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THE PRACTICE OF COMPUTING USING

3RD EDITION

WILLIAM RICHARD
PUNCH • ENBODY
 C O N T E N T S
•
VIDEONOTES xxiv
PREFACE xxv
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xxix
1.0.1 Data Manipulation xxx
1.0.2 Problem Solving and Case Studies xxx
1.0.3 Code Examples xxx
1.0.4 Interactive Sessions xxxi
1.0.5 Exercises and Programming Projects xxxi
1.0.6 Self-Test Exercises xxxi
1.0.7 Programming Tips xxxi

PART 1 THINKING ABOUT COMPUTING 1

Chapter 0 The Study of Computer Science 3
0.1 Why Computer Science? 3
0.1.1 Importance of Computer Science 3
0.1.2 Computer Science Around You 4
0.1.3 Computer “Science” 4
0.1.4 Computer Science Through Computer Programming 6
0.2 The Difficulty and Promise of Programming 6
0.2.1 Difficulty 1: Two Things at Once 6
0.2.2 Difficulty 2: What Is a Good Program? 9
0.2.3 The Promise of a Computer Program 10
0.3 Choosing a Computer Language 11
0.3.1 Different Computer Languages 11
0.3.2 Why Python? 11
0.3.3 Is Python the Best Language? 13
0.4 What Is Computation? 13
0.5 What Is a Computer? 13

vii
viii CONTENTS

0.5.1 Computation in Nature 14

0.5.2 The Human Computer 17
0.6 The Modern, Electronic Computer 18
0.6.1 It’s the Switch! 18
0.6.2 The Transistor 19
0.7 A High-Level Look at a Modern Computer 24
0.8 Representing Data 26
0.8.1 Binary Data 26
0.8.2 Working with Binary 27
0.8.3 Limits 28
0.8.4 Representing Letters 29
0.8.5 Representing Other Data 30
0.8.6 What Does a Number Represent? 31
0.8.7 How to Talk About Quantities of Data 32
0.8.8 How Much Data Is That? 32
0.9 Overview of Coming Chapters 34

P A R T 2 S TA RT I N G T O P R O G R A M 35
Chapter 1 Beginnings 37
1.1 Practice, Practice, Practice 37
1.2 QuickStart, the Circumference Program 38
1.2.1 Examining the Code 40
1.3 An Interactive Session 42
1.4 Parts of a Program 43
1.4.1 Modules 43
1.4.2 Statements and Expressions 43
1.4.3 Whitespace 45
1.4.4 Comments 46
1.4.5 Special Python Elements: Tokens 46
1.4.6 Naming Objects 48
1.4.7 Recommendations on Naming 49
1.5 Variables 49
1.5.1 Variable Creation and Assignment 50
1.6 Objects and Types 53
1.6.1 Numbers 55
1.6.2 Other Built-In Types 57
1.6.3 Object Types: Not Variable Types 58
1.6.4 Constructing New Values 60
 CONTENTS ix

1.7 Operators 61
1.7.1 Integer Operators 61
1.7.2 Floating-Point Operators 64
1.7.3 Mixed Operations 64
1.7.4 Order of Operations and Parentheses 65
1.7.5 Augmented Assignment Operators: A Shortcut! 66
1.8 Your First Module, Math 68
1.9 Developing an Algorithm 69
1.9.1 New Rule—Testing 73
1.10 Visual Vignette: Turtle Graphics 74
1.11 What’s Wrong with My Code? 75
Chapter 2 Control 87
2.1 QuickStart Control 87
2.1.1 Selection 87
2.1.2 Booleans for Decisions 89
2.1.3 The if Statement 89
2.1.4 Example: What Lead Is Safe in Basketball? 92
2.1.5 Repetition 96
2.1.6 Example: Finding Perfect Numbers 100
2.1.7 Example: Classifying Numbers 105
2.2 In-Depth Control 109
2.2.1 True and False: Booleans 109
2.2.2 Boolean Variables 110
2.2.3 Relational Operators 110
2.2.4 Boolean Operators 115
2.2.5 Precedence 116
2.2.6 Boolean Operators Example 117
2.2.7 Another Word on Assignments 120
2.2.8 The Selection Statement for Decisions 122
2.2.9 More on Python Decision Statements 122
2.2.10 Repetition: the while Statement 126
2.2.11 Sentinel Loop 136
2.2.12 Summary of Repetition 136
2.2.13 More on the for Statement 137
2.2.14 Nesting 140
2.2.15 Hailstone Sequence Example 142
2.3 Visual Vignette: Plotting Data with Pylab 143
2.3.1 First Plot and Using a List 144
2.3.2 More Interesting Plot: A Sine Wave 145
x CONTENTS

