentre of DAEB
 PE bisects ∠AEB ⇒ ∠PEA = ∠PEB = x (say)
Similarly Q is the incentre of DBFC and R is the incentre of DADC.
QF bisects ∠BFC ⇒ ∠BFQ = ∠CFQ = y (say)
RD bisects ∠ADC ⇒ ∠RDA = ∠RDC = z (say)
Also in DAEB, 2a + 2b + 2x = 180°
⇒ a + b + x = 90° (From Eq. (1))
⇒ 60° - c + x = 90° (2)
⇒ x = 30° + c
Similarly, y = 30° + a
and z = 30° + b
In DAPB,
∠APB = 180° - (a + b)
= 180° – (60° –c) (From Eq.(1)
⇒ ∠APB = 120° + c
⇒ ∠BPS = ∠APF = 180° - ∠APB = 60° - c
In DBPS,
∠PSQ = 60° - c + b (Exterior angle property)
In DPSE,
∠SPE + (60° - c + b) + x = 180°
⇒ ∠SPE + 60° + b - c + 30° + c = 180°
⇒ ∠SPE = 90° - b
In DPDI,
90° - b + z + ∠PID = 180°
⇒ 90° - b + 30° + b + ∠PID = 180°
⇒ ∠PID = 60°
Similarly ∠DIQ = 60°
So ∠PIQ = 120°
Similarly ∠QIR = 120°
∠PIR = 120°
In DPID and DQID
∠PID = ∠QID = 60°
∠IPD = ∠IQD = 90° - b (From Eq. (3))
ID = ID
 By AAS congruency
 DPID ≅ DQID
⇒ PI = QI and PD = QD (CPCT)
DI is the ⊥ bisector of PQ
As DIR is a straight line, DR is the ⊥ bisector of PQ
⇒ PR = QR (4)
Similarly PE is the ⊥ bisector of QR (5)
From Eqs. (4) and (5)
PQ = QR = PR
4. (AHSME/1961) In DABC, AB = BC. The points P and Q are on the sides BC and AB respectively,
such that AC = AP = PQ = QB. Then the size of B (in degrees) is
5 1
(a) 25 (b) 26
7 3
(c) 30 (d) 40 (e) not determined

Sol.
Let B = x, then AQP = 2x = QAP, so QPA = 180 – 4x
Further,
APC = ACP = 3x

 2 x 3x + x = 180°
180 5
x = = 25
7 7
Thus, the answer is (A)
5. (CHINA/1991) In ∆ABC, A = 70°, D is on the side AC, and the angle bisector of A intersects
BD at H and BC at E, such that AH : HE = 3 : 1 and BH : HD = 5 : 3. Then C in degrees is
(a) 45° (b) 55° (c) 75° (d) 80°
Sol. Connect CH. As shown in the diagram, let the areas of triangles be S0, S1,….S4 without loss of
generality we may assume that S0 = 1. Since AH/HE = 3
BH 5
Yields S1 = 3, then = implies that S2 =
HD 3
3 9
S1 =
5 5
S2 + S3 3 1
Since = ,soS4 = ( S2 + S3 )
S4 1 3

S3 S3 3
 = =
S4 + S0 1 S + S + S
( 2 3) 0 5
3
S3 3
=
19  5
 + S3  + 1
3 5 

6 19 6
Hence , S3 = ,S4 =  +  = 1 , So, S0 + S1 = 4, S2 + S3 + S4 = 4, i.e. CE = BE, the triangle
5 3 5 5
ABC is isosceles. Thus

(180 − A ) = (180 − 70 ) = 55

1 1
C =
2 2
The answer is (B)

M2 DF || AE
 DF || ME
BH BE 5
= = .(1)
HD EF 3
EH BE 5
= = (2)
FD BF 8
DF CF
=
AE CE
  AE = 4HE
DF CF
=
4HE CE
DF 4CF
= ….(3)
HE CE
From (2) & (3)
8 4CF
=
5 CE
2 CF
=
5 CE
5 − 2 CE − CF EF
= =
2 CE CE
3 EF
= ..(4)
5 CE
From (1) & (4)
CE = BE
 AE is angle bisector as well as median
 AB = AC

6. (MOSCOW/1952) In DABC, AC = BC, C = 20°, M is on the side AC and N on the side BC, such
that BAN = 50°, ABM = 60°. Find NMB in degrees.

