Chapter 2:

Introduction to
C++

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 2.1
The Part of a C++ Program

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The Parts of a C++ Program
// sample C++ program comment
#include <iostream> preprocessor directive
using namespace std; which namespace to use
int main() beginning of function named main
{ beginning of block for main
cout << "Hello, there!"; output statement
return 0; string literal
send 0 to operating system
} end of block for main

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Special Characters
Character Name Meaning
// Double slash Beginning of a comment
# Pound sign Beginning of preprocessor
directive
< > Open/close brackets Enclose filename in #include
( ) Open/close Used when naming a
parentheses function
{ } Open/close brace Encloses a group of
statements
" " Open/close Encloses string of
quotation marks characters
; Semicolon End of a programming
statement

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 2.2
The cout Object

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The cout Object
• Displays output on the computer screen

• You use the stream insertion operator <<

to send output to cout:

cout << "Programming is fun!";

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The cout Object
• Can be used to send more than one item
to cout:

cout << "Hello " << "there!";

Or:

cout << "Hello ";

cout << "there!";

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The cout Object
• This produces one line of output:

cout << "Programming is ";

cout << "fun!";

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The endl Manipulator
• You can use the endl manipulator to start
a new line of output.

cout << "Programming is" << endl;

cout << "fun!";

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The endl Manipulator

cout << "Programming is" << endl;

cout << "fun!";

Programming is
fun!

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The endl Manipulator
• You do NOT put quotation marks around
endl

• The last character in endl is a lowercase

L, not the number 1.

endl This is a lowercase L

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The \n Escape Sequence
• You can also use the \n escape sequence
to start a new line of output. This will
produce two lines of output:

cout << "Programming is\n";

cout << "fun!";

Notice that the \n is INSIDE

the string.

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The \n Escape Sequence
cout << "Programming is\n";
cout << "fun!";

Programming is
fun!

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 2.3
The #include Directive

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The #include Directive
• Inserts the contents of another file into the
program
• This is a preprocessor directive, not part of
C++ language
• #include lines not seen by compiler
• Do not place a semicolon at end of
#include line

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 2.4
Variables and Literals

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Variables and Literals
• Variable: a storage location in memory

– Has a name and a type of data it can hold

– Must be defined before it can be used:

int item;

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Variable Definition in Program 2-7

Variable Definition

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Literals
• Literal: a value that is written into a
program’s code.

"hello, there" (string literal)

12 (integer literal)

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Integer Literal in Program 2-9

20 is an integer literal

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String Literals in Program 2-9

These are string literals

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 2.5
Identifiers

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Identifiers
• An identifier is a programmer-defined
name for some part of a program:
variables, functions, etc.

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C++ Key Words
You cannot use any of the C++ key words as an
identifier. These words have reserved meaning.

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Variable Names
• A variable name should represent the
purpose of the variable. For example:

itemsOrdered

The purpose of this variable is to hold the

number of items ordered.

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Identifier Rules
• The first character of an identifier must be
an alphabetic character or and underscore
( _ ),
• After the first character you may use
alphabetic characters, numbers, or
underscore characters.
• Upper- and lowercase characters are
distinct

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Valid and Invalid Identifiers
IDENTIFIER VALID? REASON IF INVALID

totalSales Yes

total_Sales Yes

total.Sales No Cannot contain .

4thQtrSales No Cannot begin with digit

totalSale$ No Cannot contain $

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 2.6
Integer Data Types

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Integer Data Types
• Integer variables can hold whole numbers such
as 12, 7, and -99.

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Defining Variables
• Variables of the same type can be defined
- On separate lines:
int length;
int width;
unsigned int area;
- On the same line:
int length, width;
unsigned int area;
• Variables of different types must be in different
definitions

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Integer Types in Program 2-10

This program has three variables: checking,

miles, and days

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Integer Literals
• An integer literal is an integer value that is
typed into a program’s code. For example:

itemsOrdered = 15;

In this code, 15 is an integer literal.

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Integer Literals in Program 2-10

Integer Literals

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Integer Literals
• Integer literals are stored in memory as
ints by default
• To store an integer constant in a long
memory location, put ‘L’ at the end of the
number: 1234L
• Constants that begin with ‘0’ (zero) are
base 8: 075
• Constants that begin with ‘0x’ are base 16:
0x75A

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 2.7
The char Data Type

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The char Data Type
• Used to hold characters or very small
integer values
• Usually 1 byte of memory
• Numeric value of character from the
character set is stored in memory:
CODE: MEMORY:
char letter; letter
letter = 'C';
67

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Character Literals
• Character literals must be enclosed in
single quote marks. Example:

'A'

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Character Literals in Program 2-13

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Character Strings
• A series of characters in consecutive memory
locations:
"Hello"
• Stored with the null terminator, \0, at the end:

