Mathematics & Statistics

Year First Total Hours: 200

Level Certificate Theory Hours: 160
Practical Hours: 40
Assessment Marks: 100

Course Description

The course is divided into three parts: (a) Elementary Mathematics, (b) Elementary Statistics and (c)
Practical on elementary Statistics and Computer. Part one of this course prepares the student to use
mathematical skills necessary for application of medical computations, application of research and
statistical interpretations, and for managing the mathematical questions of everyday life. Part two provides
a basic overview of the purpose and process of research, a discussion of scientific process, and principles
of research methodology in statistics. Part three enables the students to apply statistical methods to the
interpretation of data related to public health services using basic computer skills.

Course Objectives
On completion of this course the student will be able to:
 Apply mathematical Skills to solve medical problems and interpret research data.
 Use vital statistic terminology to discuss public health issues.
 Explain the function and value of research.
 Describe the process and methodology of research.
 Apply mathematical formulas to interpret research data.
 Demonstrate the process of report writing.

Recommended Texts
Bajracharya, D.R.& et al., Basic Mathematics, for grade XI and XII National Book Centre, Kathmandu.
Mahajan B.K. Method of Biostaticstics, (16th edition) park's text book of PSM 2003
Pradhan, J. B. & Pantha, B. R. Integrated Mathematics for Health Science. Sukunda Pustak Bhavan,
Bhotahity, Kathmandu.
MS-DOS Manual, Microsoft.
MS-Windows Manual, Microsoft.

Evaluation methods: Written assignments to solve related problems, written examination and practical
examination for computer

Teaching / Learning activities and resources: Charts, models, graph boards, diagrams classroom
instruction, teacher led discussion, demonstration of solutions, illustration through practical examples.

Part A: Elementary Mathematics

Course: Mathematics and Statistics Hrs. theory 160
Unit 1: Elementary Mathematics Hrs. theory 66
Sub-unit 1.1: Set theory and real number system Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. lab
Objectives: Content:
 Define and denote sets.  The concept of sets, specification of sets,
 Find subsets of a set and represent the sets in venn representation and types of sets, venn
diagrams. diagrams.

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 Find the union, intersection, complement and  Proof of the Algebra of sets, De-Morgan’s
difference of given sets. law
 Define cardinality of a finite set  Problems related to cardinality of sets.
 Solve verbal problems using set operations.  Set operation, set of numbers, Cartesian
 Prove algebra of sets products and relation, domain and range of
 Define real numbers, absolute value, open and closed relation.
intervals and inequalities.  Real number system and the types of
 Use the concept of set in selected problems. numbers, real numbers line, absolute value,
open and closed intervals, inequalities.
Sub-unit 1.2: Function and graph Hrs. theory 6
Objectives: Content:
 Define a function  Functions and their inverse and related
 Classify functions. problems.
 Identify the different functions.  Composite function and related problems.
 Define domain and range of relation  Algebraic only.
 Domain and range ( excluding inverse and
composite function)
 Exponential and Logarithmic functions
Sub-unit 1.3: Permutation , combination and binomial Hrs. theory 9
theorem.
Objectives: Content:
 Concept of Basic principles of counting.  Introduction of basic counting principle
 Define the permutation {P(n,r)}.  Definition of permutation
 Use of different cases of permutation and Problem  Formula for finding permutation of n –
relating to permutation(simple cases only). objects taken r at a time.
 Define the combination {C(n,r)} and  Application of formula in related problems.
 problem relating to combination (simple cases only)  Permutation of repeated use of same objects
 Define binomial expression and Binomial theorem. in an arrangement.
 Meaning of combination.
 Binomial theorem(without proof)
 Finding general term , middle term/s,
binomial coefficients and their properties.