Sol.
From BNA = 180° – 50° – 80° = 50° = BAN,
 We have AB = NB. On AC take D such that ABD = 20°, then ADB = DAB = 80°,therefore
DB = AB = NB. Since DBN = 60°, the triangle NDB is equilateral, therefore
ND = DB = NB, MDN = 180° –80° – 60° = 40°
Angle DBM = 60° – 80° = 40°, and
DMB = 180° – 60° – 80° = 40°,
It follows that DM = DB = DN, therefore
DMN = DNM = 70°, so
NMB = DMN – DMB = 70°– 40° = 30°
7. Prove that, in n point star sum of all the angles at its vertices is (n-4 ) × 180°
Sol.

∠1=∠A+∠b and ∠2=∠A+∠a

add both equations
∠1+∠2=∠A+∠A+∠a+∠b=∠A+180
Similarly ∠2+∠3=∠B+180, ∠3+∠4=∠C+180, ∠4+∠5=∠D+180, ∠5+∠1=∠E+180
Add all thses
2(∠1+∠2+∠3+∠4+∠5)=∠A+∠B+∠C+∠D+∠E+5⤫180
for 5 point star, quadrilateral is formed inside. For n point star n-1 sided polygon is formed.
therefore 2(∠1+∠2+………..+∠n)=(∠A+∠B+∠C…………)+n⤫180
2⤫(n-2)⤫180 - n⤫180=(∠A+∠B+∠C…………)
(∠A+∠B+∠C…………)=(n-4)⤫180
8. The interior angles of a convex polygon are in Arithmetic Progression. The smallest interior angle is
120° and common difference is 5°. Find the number of sides.
Sol. a = 120
Let no of sides = n
 n
A.T.Q 2 120 + ( n − 1) 5 = (n–2) x 180
2
240n + sn2 – 5n = (n–2) x 360
5n2 – 125n + 720 = 0
n2 – 25n + 144 = 0
n = 16,9
n ≠ 16 as a16 = 120 + 15 x 5
= 195 > 180
9. Three regular polygons have one vertex in common and just fill the whole space at that vertex. If the
1 1 1 1
number of sides of the polygons are a, b, c respectively, prove that Also find all
a b c 2
possible (a, b, c) with a ≤ b ≤ c
1 1 1 1
Sol. + + = abc
a b c 2
1 1 1 3
+ + =
a b c a
a6 ...(1)
1 1
 a 2a 3
a 2
1 1 1
a=3  + =  6 ( b + c ) = bc
b c 6
bc – 6b – 6c + 36 = 36
(b–6) (c–6) = 36 = 1 36, 2 18, 3 12, 4  9, 6  6

( b, c ) = ( 7, 42 ) , (8, 24 ) , ( 9,18) , (10,15) , (12,12 )

1 1 1
a =4 + =  4 ( b + c ) = bc
b c 4
( b − 4 )( c − 4 ) = 16 = 116, 2  8, 4  4
( b, c ) = ( 5, 20 ) , ( 6,12 ) , (8,8 )
1 1 3
a =5 + =  10 ( b + c ) = 3bc
b c 10
3bc – 10b – 10c = 0
10 100
b ( 3c − 10 ) − 3c −10 =
3 3
 ( 3b − 10 )( 3c − 10 ) = 100 = 2  50,5  20
( b, c ) = ( 4, 20 ) , ( 5,10 )
1 1 1
a =6 + =
b c 3
( b, c ) = ( 4,12 ) , ( 6, 6 )
 ( a, b, c )  ( 3, 7, 42 ) , ( 3, 7, 24 )( 3,9,18 ) , ( 3,10,15 )

( 3,12,12 ) , ( 4,5, 20 ) , ( 4, 6,12 ) , ( 4,8,8) , ( 5, 4, 20 )

