HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELE338 - MICROPROCESSOR

ARCHITECTURE and PROGRAMMING LAB.

Experiment 2 – Memory and variable operations

Student Name: Muhsin Emre AYGAR

Student No: 2210357027

Quesiton 1:
Code Block

; Muhsin Emre Aygar - 2210357027

.model small
.stack 100h
.data
indata db 11 dup(?) ; 10 + 1 character input data from user
outdata db 11 dup(?) ; Result data after changing the input
prompt db 'Enter 10 characters: $'
newline db 13, 10, 'Output: $'

.code
main:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax

; Show prompt message

lea dx, prompt
mov ah, 09h
int 21h

mov cx, 10 ; Set counter variable

lea di, indata ; Indata variable offset data

get_input:
mov ah, 00h ; Take keyboard input (int 16h)
int 16h
mov [di], al ; Store taking data

; Print entered keyboard input

mov dl, al
mov ah, 02h ; Dos function to write character to stdout
int 21h

inc di
loop get_input

; Change character state

lea si, indata
lea di, outdata
mov cx, 10

; (contiune on PAGE 2)

1
HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELE338 - MICROPROCESSOR
ARCHITECTURE and PROGRAMMING LAB.
switch_case:
lodsb ; Mov [SI] value to AL register
cmp al, 'a'
jl check_upper
cmp al, 'z'
jg check_upper
sub al, 20h ; Change lower to upper
jmp store_char

check_upper:
cmp al, 'A'
jl store_char
cmp al, 'Z'
jg store_char
add al, 20h ; Change upper to lower

store_char:
stosb ; Mov AL register content to [DI] address
loop switch_case

; Print result
lea dx, newline
mov ah, 09h
int 21h

lea dx, outdata

mov ah, 09h
int 21h

; End Program
mov ah, 4Ch
int 21h

end main

2
 HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELE338 - MICROPROCESSOR
ARCHITECTURE and PROGRAMMING LAB.

Emu8086 Result

3
 HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELE338 - MICROPROCESSOR
ARCHITECTURE and PROGRAMMING LAB.
Quesiton 2:
Code Block
; Muhsin Emre Aygar - 2210357027
.model small
.stack 100h
.data
somewords db "resistor capacitor transistor diode", '$'
newline db 13, 10, '$'
prompt db 'Original Input: $'
result db 'Modified Output: $'

.code
main:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax

; Print original input

lea dx, prompt
mov ah, 09h
int 21h
lea dx, somewords
mov ah, 09h
int 21h

; Newline after original input

lea dx, newline
mov ah, 09h
int 21h
lea si, somewords ; Load the address of 'somewords' into SI
mov bl, 1 ; Indicate that the first character is the start of a word

convert_case:
lodsb ; Load the byte at DS:SI into AL, and increment SI
cmp al, '$' ; Check if end of string
je done ; If yes, jump to done
cmp al, ' ' ; Check if the character is a space
je next_char ; If yes, jump to next_char
cmp bl, 1 ; Check if this character is the start of a word
jne not_word_start ; If no, jump to not_word_start
cmp al, 'a' ; Check if the character is a lowercase letter
jl not_word_start ; If less, it's not a lowercase letter
cmp al, 'z'
jg not_word_start ; If greater, it's not a lowercase letter
sub al, 20h ; Convert lowercase letter to uppercase
mov [si-1], al ; Store the uppercase letter back to the same location

; (contiune on PAGE 5)

4
 HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELE338 - MICROPROCESSOR
ARCHITECTURE and PROGRAMMING LAB.
not_word_start:
mov bl, 0 ; Indicate that we are no longer at the start of a
word
jmp convert_case ; Jump back to convert_case

next_char:
mov bl, 1 ; Indicate that the next character is the start of a word
jmp convert_case ; Jump back to convert_case

done:
; Newline before result output
lea dx, newline
mov ah, 09h
int 21h

; Print modified output

lea dx, result
mov ah, 09h
int 21h

lea dx, somewords

mov ah, 09h
int 21h

; End program
mov ah, 4Ch
int 21h

end main

Emu8086 Result:

5
 HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELE338 - MICROPROCESSOR
ARCHITECTURE and PROGRAMMING LAB.
Quesiton 3:
Code Block

; Muhsin Emre Aygar - 2210357027

.model small
.stack 100h
.data
somewords db "resistor capacitor transistor diode", '$'
newline db 13, 10, '$'
prompt db 'Reversed Output: $'

.code
main:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax

; Print original input

lea dx, prompt
mov ah, 09h
int 21h

; Push characters onto stack

lea si, somewords ; Load the address of 'somewords' into SI
mov di, 0 ; DI is used to keep track of the stack position

push_chars:
lodsb ; Load byte at DS:SI into AL, and increment SI
cmp al, '$' ; Check if end of string
je pop_chars ; If yes, jump to pop_chars
push ax ; Push AL onto stack (using AX register)
jmp push_chars ; Continue to push the next character

pop_chars:
lea di, somewords ; Load the address of 'somewords' into DI
mov bl, 0 ; BL is used to check if stack is empty

; (contiune on PAGE 7)

6
 HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELE338 - MICROPROCESSOR
ARCHITECTURE and PROGRAMMING LAB.

pop_loop:
pop ax ; Pop the top character from stack into AX
mov [di], al ; Store the character into 'somewords'
inc di ; Move to the next position

; Check if stack pointer is at its initial position (not empty)

cmp sp, 100h
jne pop_loop ; If not empty, continue to pop

; Add the end of string character '$'

mov byte ptr [di], '$'

; Newline before result output

lea dx, newline
mov ah, 09h
int 21h

; Print reversed result

lea dx, somewords
mov ah, 09h
int 21h

; End program
mov ah, 4Ch
int 21h

end main

Emu8086 Result:

7
 HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELE338 - MICROPROCESSOR
ARCHITECTURE and PROGRAMMING LAB.

My Computer Specifications