Sub-unit 1.4: Matrices and determinants Hrs. theory 9

Objectives: Content:
 Define the term matrix.  Definition of matrix and its notation and
 Write the rows, columns and order of the matrices. order
 Classify matrices according to their properties.  Types of matrices and simple algebra of
 Define the addition and multiplication of matrices (of matrices.
order m x n, with its different types in 3x3 order).  Transpose ,Adjoint and inverse of a matrix
 Define a determinant and list the properties of a and related problems.
determinant.  Definition of a determinant.
 Define the inverse of a matrix.  Minors and cofactors
 Properties of determinants.
 Application of matrix and determinant to
solve linear system of equation (inverse of
matrix and Cramer's Rule)
Sub-unit 1.5: Algebra& Straight Line (Revision only) Hrs. theory 2

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Objectives: Content:
 Recall the formula of distance between two points and  Formula of distance between two points and
its slope its slope
 Find the angle between two lines and derive the  Angle between two lines and condition of
condition of perpendicularity and parallelism. perpendicularity and parallelism.
 Find the distance two parallel line.  Distance two parallel line.
 Find the area of triangle.  Area of triangle.
 Define quadratic equations and its roots.  Quadratic equations , its roots and nature of
 Define the nature of roots. roots.
Sub-unit 1.6: Co-ordinate Geometry (Equation of a Hrs. theory 6
pair of lines)
Objectives: Content:
 Define line pair equation, express two equation of  Line pair equation,
straight lines as a single equation  Two equation of straight lines as a single
 Find the condition required for equation of second equation
degree (ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx +2y + c = 0) to  Condition required for equation of second
represent a pair of lines and find the separate degree (ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx +2y + c = 0)
equations. to represent a pair of lines and also find the
 Prove that the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 always separate equations.
represents a pair of straight lines passing through the  Proof that the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
origin. always represents a pair of straight lines
 Find the angle between two straight lines represented passing through the origin.
by the homogeneous equations of second degree.  The angle between two straight lines
 (ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0) represented by the homogeneous equations of
second degree.
(ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0)

Sub-unit 1.7: Limits and limiting values Hrs. theory 6

Objectives: Content:
 Define the term limit and limiting value.  Limit and limiting value.
 Evaluate the limiting values of simple algebraic &  Limiting values of simple algebraic &
trigonometric function. trigonometric function.

 Use the formula  Using the formula

  
 lim = 
→    − 
lim = 
 →  − 
 lim =1
→ 

lim =1
Define continuity and identify continous and discontinous → 
function
Continuity and identification of continous and
discontinous function
Sub-unit 1.8: Derivatives and their Applications Hrs. theory 6
(Maxima and Minima)
Objectives: Content:
 Define the term derivatives.  Definition of the term derivatives.
 Apply definition to get derivatives of the functions xn,  Geometrical meaning of derivatives.
(ax + b)n, sin (ax + b), cos (ax + b), ex and logax .

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 Use the sum, difference, product, quotient and chain  Application of definition to get derivatives of
rule of derivates to calculate the derivates of algebric the functions xn, (ax + b)n, sin (ax + b), cos
function only. (ax + b), ex and logax .
 Apply derivate to calculate maximum and minimum  Using the sum, difference, product, quotient
values of a given algebric function and other related and chain rule of derivates to calculate the
problems. derivates of algebric function only.
 Application of derivate :
- increasing , decreasing and stationary
points.
- Maximum , minimum values of a
given algebric function and point of
inflection.
- concave upward and concave
downward (algebraic only)
Sub-unit 1.9: Integration Hrs. theory 10
Objectives: Content:
 Define integral as anti-derivative,  Definition of integral as anti-derivative,
 Apply techniques of integration as anti-derivative,  Application of techniques of integration as
substitution method, integration by parts and definite anti-derivative, substitution method,
integral. integration by parts and definite integral
 Use definite integral to calculate area enclosed by (algebric only).
algebric curve, X-axis and ordinate at x = a to x = b  Using definite integral to calculate area
enclosed by algebric curve, X-axis and
ordinate at x = a to x = b
Sub-unit 1.10: Probability Hrs. theory 6
Objectives: Content:
 Define probability (classical and empirical)  Definition of probability (classical and
 Application and use addition and multiplication the empirical)
law of probability  Application and use of addition and
 Explain and use binomial probability distribution multiplication law of probability
formula P(r) = c( n, r ) pr qn –r.  Explanation and use of binomial probability
distribution formula P(r) = c( n, r ) pr qn –r.