( 5,5,10 ) , ( 6, 4,12 ) , ( 6, 6, 6 )
10. ABC is equilateral, D is an inner point of DABC and P is a point outside DABC such that AD = BD;
AB = BP , and BD bisects CBP . Find BPD.
Sol. Connect CD and Connect PD
AD = BD, CD = CD, CA = CB,
 CDA  CDB, ( S.S.S) ,

 DCB =  DCA = 30°

BP= BC,and
DBC = DBP,

 DBP  DBC ( S.S.S) ,

 DCB = DCA = 30°

BP = BC, and
DBC = DBP,

 DBP  DBC ( S.A.S)

 BPD = BCD = 30°

11. Given that the side of the square ABCD is 1, points P and Q are on AB and AD respectively, such
that the perimeter of DAPQ is 2. Find PCQ in degrees by use of congruence of triangles.
Sol. Let a = AP, b = AQ. Extend AD to P’ such that DP’ = PB
then Rt PBC  Rt P 'DC ( S.S) , So CP’ = PC and

QP’ = (1–b) + (1–a)

= 2 –(a + b) = PQ,
 CQP  CQP ' (S.S.S) ,

PCQ = P 'CQ
PCB = P 'CD
PCP ' = DCB = 90
1
PCQ = .90 = 45
2
12. (CHINA/1999) In the square ABCD, AB = 8, Q is the midpoint of the side CD. Let DAQ = a. On
CD take a point P such that BAP = 2a. If AP = 10, find CP
Sol. Let E be the midpoint of BC. Connect EA, EP and introduce EF ^ AP at F
By symmetry.
ABE  ADQ ,
BAE = DAQ = ,so PAE = 

ABE  AFE ( A.A.S.) .

For Rt DEFP and Rt DECP, we have

EF = BE = EC and EP = EP,
EFP  ECP ( S.A.S.) ,

PC = FP = 10 − 8 = 2

13. (CHINA/1992) In the pentagon ABCDE, ABC = AED = 90°; AB = CD = AE = BC + DE = 1.

Find the area of ABCDE.
Sol. Connect AC, AD and extend CB to P such that BP = DE. Connect AP.
In right triangles APB and ADE,
AB = AE, and BP = DE
 APB  ADE, ( S.A.S.)

 AP = AD, CP = BC + DE = CD

 ACD  ACP (S.S.S.) .

Therefore the height of DACD is equal to AB, i.e.1,

[ABCDE] = 2 [ACD] = = 1.
14. (CHINA/1996) Given that the segment BD is on a line l . On one side of l take a point C and
construct two squares ABCK and CDEF respectively outside the DCBD. Let M be the midpoint of
the segment AE, prove that the position of M is independent of the choice of the position of C.
Sol. From the points A, C, E respectively introduce perpendiculars AA1, CC1, EE1 to l , where A1, C1, E1
are on l
It is easy to see that
AA1B  BC1C,

CC1D  DE1E,

 A1B = CC1 = DE1

Since the projection on l of M is the midpoint of A1E1 , so is also the midpoint of BD.
On the other hand, the distance from M to l , is the middle line of the trapezium AA1E1E, so it is
1 1 BD
( AA1 + EE1 ) = ( BC1 + C1D) =
2 2 2
Thus, the pint M is fixed even if C is changing.
15. (CHINA/1998) In Rt DABC, C = 90°,CD ^ AB at D, AF bisects A, intersects CD and CB at E
and F respectively. If EG is parallel to AB, intersecting CB at G, prove that CF = GB
Sol. From F introduce FH ⊥ AB at H. Then ACF = AHF = 90°, hence
ACF  AHF ( S.A.S) .

 CF = FH
ACD = 90 − A = B ,
1
FEC = ACD + A
2
1
= B + A = CFE,
2
 CE = CF = FH. CE || FH

ECG  HFB ( A.A.S) .