• Comprised of the characters between the " "

H e l l o \0

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 2.8
The C++ string Class

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The C++ string Class
• Special data type supports working with strings
• #include <string>
• Can define string variables in programs:
string firstName, lastName;
• Can receive values with assignment operator:
firstName = "George";
lastName = "Washington";
• Can be displayed via cout
cout << firstName << " " << lastName;

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The string class in Program 2-15

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 2.9
Floating-Point Data Types

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Floating-Point Data Types
• The floating-point data types are:
float
double
long double

• They can hold real numbers such as:

12.45 -3.8

• Stored in a form similar to scientific notation

• All floating-point numbers are signed

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Floating-Point Data Types

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Floating-Point Literals
• Can be represented in
– Fixed point (decimal) notation:
31.4159 0.0000625
– E notation:
3.14159E1 6.25e-5
• Are double by default
• Can be forced to be float (3.14159f) or
long double (0.0000625L)

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Floating-Point Data Types in
Program 2-16

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 2.10
The bool Data Type

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The bool Data Type
• Represents values that are true or
false
• bool variables are stored as small
integers
• false is represented by 0, true by 1:
bool allDone = true; allDone finished

bool finished = false; 1 0

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Boolean Variables in Program 2-17

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 2.11
Determining the Size of a Data
Type

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Determining the Size of a Data
Type
The sizeof operator gives the size of any
data type or variable:
double amount;
cout << "A double is stored in "
<< sizeof(double) << "bytes\n";
cout << "Variable amount is
stored in "
<< sizeof(amount)
<< "bytes\n";

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 2.12
Variable Assignments and
Initialization

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Variable Assignments and
Initialization
• An assignment statement uses the =
operator to store a value in a variable.

item = 12;

• This statement assigns the value 12 to the

item variable.

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Assignment
• The variable receiving the value must
appear on the left side of the = operator.
• This will NOT work:

// ERROR!
12 = item;

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Variable Initialization
• To initialize a variable means to assign it a
value when it is defined:

int length = 12;

• Can initialize some or all variables:

int length = 12, width = 5, area;

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Variable Initialization in Program
2-19

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 2.13
Scope

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Scope
• The scope of a variable: the part of the
program in which the variable can be
accessed
• A variable cannot be used before it is
defined

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Variable Out of Scope in Program
2-20

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 2.14
Arithmetic Operators

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Arithmetic Operators
• Used for performing numeric calculations
• C++ has unary, binary, and ternary
operators:
– unary (1 operand) -5
– binary (2 operands) 13 - 7
– ternary (3 operands) exp1 ? exp2 : exp3

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Binary Arithmetic Operators
SYMBOL OPERATION EXAMPLE VALUE OF
ans
+ addition ans = 7 + 3; 10

- subtraction ans = 7 - 3; 4

* multiplication ans = 7 * 3; 21

/ division ans = 7 / 3; 2

% modulus ans = 7 % 3; 1

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Arithmetic Operators in Program
2-21

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A Closer Look at the / Operator
• / (division) operator performs integer
division if both operands are integers
cout << 13 / 5; // displays 2
cout << 91 / 7; // displays 13
• If either operand is floating point, the result
is floating point
cout << 13 / 5.0; // displays 2.6
cout << 91.0 / 7; // displays 13.0

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A Closer Look at the % Operator
• % (modulus) operator computes the
remainder resulting from integer division
cout << 13 % 5; // displays 3
• % requires integers for both operands
cout << 13 % 5.0; // error

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 2.15
Comments

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Comments
• Used to document parts of the program
• Intended for persons reading the source
code of the program:
– Indicate the purpose of the program
– Describe the use of variables
– Explain complex sections of code
• Are ignored by the compiler

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Single-Line Comments
Begin with // through to the end of line:
int length = 12; // length in
inches
int width = 15; // width in inches
int area; // calculated area

// calculate rectangle area

area = length * width;

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Multi-Line Comments
• Begin with /*, end with */
• Can span multiple lines:
/* this is a multi-line
comment
*/
• Can begin and end on the same line:
int area; /* calculated area */

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 2.16
Named Constants

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Named Constants
• Named constant (constant variable):
variable whose content cannot be
changed during program execution
• Used for representing constant values with
descriptive names:
const double TAX_RATE = 0.0675;
const int NUM_STATES = 50;
• Often named in uppercase letters

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Named Constants in Program 2-28

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 2.17
Programming Style

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Programming Style
• The visual organization of the source code
• Includes the use of spaces, tabs, and
blank lines
• Does not affect the syntax of the program
• Affects the readability of the source code

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Programming Style
Common elements to improve readability:
• Braces { } aligned vertically
• Indentation of statements within a set of
braces
• Blank lines between declaration and other
statements
• Long statements wrapped over multiple
lines with aligned operators

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