2.4 Computer Science Perspectives: Minimal Universal Computing 147

2.4.1 Minimal Universal Computing 147
2.5 What’s Wrong with My Code? 148
Chapter 3 Algorithms and Program Development 161
3.1 What Is an Algorithm? 161
3.1.1 Example Algorithms 162
3.2 Algorithm Features 163
3.2.1 Algorithm versus Program 163
3.2.2 Qualities of an Algorithm 165
3.2.3 Can We Really Do All That? 167
3.3 What Is a Program? 167
3.3.1 Readability 167
3.3.2 Robust 171
3.3.3 Correctness 172
3.4 Strategies for Program Design 173
3.4.1 Engage and Commit 173
3.4.2 Understand, Then Visualize 174
3.4.3 Think Before You Program 175
3.4.4 Experiment 175
3.4.5 Simplify 175
3.4.6 Stop and Think 177
3.4.7 Relax: Give Yourself a Break 177
3.5 A Simple Example 177
3.5.1 Build the Skeleton 178
3.5.2 Output 178
3.5.3 Input 179
3.5.4 Doing the Calculation 181

P A R T 3 D AT A S T R U C T U R E S A N D F U N C T I O N S 187
Chapter 4 Working with Strings 189
4.1 The String Type 190
4.1.1 The Triple-Quote String 190
4.1.2 Nonprinting Characters 191
4.1.3 String Representation 191
4.1.4 Strings as a Sequence 192
4.1.5 More Indexing and Slicing 193
4.1.6 Strings Are Iterable 198
 CONTENTS xi

4.2 String Operations 199

4.2.1 Concatenation (+) and Repetition (*) 199
4.2.2 Determining When + Indicates Addition or
Concatenation? 200
4.2.3 Comparison Operators 201
4.2.4 The in Operator 202
4.2.5 String Collections Are Immutable 203
4.3 A Preview of Functions and Methods 205
4.3.1 A String Method 205
4.3.2 Determining Method Names and Method Arguments 208
4.3.3 String Methods 210
4.3.4 String Functions 210
4.4 Formatted Output for Strings 211
4.4.1 Descriptor Codes 212
4.4.2 Width and Alignment Descriptors 213
4.4.3 Floating-Point Precision Descriptor 214
4.5 Control and Strings 215
4.6 Working with Strings 218
4.6.1 Example: Reordering a Person’s Name 218
4.6.2 Palindromes 220
4.7 More String Formatting 223
4.8 Unicode 226
4.9 A GUI to Check a Palindrome 228
4.10 What’s Wrong with My Code? 232
Chapter 5 Functions—QuickStart 245
5.1 What Is a Function? 245
5.1.1 Why Have Functions? 246
5.2 Python Functions 247
5.3 Flow of Control with Functions 250
5.3.1 Function Flow in Detail 251
5.3.2 Parameter Passing 251
5.3.3 Another Function Example 253
5.3.4 Function Example: Area of a Triangle 254
5.3.5 Functions Calling Functions 258
5.3.6 When to Use a Function 259
5.3.7 What If There Is No Return Statement? 260
5.3.8 What If There Are Multiple Return Statements? 260
xii CONTENTS