Thus CG = FB, so that CF = CG – FG = FB – FG = GB

16. ‘O’ is the circumcentre of ∆ABC. M is the mid-point of the median through A. Join OM
and produce it to N such that OM = MN. Show that, N lies on the altitude through A.
Sol.
OD ⊥ BC  Median from centre

AMN  DMO
∠NAM = ∠ODM
OD || AP

 AP ⊥ BC
17. In DABC, ∠ABC = ∠ACB = 80°. The point P is on AB such that ∠BPC = 30°.Prove that AP = BC.
Sol Draw CQ as shown, Draw QR ||BC, Join BR

By symmetry
RC = BQ & CBR = 60°
QRB = RQC = 60
 DBOC & DROQ are equilateral D’S
Also AR = RB = CQ = AQ [AS A = QCA = RBA]
Let RC = BQ = a
OC = BC = BC = b
OQ = OR = RQ = c
AR = AQ = BR = CQ = b + c
AS QR|| BC
AR QR b+c c
=  = …(i)
AC BC a +b+c b
CP bisects ACQ
 AP AC a + b + c b
= = = from (1)
PQ QC b+c c
AP b AP b
=  =
AP + PQ b + c AQ b + c
AP b
=  AP = b = BC
b+c b+c
18. D is an inner point of an equilateral ∆ABC satisfying ∠ADC = 150°. Prove that the triangle formed
by taking the segments AD, BD, CD as its three sides is a right triangle.

Sol.
Draw DC’ = DC at 60° to DC
DCC’ is equilateral D
Join AC’
ACC'  BCD (By SAS))
AC’ = BD
DADC’ is a night angle triangle with sides AD, CD & BD.
19. If the perimeter of a triangles 17 and the lengths of its three sides are all positive integers, find the
number of such triangle.
Sol. Let the lengths of the three sides be a, b, c respectively, where a ≥ b ≥ c
17
c  6 leads a – b < c ≤ 5. We classify the triangles according to the integral value of c for
3
counting.
(i) When c = 1, then a + b = 16, a – b = 0, therefore a = b = 8, c = 1 is a solution
(ii) When c = 2, then a + b = 15, a – b = 1, therefore a = 8, b = 7, c = 1 is a solution.
(iii) When c = 3, then a + b = 14, a – b = 0, or a + b = 14 , a –b = 2, therefore a = b = 7, c = 13 and a
= 8, b = 6, c = 3 are 2 solutions;
(iv) When c = 4, then a + b = 13, a – b = 1, or a + b = 13, a–b = 3, therefore a = 7, b = 6, c = 4 and a
= 8, b = 5,c= 4 are 2 solutions
 (v) When c = 5, then a+ b = 12, a – b = 0, or a + b = 12, a – b = 2, therefore a = b = 6, c = 5 and a =
7, b = c = 5 are 2 solutions
Thus, there are 8 such triangles in total.
20. An ant sits on one vertex of a solid cube. Find the shortest path on the surface to reach opposite
vertex.
Sol. Open the cube as shown in the following figure

This is a flat diagram of a cube net, such that you could cut is out and fold it to make the cube. In the
figure there are two acceptable routes, we can easily see that there are in total six such routes.
Through each route we will travel Ö5 units assuming side of the cube 1 unit.
21. An ant sits on the circumference of a right circular cone. Without changing its sense of motion about
the axis of cone, it completes one round trip and reaches the starting point. Find the shortest possible
path. The semi vertical angle of cone is 𝜭.
Sol. Cut the cone through a generatrix passing through the vertex and make is flat as shown :
(i) For q < 30°

(ii) (iii)
arc 2lsin 
= = = 2 sin 
radius l

 AA ' = 2AM = 2lsin = 2lsin (  sin  )
2
Shortest Path is AA’ = 2l sin (  sin  )  2l, for   30

Shortest path is AOA ' = 2l  2lsin (  sin  ) , for   30

22. An ant sits at P, on the circumference of a right circular cone of semi-vertical angle such

1 1
that sin Without changing its sense of motion about the axis of cone, it completes one round
4
trip and reaches on the line OP where ‘O’ is the vertex of the cone. Find the shortest possible path