Part B: Elementary Statistics

Unit 2: Elementary Statistics Hrs. theory 46
Sub-unit 2.1: Introduction to Statistics (Revision only) Hrs. theory 3
Objectives: Content:
 Define statistics as given by different writers (Prof.  Definitions by Prof. Horace Secrist, Prof.
Horace Secrist, Prof. Croxton & Crowden and Prof. Croxton & Crowden and Prof. Ya-Lu-Chan).
Ya-Lu-Chan).  Utility, functions and limitation of statistics.
 State the utility, functions and limitations of statistics.
Sub-unit 2.2: Collection, Classification and Tabulation Hrs. theory 3
diagrams and graphs (Revision only)
Objectives: Content:
 Collect data (primary and secondary)  Data Collection (primary and secondary)
 Classify and tabulate data  Classification and tabulation of data
 Prepare frequency table (ungrouped and grouped  Preparation of a frequency table (ungrouped
form) and grouped form)

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 Represent data on simple, multiple, sub-divided,  Representation of data on simple, multiple,
percentage bar diagram and Pie-diagrams. sub-divided, percentage bar diagram and Pie-
 Represent data on histogram, frequency polygon, diagrams.
frequency curve and Ogive curve  Representation of data on histogram,
frequency polygon, frequency curve and
Ogive curve
Sub-unit 2.3: Central tendency Hrs. theory 5
Objectives: Content:
 Define central tendency  Definition of central tendency
 Calculate mean, median, mode, and partition values  Calculation of mean, median, mode, and
(Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles) for ungrouped and partition values (Quartiles, Deciles and
grouped data mathematically Percentiles) for ungrouped and grouped data
mathematically
Sub-unit 2.4: Measure of dispersion Hrs. theory 8
Objectives: Content:
 Calculate range, quartile deviation and standard  Calculation of range, quartile deviation mean
deviation for ungrouped and grouped data deviation and standard deviation for
mathematically ungrouped and grouped data mathematically
 Concept of absolute and relative measures of  Absolute and relative measures of dispersion
dispersion  Computation of coefficient of range, quartile
 Compute coefficient of range, quartile deviation, and deviation, mean deviation, and variation for
variation for ungrouped and grouped data ungrouped and grouped data mathematically
mathematically
Sub-unit 2.5: Correlation Coefficient Hrs. theory 9
Objectives: Content:
 Define the concept of correlation.  Concept of correlation.
 Define correlation method by drawing Scatter diagram  Method of studying correlation by drawing
 Explain Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation Scatter diagram
between two variables.  Calculations of Karl Pearson's coefficient of
 Define Sparman's rank correlation correlation between two variables.
 Define Probable error , standard error and test of  Sparman's rank correlation.
significant of correlation  Probable error , standard error and test of
significant of correlation.
Sub-unit 2.6: Vital statistics Hrs. theory 10
Objectives: Content:
a) Vital Statistics a) Vital Statistics
 Define the term vital statistics.  Definition of the term vital statistics.
 Describe the utility of vital statistics.  Utility of vital statistics.
 Identify the different sources of vital statistics.  Different sources of vital statistics.
b) Measure of Fertility b) Measure of Fertility
 Define the meaning of Fertility  Meaning of Fertility
 Describe different measures of fertility  Different measures of fertility
 Compute different indicators related to fertility  Different indicators related to fertility
(crude birth rate, specific fertility rate,
General Fertility rate, total fertility rate)
c) Measures of mortality c) Measures of mortality
 State the meaning of mortality  Meaning of mortality
 Describe different measures of mortality  Different measures of mortality