5.4 Visual Vignette: Turtle Flag 261

5.5 What’s Wrong with My Code? 262
Chapter 6 Files and Exceptions I 271
6.1 What Is a File? 271
6.2 Accessing Files: Reading Text Files 271
6.2.1 What’s Really Happening? 272
6.3 Accessing Files: Writing Text Files 273
6.4 Reading and Writing Text Files in a Program 274
6.5 File Creation and Overwriting 275
6.5.1 Files and Functions Example: Word Puzzle 276
6.6 First Cut, Handling Errors 282
6.6.1 Error Names 283
6.6.2 The try-except Construct 283
6.6.3 try-except Flow of Control 284
6.6.4 Exception Example 285
6.7 Example: Counting Poker Hands 288
6.7.1 Program to Count Poker Hands 291
6.8 GUI to Count Poker Hands 299
6.8.1 Count Hands Function 300
6.8.2 The Rest of the GUI Code 302
6.9 Error Check Float Input 304
6.10 What’s Wrong with My Code? 304
Chapter 7 Lists and Tuples 311
7.1 What Is a List? 311
7.2 What You Already Know How To Do With Lists 313
7.2.1 Indexing and Slicing 314
7.2.2 Operators 315
7.2.3 Functions 317
7.2.4 List Iteration 318
7.3 Lists Are Different than Strings 319
7.3.1 Lists Are Mutable 319
7.3.2 List Methods 320
7.4 Old and New Friends: Split and Other Functions and Methods 325
7.4.1 Split and Multiple Assignment 325
7.4.2 List to String and Back Again, Using join 326
7.4.3 The Sorted Function 327
 CONTENTS xiii

7.5 Working with Some Examples 328

7.5.1 Anagrams 328
7.5.2 Example: File Analysis 334
7.6 Mutable Objects and References 340
7.6.1 Shallow versus Deep Copy 345
7.6.2 Mutable versus Immutable 349
7.7 Tuples 350
7.7.1 Tuples from Lists 352
7.7.2 Why Tuples? 353
7.8 Lists: The Data Structure 353
7.8.1 Example Data Structure 354
7.8.2 Other Example Data Structures 355
7.9 Algorithm Example: U.S. EPA Automobile Mileage Data 355
7.9.1 CSV Module 365
7.10 Visual Vignette: Plotting EPA Data 366
7.11 List Comprehension 368
7.11.1 Comprehensions, Expressions, and the Ternary
Operator 370
7.12 Visual Vignette: More Plotting 370
7.12.1 Pylab Arrays 371
7.12.2 Plotting Trigonometric Functions 373
7.13 GUI to Find Anagrams 374
7.13.1 Function Model 374
7.13.2 Controller 375
7.14 What’s Wrong with My Code? 377
Chapter 8 More on Functions 395
8.1 Scope 395
8.1.1 Arguments, Parameters, and Namespaces 397
8.1.2 Passing Mutable Objects 399
8.1.3 Returning a Complex Object 401
8.1.4 Refactoring evens 403
8.2 Default Values and Parameters as Keywords 404
8.2.1 Example: Default Values and Parameter Keywords 405
8.3 Functions as Objects 407
8.3.1 Function Annotations 408
8.3.2 Docstrings 409
xiv CONTENTS

8.4 Example: Determining a Final Grade 410

8.4.1 The Data 410
8.4.2 The Design 410
8.4.3 Function: weighted_grade 411
8.4.4 Function: parse_line 411
8.4.5 Function: main 412
8.4.6 Example Use 413
8.5 Pass “by Value” or “by Reference” 413
8.6 What’s Wrong with My Code? 414
Chapter 9 Dictionaries and Sets 423
9.1 Dictionaries 423
9.1.1 Dictionary Example 424
9.1.2 Python Dictionaries 425
9.1.3 Dictionary Indexing and Assignment 425
9.1.4 Operators 426
9.1.5 Ordered Dictionaries 431
9.2 Word Count Example 432
9.2.1 Count Words in a String 432
9.2.2 Word Frequency for Gettysburg Address 433
9.2.3 Output and Comments 437
9.3 Periodic Table Example 438
9.3.1 Working with CSV Files 439
9.3.2 Algorithm Overview 441
9.3.3 Functions for Divide and Conquer 441
9.4 Sets 445
9.4.1 History 445
9.4.2 What’s in a Set? 445
9.4.3 Python Sets 446
9.4.4 Methods, Operators, and Functions for Python Sets 447
9.4.5 Set Methods 447
9.5 Set Applications 452
9.5.1 Relationship between Words of Different 452
9.5.2 Output and Comments 456
9.6 Scope: The Full Story 456
9.6.1 Namespaces and Scope 457
9.6.2 Search Rule for Scope 457
9.6.3 Local 457
9.6.4 Global 458
9.6.5 Built-Ins 462
9.6.6 Enclosed 463
 CONTENTS xv