Sol. Cut the cone through a generatrix passing through the vertex and make it flat as shown

(i) (ii) (iii)

Let AL be perpendicular to OA’ at L
1
Then AL = l sina = l sin ( 2 sin  )  l, for   sin −1  
4
AL will be the shortest path.
23. Given that ABCD is a quadrilateral, E and F are midpoints of the sides AD and BC of ABCD.
Suppose that AB ≠ CD. Prove that EF < 1/2 (AB + CD)
Sol. Let P be the midpoint of the diagonal BD. Connect PE, PF. Then by the midpoint theorem
1 1
PE = AB, PF = CD
2 2
. Applying triangle inequality to PEF , we have
1
EF  ( AB + CD)
2
24. In a square ABCD, let O be the intersection point of the diagonals AC and BD. Let the angle
bisector of ∠CAB intersect BD at E and BC at F. Prove that 2OE = CF
Sol. From C introduce CG || BD such that CG
Intersects the line AF produce at G. Then
CG = 2OE
CFG = AFB = 90 − 22.5
= 67.5°
CGF = 180 − 45 − 67.5
= 67.5°
 CF = CG = 2OE
25. In DABC, let E be the midpoint of BC and let D be the foot of the altitude from A to BC. Suppose
AB = 2DE. Prove that B = 2C

Sol. Let F be the midpoint of AC. Connect DF, EF. From midpoint theorem
1
EF = AB = ED,
2
 DFE = EDF
AF = FC and ADC = 90
DF = AF = FC,
1 1
C = EDF = CEF = B,
2 2
B = 2C

26. In the DABC, BE is the angle bisector of the ABC, AD is the median on the side BC, and AD
intersects BE at O perpendicularly. Given BE = AD = 4, find the lengths of three sides of DABC
Sol. From D introduce DF ||BE, intersecting AC at F. Then
1
EF = FC, DF = BE = 2
2
Since ABO = DBO and BO = BO

Rt ABO  RtDBO ( S.A )

1
AO = OD = 2,OE = DF = 1
2
Hence BO = 3
By the midpoint Theorem and the Pythagoras, Theorem

FC = EF = AE = AO2 + OE 2 = 5

AC = 3AE = 3 5, AB BO2 + AO2 = 13

BC = 2BD = 2AB = 2 13
27. Show that there is a unique triangle, whose side lengths are consecutive integers and
one of whose angles is twice the other.
Sol.
 Let ∠B = 2α
ab bc
The bisector of B intersects AC at B', CB' and AB'
a c a c
Now ABC ~ BB'C
BC AC
BC2 AC.B'C
B'C BC
ab ab2
That is a2 b or a2
a c a c
i.e., a (a+c) = b2
According to our assumption of the ∠B > ∠A holds (1)
 Either b = (a + 1) or b = (a + 2) (as a, b, c consecutive)
In first case i.e. b = a + 1  b2 =a(a+c)
 (a+1)2 = a(a+c), i.e. a2 + 2a + 1 = a2 + ac
 2a + 1 =ac  a | 1  a = 1  c = 3 and b = 2
Which is impossible thus b a 1
Then, let b = a + 2 then c = a + 1, now (a + 2)2 = a(a + a +1 ) = 2a2 +a
a2 – 3a – 4 = 0
 a = -1 or 4, but a 1 (reject)
 a = 4, thus b = 6 and c = 5
 There is only one triangle satisfying the conditions of the problem, i.e., the triangle whose
measures are 4, 5, and 6.
28. Find the angle x in adjacent figure.
Sol.
DX || AB & Join AX
ABXD is isosceles Trapezium
 ABCD cyclic
AOB & X ODare equilateral D’S
Let AD = BX = a
AB = OA = OB = b
OX = OD = XD = C
C = DBC = 20
CD = b + c
Similarly CX = b + c
CDX   CAB
CD DX
=
CA AB
b+c c
=
a +b+c b
Also AE angle bisector in ∆AXC
XE AX b+c
 = =
EC AC a + b + c
XE c
 =
EC b
 Also XE + EC = b + c
 XE = c & EC = b
XE = XD = b
XDE = DEX
2DEX = 100
DEX = 50
x + 30 = 50
x = 20
29. (CHINA/1993) DABC is equilateral, D is on BC such that CD = 2BD. If CH ^ AD at H, prove that
DBH = DAB

Sol.