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  Compute different indicators related to mortality  Different indicators related to mortality
(crude death rate, specific death rate,
infant mortality rate, maternal mortality
rate and still birth rate)
d) Measures of morbidity (sickness) d) Measures of morbidity (sickness)
 State the meaning of morbidity  Meaning of morbidity
 Describe different measures of morbidity  Different measures of morbidity
 Compute the incidence rate and prevalence rate  The incidence rate and prevalence rate
Sub-unit 2.7: Research methodology Hrs. theory 4
Objectives: Content:
 Define the concept of research.  Definition of research
 Describe the process and methodology of research by  Research methodology.
stepwise scientific method or formula application.  Steps of research.
 Discuss the importance of interpreting research results  Scientific method.
 Statistical tools for measuring reliability of
results.
 Interpreting and understanding research data.
 Applications of research in medical science.
Sub-unit 2.8: Introduction to Report Writing Hrs. theory 4
Objectives: Content:
 Explain the concept of report writing.  Purposes and goals of research reports.
 Familiarize with standard research report format.  Significance of research reporting

Part C: Basic Computer Skills

Unit 3: Basic Computer Skills Hrs. theory 8 Hrs. lab.
Sub-unit 3.1: Introduction
Objectives: Content:
 Describe the functions and uses of computers.  Definitions and descriptions of computers and
 Compare and contrast the functions of computer computing activities.
hardware.  Characteristics of various types and
 Describe and demonstrate the functions of computer generations of computers.
hardware.  Computer hardware: CPU, VDU, Input and
 Describe and demonstrate the functions of computer Output peripherals.
memory and storage systems.  Computer software: systems, applications,
 Demonstrate the procedure for scanning the viruses and utility software.
and removing viruses.  Memory: RAM, ROM; storage systems
 Use a virus protection utility to recover damaged files (magnetic, optical), storage types (floppy,
in a diskette or hard disk. hard disk, compact disk), and storage
capacities.
 Utilities for virus protection.
 Operation of virus utilities.

Statistics and Computer

The paper on elementary statistics is designed to supplement the theoretical knowledge. In this
subject the students themselves will solve different problems with different types of data and
information, which helps them to learn the subject quickly and enjoy the real, need of learning it

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and apply their knowledge in real life situations, for an effective health care delivery and
administration.

Students will be required to maintain a note book to keep the records of fully practical work duly
signed by the instructor which should contain a minimum of practical and this should be
submitted on the date of examination.

All the portion of Computer skill should be done in a practical room having individual computer
to practice. Here first 1 hour should be devoted for theory description and procedure and second
1 hour should be for practice in the computer. It is better to have statistics practical done in
computer as far as practicable.
Statistics: 40 hours
Prepare individual (discrete) and grouped frequency distribution table.
Prepare histogram, frequency polygon and curve, and cumulative frequency curve.
Draw bar diagram, subdivided, percentage and multiple bar diagram
Draw pie diagram.
Find mean for individual and grouped series.
Find mean by shortcut or graphical method.
Find quartiles, deciles and percentiles mathematically and graphically.
Find the mean deviation from mean, median and mode.
Find standard deviation.
Find standard deviation through shortcut method.
Find the coefficient of variation.
Compute prevalence rate of morbidity.
Compute incidence rate of morbidity.
Calculate crude and specific death rate.
Calculate infant mortality rate.
Calculate maternal mortality rate.
Calculate fertility of crude, specific and general birth rate
Calculate fertility rate of natural increment.

Computer: 40 hours
 Create a directory and file on hard disk under MS-DOS and WINDOW system.
 Open window environment and change the outlook of window.
 Open MS-WORD and create a document explaining statistical methods like function,
limitations, graph, diagram and table construction.
 Open MS-EXCEL and create a frequency table and apply formula to calculate mean,
median, mode, and standard deviation.
 Create graph and diagrams from MS-EXCEL.
 Open MS-ACCESS and create a database for report writing.
 Operate POWER POINT and prepare presentation.
 Operate VIRUS scanning on hard and removable disks.
(Note: The statistical tools should be introduced from an applied perspective using health
related examples. Microsoft excel software will be used throughout the course to aid in
statistical analysis)

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