9.7 Using zip to Create Dictionaries 464

9.8 Dictionary and Set Comprehensions 465
9.9 Visual Vignette: Bar Graph of Word Frequency 466
9.9.1 Getting the Data Right 466
9.9.2 Labels and the xticks Command 467
9.9.3 Plotting 467
9.10 GUI to Compare Files 468
9.10.1 Controller and View 469
9.10.2 Function Model 471
9.11 What’s Wrong with My Code? 473
Chapter 10 More Program Development 483
10.1 Introduction 483
10.2 Divide and Conquer 483
10.2.1 Top-Down Refinement 484
10.3 The Breast Cancer Classifier 484
10.3.1 The Problem 484
10.3.2 The Approach: Classification 485
10.3.3 Training and Testing the Classifier 485
10.3.4 Building the Classifier 485
10.4 Designing the Classifier Algorithm 487
10.4.1 Divided, now Conquer 490
10.4.2 Data Structures 491
10.4.3 File Format 491
10.4.4 The make_training_set Function 492
10.4.5 The make_test_set Function 496
10.4.6 The train_classifier Function 497
10.4.7 train_classifier, Round 2 499
10.4.8 Testing the Classifier on New Data 502
10.4.9 The report_results Function 506
10.5 Running the Classifier on Full Data 508
10.5.1 Training versus Testing 508
10.6 Other Interesting Problems 512
10.6.1 Tag Clouds 512
10.6.2 S&P 500 Predictions 514
10.6.3 Predicting Religion with Flags 517
10.7 GUI to Plot the Stock Market 519
10.7.1 Function Model 519
10.7.2 Controller and View 521
xvi CONTENTS

P A R T 4 C L A S S E S , M A K I N G Y O U R O W N D AT A S T R U C T U R E S
AND ALGORITHMS 527
Chapter 11 Introduction to Classes 529
11.1 QuickStart: Simple Student Class 529
11.2 Object-Oriented Programming 530
11.2.1 Python Is Object-Oriented! 530
11.2.2 Characteristics of OOP 531
11.3 Working with OOP 531
11.3.1 Class and Instance 531
11.4 Working with Classes and Instances 532
11.4.1 Built-In Class and Instance 532
11.4.2 Our First Class 534
11.4.3 Changing Attributes 536
11.4.4 The Special Relationship Between an Instance and
Class: instance-of 537
11.5 Object Methods 540
11.5.1 Using Object Methods 540
11.5.2 Writing Methods 541
11.5.3 The Special Argument self 542
11.5.4 Methods Are the Interface to a Class Instance 544
11.6 Fitting into the Python Class Model 545
11.6.1 Making Programmer-Defined Classes 545
11.6.2 A Student Class 545
11.6.3 Python Standard Methods 546
11.6.4 Now There Are Three: Class Designer, Programmer,
and User 550
11.7 Example: Point Class 551
11.7.1 Construction 553
11.7.2 Distance 553
11.7.3 Summing Two Points 553
11.7.4 Improving the Point Class 554
11.8 Python and OOP 558
11.8.1 Encapsulation 558
11.8.2 Inheritance 559
11.8.3 Polymorphism 559
11.9 Python and Other OOP Languages 559
11.9.1 Public versus Private 559
11.9.2 Indicating Privacy Using Double Underscores (__) 560
 CONTENTS xvii