From A introduce AM ⊥ BC at M. Then Rt DADM ~ Rt CDH, so

AD DM
=
CD DH
ABC is equilateral

 BD + DM = BM = CM = 3/2 BD
 DM = 1/2BD, so that
AD AD CD HD
= = =
BD 2MD 2HD HD
 ADB ~ BDH ( S.S.S) .

Thus DHB = DAB

30. In DABC, A = 2B. Prove that AC2 + AB.AC = BC2
Sol. Suppose that the angle bisector of A meets BC at D. Since DAC = 1/2A = B, DCAD ~
DCBA (A.A.A)
AC CD
 = or AC2 = BC.CD
BC AC
AB BD
Since AD Bisects A yield =
AC CD
AC2 + AB.AC

 AB 
= AC2 1 + 
 AC 
 BD 
= BC. CD 1 + 
 CD 
= BC ( CD + BD ) = BC2

Thus, AC2 + AB. AC = BC2

31. (APMO/1993) Let ABCD be a quadrilateral such that all sides have equal length and angle ABC is
60° Let l be a line passing through D and not intersecting the quadrilateral
(Except at D). Let E and F be the points of intersection of l with AB and BC respectively. Let M be
the point of intersection of CE and AF. Prove that CA2 = CM.CE.

Sol.
ABCD is rhombus implies that EAD = DCF = ABC = 60°
AB || CD, AED = CDF, therefore ADE ~ CFD
AE CD
 =
AD CF
AE AC
It follows that =
AC CF
 EAC = ACF = 120

EAC ~ ACF ( S.A.S)

FAC = CEA
Since ACE is shared by triangles EAC and AMC, C ~ MAC,
CA CM
Therefore = , namely CA2 = CE.CM
CE CA
32. (CHINA/1979) in a RTDABC, C = 90°, BE is the angle bisector of B, CD ^ AB at D and CD
intersects BE at O. Through O introduce FG || AB such that FG intersects AC; BC at F; G
respectively. Prove that AF = CE.

Sol.
We define the angels 1 to 6 as shown the diagram below. Then
1 = 2 = 3,GO = GB and 4 + 1 = 90 = 2 + 6,so 6 = 4 = 5
Which implies CE = CO. Since COG ~ FOC and FG || AB, we have
AF BG GO CO CE
= = = =
CF CG CG CF CF
Hence CE = AF
33. (CHINA/1998) In the quadrilateral ABCD, AC and BD intersect at O, the line l is parallel to BD,
intersecting the extensions of AB; DC; BC; AD and AC at the points M; N; R; S and P respectively.
Prove that PM . PN = PR . PS.
Sol. Since BD || MN, DDOC ~ DNPC, DBOC ~ DRPC , DABO ~ DAMP , DADO ~ DASP, therefore
we have
PN CP PR PM AP PS
= = , = =
OD CO OB OB AO DO
 Therefore we have
PN OD PM OB
= , =
PR OB PS OD
PN PM OD OB
 . = .
PR PS OB OD
PN.PM
=1
PR.PS
i.e. PM. PN = PR.PS
34. (CHINA/1996) Given that P is an inner point of the equilateral triangle ABC, such that PA = 2, PB =
2 3,PC = 4. Find the length of the side of DABC.

Sol.
Rotate DBPA around B in anticlockwise direction by 60°, then A → C
Let the image of P be M under the rotation. Then BM = BP,MBP = 60°
So DMBP is equilateral , i.e. MP = 2Ö3. From MC = PA = 2 and
MP2+ MC2 = 12 + 4 = 42 = PC2
so PMC = 90° , BPA = BMC = 150°. Further PC = 2MC implies MPC = 30°, so BPC=

90°, and BC2 = PB2 + PC2 = 12 + 16 = 28, thus, BC = 28 = 2 7 .