11.9.3 Python’s Philosophy 561

11.9.4 Modifying an Instance 562
11.10 What’s Wrong with My Code? 562
Chapter 12 More on Classes 571
12.1 More About Class Properties 571
12.1.1 Rational Number (Fraction) Class Example 572
12.2 How Does Python Know? 574
12.2.1 Classes, Types, and Introspection 574
12.2.2 Remember Operator Overloading 577
12.3 Creating Your Own Operator Overloading 577
12.3.1 Mapping Operators to Special Methods 578
12.4 Building the Rational Number Class 581
12.4.1 Making the Class 581
12.4.2 Review Fraction Addition 583
12.4.3 Back to Adding Fractions 586
12.4.4 Equality and Reducing Rationals 590
12.4.5 Divide and Conquer at Work 593
12.5 What Doesn’t Work (Yet) 593
12.5.1 Introspection 594
12.5.2 Repairing int + Rational Errors 596
12.6 Inheritance 598
12.6.1 The “Find the Attribute” Game 599
12.6.2 Using Inheritance 602
12.6.3 Example: The Standard Model 603
12.7 What’s Wrong with My Code? 608
Chapter 13 Program Development with Classes 615
13.1 Predator–Prey Problem 615
13.1.1 The Rules 616
13.1.2 Simulation Using Object-Oriented Programming 617
13.2 Classes 617
13.2.1 Island Class 617
13.2.2 Predator and Prey, Kinds of Animals 619
13.2.3 Predator and Prey Classes 622
13.2.4 Object Diagram 623
13.2.5 Filling the Island 623
13.3 Adding Behavior 626
13.3.1 Refinement: Add Movement 626
13.3.2 Refinement: Time Simulation Loop 629
xviii CONTENTS

13.4 Refinement: Eating, Breeding, and Keeping Time 630

13.4.1 Improved Time Loop 631
13.4.2 Breeding 634
13.4.3 Eating 636
13.4.4 The Tick of the Clock 637
13.5 Refinement: How Many Times to Move? 638
13.6 Visual Vignette: Graphing Population Size 639

PART 5 BEING A BETTER PROGRAMMER 643

Chapter 14 Files and Exceptions II 645
14.1 More Details on Files 645
14.1.1 Other File Access Methods, Reading 647
14.1.2 Other File Access Methods, Writing 649
14.1.3 Universal New Line Format 651
14.1.4 Moving Around in a File 652
14.1.5 Closing a File 654
14.1.6 The with Statement 654
14.1.7 Text File Encodings; Unicode 655
14.2 CSV Files 656
14.2.1 CSV Module 657
14.2.2 CSV Reader 658
14.2.3 CSV Writer 659
14.2.4 Example: Update Some Grades 659
14.3 Module: os 661
14.3.1 Directory (Folder) Structure 662
14.3.2 os Module Functions 663
14.3.3 os Module Example 665
14.4 More on Exceptions 667
14.4.1 Basic Exception Handling 668
14.4.2 A Simple Example 669
14.4.3 Events 671
14.4.4 A Philosophy Concerning Exceptions 672
14.5 Exception: else and finally 673
14.5.1 finally and with 673
14.5.2 Example: Refactoring the Reprompting of a File Name 673
14.6 More on Exceptions 675
14.6.1 Raise 675
14.6.2 Create Your Own 676
14.7 Example: Password Manager 677
 CONTENTS xix