35. (CHINA/1996) ABCD is a rectangle, P is an inner point of the rectangle such that P A = 3; PB = 4;
PC = 5, find PD.

Sol.
By passing through P introduce the lines QR || BC, where Q and R are on AB and DC
respectively. Then
 AP2 + PC2
= PQ2 + AQ2 + PR 2 + CR 2
= PQ2 + RD2 + PR 2 + BQ2

= ( PQ 2 + BQ 2 ) + ( PR 2 + RD 2 )

= PB2 + PD2
Thus, PD2 = PA2 + PC2 − PB2

= 9 + 25 – 16 = 18 i.e. PD = 18
36. Determine whether such a right-angled triangle exists: each side is an integer and one leg is a
multiple of the other leg of the right angle.
Sol. Suppose that such a triangle exists Let a and b be the lengths of the two legs of the right angle ,
where b = ka for some positive integer k. If c is the length of hypotenuse. By Pythagoras, Theorem
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 = (1 + k 2 ) a 2
2
c c
Since   = 1 + k 2 is integer so a |c. Let = m, then m2 = 1+k2.
a a

However k 2  1 + k 2  ( k + 1) indicates that 1+ k2 Is not a perfect square a contradiction

2

Thus there is no a triangle satisfying the required conditions.

37. (CHINA/1998) ABCD is a rectangle. AD = 12; AB = 5. P is a point on AD, P E ^ BD at E,
PF ^ AC at F. Find PE + PF
Sol. Connect PO. PE, PF are the heights of DDPO and DAPO, we can use the area method for getting the
sum of the two heights. Since DO = AO

( PE + PF ) .AO = PE.DO + PF.AO = 2 ( DPO  +  APO )

1 12.5
= ABCD = = 30
2 2
1 2
AO = 5 + 122 = 6.5
2
 60
PE + PF = 30  6.5 =
13
38. (CHINA/1996) Given that the point P is outside the equilateral triangle ABC but inside the region of
ABC. If the distances from P to BC, CA, AB are h1, h2 and h3 respectively, and
h1 – h2 + h3 =6 find the area of DABC.
Sol. Connect PA, PB, PC. Le The length of the side of DABC be a then
 ABC =  PAB +  PBC −  PAC
1
= ( h1a + h3a − h 2a ) = 3a
2
3 2
 ABC = a , a = 4 3
4

 ABC = 12 3

39. (CHINA/1958) Let AD, BE, CF be the three angle bisectors of the triangle ABC, prove that the ratio
2abc
of area of DDEF to area of DABC is equal to , where a = BC, b= CA and c =
( a + b )(b + c )( c + a)
AB
AE c
Sol. By the theorem on angle bisector =
EC a
bc ab
Therefore AE = , EC = , Similarly
a +c a+b
bc ac
AF = , BF =
a+b a+b
ac ab
BD = ,CD =
b+c b+c
[AFE] AF.AE
 =
[ABC] AB.AC
bc
= .Simiarly
( a + b )( b + c )
 BDF = ac
=
CED = ab
,so
 ABC ( b + a )( b + c )  ABC ( c + a )( c + b )
 DEF = 1 − bc
−
ca
−
ab
 ABC ( a + b )( a + c ) ( b + a )( b + c ) ( c + a )( c + a )
 =
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) − bc ( b + c ) − ca ( c + a ) − ab ( a + b )
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
2abc
=
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
40. In a trapezium ABCD, AD || BC, the extensions of BA and CD intersect at E. Make EF || BD where
EF intersects the extension of CB at F. On the extension of BC take G such that
CG = BF. Prove EG || AC.
Sol. Connect AG, FD. Since AD || BC, we have [ABD]= [ACD]
 EBD =  EAD  +  ABD

=  EAD +  ACD =  EAC

On the other hand, Since EF || BD

 EBD =  FBD =  ACG  ,
  EAC =  ACG  ,  EG || AC

41. (JAPAN/1991) Given that G is the centroid of DABC, GA = 2 3, GB = 2 2 , GC = 2 . Find the area

of DABC.
Sol. Extend AG to P such that AG = GP. Let AP and BC intersect
at D, then D is the midpoint of BC, and GD = DP =1/2 AG.
Therefore BGCP is a parallelogram BP = GC = 2

( )
2
GB2 + BP 2 = 2 2 + 22

= 12 = GP 2 , GBP = 90
BGCP is rectangle
1
 BGC =  BGCP
2
1
= .2.2 2 = 2 2
2.
 ABC = 3 BGC = 6 2

42. (Ceva’s Theorem) P is an inner point of DABC. Extend the lines AP; BP; CP to intersect the
BD CE AF
opposite side at D; E; F respectively, then . . =1
DC EA FB
Sol.
BD  ABD  PBD  ABD −  PBD  APB
Since = = = = , and similarly
DC  ACD  PCD  ACD −  PCD CPA 

CE  BPC AF  CPA 
= , =
EA  APB FB  BPC

BD CE AF  APB  BPC  BPC

 . . = . . =1
DC EA FB  CPA   APB  APB

Note : When P the point of intersection of three lines,. Is outside the triangle ABC, the conclusion is
still true, and it can be proven similarly
43. (AIME/1992) In triangle ABC, A’, B’ and C’ are on the sides BC, CA and AB respectively. Given
AO BO CO AO BO CO
that AA’, BB’ and CC’ are concurrent at point O, and + + = 92 find . .
OA' OB OC' OA' OB' OC'
Sol.

Let x = [BOC], y = [COA], z = [AOB]. Since DAOC & DAˈOC have equal altitudes and DAOB and
DA’OB so are also
AO  AOC  AOB
= =
OA '  A 'OC  A 'OB

=
 AOC + AOB] = y + z
 A 'OC +  A 'OB x
Thus
AO BO CO ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
. . =
OA ' OB' OC' xyz
 yz 2 + y2 z + x 2 z + xz 2 + xy 2 + yx 2 + 2xyz
=
xyz
y+z x+z x+y
= 2+ + +
x y z
AO BO CO
= + + + 2 = 92 + 2 = 94
OA ' OB' OC'
44. (AIME/1989) Point P is inside ∆ABC. Line segments APD; BPE, and CPF are drawn with D on BC,
E on CA, and F on AB (see the figure below). Given that AP = 6; BP = 9; P D = 6; PE = 3, and CF =
20. Find the area of ∆ABC.

Sol.
From D introduce DL || AC, intersecting PB at L.
AP = PD and APE ~ DPL, APE  DPL
PL = PE = 3, BL = LE = 6
D is the midpoint of BC
From D introduce DK ||AB here K is on PC, then PDK  PAF
1
PF = CF = 5,CP = 15
4
By the formula for median
BC2 + 4PD 2 = 2 ( PC 2 + PB2 )

BC2 = 2 (15 2 + 92 ) − 122 = 468 i.e.BD 2 = 117 = 92 + 62 = PB2 + PD 2

Therefore PD ⊥ PB at P. Hence [BPD] = 1/2 .6.9 = 27

 Based on the area of DBPD we can get [ABC] as follows:
CPD =  BPD = 27,  BPA  =  BPD = 27 , APC =  CPD = 27

 [ABC] = 4.27 = 108

45. P is in the interior of ∆ABC. The lines AP, BP, CP meet the opposite sides BC, CA, AB in D, E, and
F respectively.
AP BP CP
6
(i) PD PE PF

(II) When does the equality hold?

Sol.

Let [APC] = x [ABP]= y & [BPC] = Z

PA  APC  ABD  APC +  ABP
= = =
PD  PDC  PBD  PC +  PBD

PA x + y
=
PD z
PB y + z PC x + z
Similarly = & =
PE x PF y
PA PB PC x + y y + x x + z
+ + = + +
PB PE PF 2 x y

x y y z  x z 
= + + + + + 
y x z y 2 x
≥6
x y
(ii) Equality hold if = x=y
y x
y z
= y=z
z y
X=y=z  P is centroid
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a)
16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20.