Chapter 15 Recursion: Another Control Mechanism 687

15.1 What Is Recursion? 687
15.2 Mathematics and Rabbits 689
15.3 Let’s Write Our Own: Reversing a String 692
15.4 How Does Recursion Actually Work? 694
15.4.1 Stack Data Structure 695
15.4.2 Stacks and Function Calls 697
15.4.3 A Better Fibonacci 699
15.5 Recursion in Figures 700
15.5.1 Recursive Tree 700
15.5.2 Sierpinski Triangles 702
15.6 Recursion to Non-recursion 703
15.7 GUI for Turtle Drawing 704
15.7.1 Using Turtle Graphics to Draw 704
15.7.2 Function Model 705
15.7.3 Controller and View 706
Chapter 16 Other Fun Stuff with Python 709
16.1 Numbers 709
16.1.1 Fractions 710
16.1.2 Decimal 714
16.1.3 Complex Numbers 718
16.1.4 Statistics Module 720
16.1.5 Random Numbers 722
16.2 Even More on Functions 724
16.2.1 Having a Varying Number of Parameters 725
16.2.2 Iterators and Generators 728
16.2.3 Other Functional Programming Ideas 733
16.2.4 Some Functional Programming Tools 734
16.2.5 Decorators: Functions Calling Functions 736
16.3 Classes 741
16.3.1 Properties 742
16.3.2 Serializing an Instance: pickle 745
16.4 Other Things in Python 748
16.4.1 Data Types 748
16.4.2 Built-in Modules 748
16.4.3 Modules on the Internet 749
Chapter 17 The End, or Perhaps the Beginning 751
xx CONTENTS

APPENDICES 753
Appendix A Getting and Using Python 753
A.1 About Python 753
A.1.1 History 753
A.1.2 Python 3 753
A.1.3 Python Is Free and Portable 754
A.1.4 Installing Anaconda 756
A.1.5 Starting Our Python IDE: Spyder 756
A.1.6 Working with Python 757
A.1.7 Making a Program 760
A.2 The IPython Console 762
A.2.1 Anatomy of an iPython Session 763
A.2.2 Your Top Three iPython Tips 764
A.2.3 Completion and the Tab Key 764
A.2.4 The ? Character 766
A.2.5 More iPython Tips 766
A.3 Some Conventions for This Book 769
A.3.1 Interactive Code 770
A.3.2 Program: Written Code 770
A.3.3 Combined Program and Output 770
A.4 Summary 771
Appendix B Simple Drawing with Turtle Graphics 773
B.0.1 What Is a Turtle? 773
B.0.2 Motion 775
B.0.3 Drawing 775
B.0.4 Color 777
B.0.5 Drawing with Color 779
B.0.6 Other Commands 781
B.1 Tidbits 783
B.1.1 Reset/Close the Turtle Window 783
Appendix C What’s Wrong with My Code? 785
C.1 It’s Your Fault! 785
C.1.1 Kinds of Errors 785
C.1.2 “Bugs” and Debugging 787
C.2 Debugging 789
C.2.1 Testing for Correctness 789
C.2.2 Probes 789
C.2.3 Debugging with Spyder Example 1 789
C.2.4 Debugging Example 1 Using print() 793
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
unembarrassed brow of superior bravery, made a long pause, and
dragged out the words,

'I'll meet thee there!'

in such a manner as to make it appear absolutely ludicrous. He

paused so long before he spoke, that somebody, it was said,
called out from the gallery, 'Why don't you tell the gentleman
whether you will meet him or not?'"
[268] Davis's Miscellanies, ut supra, vol. i., p. 126.
[269] Since this was written, Covent Garden has been converted
into an Italian Opera House, has been a second time burnt, and a
third time rebuilt; the architect being Mr. Barry, a son of Sir
Charles Barry, who designed and erected the New Houses of
Parliament.
[270] Alluding to her performance of Cordelia, &c., with the one,
and of Juliet, Belvidera, &c., with the other.
[271] The Rosciad.
[272] "He (Thomson) left behind him the tragedy of 'Coriolanus,'
which was, by the zeal of his patron, Sir George Lyttleton,
brought upon the stage for the benefit of his family, and
recommended by a prologue, which Quin, who had long lived
with Thomson in fond intimacy, spoke in such a manner as
showed him 'to be,' on that occasion, 'no actor.' The
commencement of this benevolence is very honourable to Quin;
who is reported to have delivered Thomson, then known to him
only for his genius, from an arrest, by a very considerable
present; and its continuance is honourable to both, for friendship
is not always the sequel of obligation." Life, by Dr. Johnson, in
Chalmers's 'Poets,' p. 409.
[273] Alas! now dead. This passage was written before the
departure of our admirable friend.
[274] Scott's 'Dryden,' vol. viii., p. 178.
[275] In the prologue to Etherege's play of the 'Man of Mode.'
Scott's 'Dryden,' vol. x., p. 340.
[276] Manners and Customs of London during the Eighteenth
Century, vol. ii., p. 317.
[277] Cibber's 'Lives of the Poets' vol. iii., p. 252.
[278] Works of Dryden, vol. i., p. 387. Sir Walter thus notices a
letter of Tonson's on the subject of Dryden's contribution to one
of the volumes known under the title of his Miscellanies:—"The
contribution, although ample, was not satisfactory to old Jacob
Tonson, who wrote on the subject a most mercantile
expostulatory letter to Dryden, which is fortunately still preserved,
as a curious specimen of the minutiæ of a literary bargain in the
seventeenth century. Tonson, with reference to Dryden, having
offered a strange bookseller six hundred lines for twenty guineas,
enters into a question in the rule of three, by which he discovers
and proves, that for fifty guineas he has only 1,446 lines, which
he seems to take more unkindly, as he had not counted the lines
until he had paid the money; from all which Jacob infers, that
Dryden ought, out of generosity, at least to throw him in
something to the bargain, especially as he had used him more
kindly in Juvenal, which, saith old Jacob, is not reckoned so easy
to translate as Ovid."—Vol. i., p. 379.
[279] Dryden, vol. i., p. 114.
[280] Dryden, vol. i., p. 203.
[281] Poems on State Affairs, vol. i., p. 99.
[282] Spence's 'Anecdotes,' p. 263.
[283] Spence's 'Anecdotes,' p. 59.
[284] Vol. xv., p. 218.
[285] Spence, p. 263.
[286] Ibid., p. 286.
[287] Boswell, vol. i., p. 373.
[288] Boswell, vol. iii., p. 378.
[289] It is still so called by many of the poorer orders, who are
oftener in the right in their old English than is suspected. Some of
them call it Common Garden, which is a better corruption than its
present one.
[290] Londinium Redivivum, vol. iv., p. 213.
[291] Londinium Redivivum, vol. iv., p. 219.
[292] Memoirs of Mrs. Letitia Pilkington. Dublin, 1748, vol. i., p.
136.
[293] Hazlitt's 'Picture Galleries of England,' p. 80.
[294] The best account we are acquainted with of the various
Beef-steak Clubs has been given us by the good-humoured
author of 'Wine and Walnuts.' His book is an antiquarian fiction,
but not entirely such; and the present account, among others,
may be taken as fact. George Lambert, Rich's scene-painter at
Covent Garden, says he, "being a man of wit, and of repute as an
artist, was frequently visited by persons of note while at his work
in the scene-room. In those days it was customary for men of
fashion to visit the green-room, and to indulge in a morning
lounge behind the curtain of the theatre. Lambert, when
preparing his designs for a pantomine or new spectacle (for which
exhibitions the manager, Rich, was much renowned), would often
take his chop or steak cooked on the German stove, rather than
quit his occupation for the superior accommodation of a
neighbouring tavern. Certain of his visitors, men of taste, struck
with the novelty of the thing perhaps, or tempted by the savoury
dish, took a knife and fork with Lambert, and enjoyed the treat.
Hence the origin of the Beef-steak Club, whose social feasts were
long held in the painting-room of this theatre, which, from its
commencement, has enrolled among its members persons of the
highest rank and fortune, and many eminent professional men
and distinguished wits. The Club subsequently met in an
apartment of the late theatre; then it moved to the Shakspeare
Tavern; thence again to the theatre; until, being burnt out in
1812, the meetings adjourned to the Bedford. At present the
celebrated convives assemble at an apartment at the English
Opera House in the Strand.
"At the same time this social club flourished in England, and
about the year 1749, a Beef-steak Club was established at the
Theatre Royal, Dublin, of which the celebrated Mrs. Margaret
Woffington was president. It was begun by Mr. Sheridan, but on a
very different plan to that in London, no theatrical performer,
save one female, being admitted; and though called a Club, the
manager alone bore all the expenses. The plan was, by making a
list of about fifty or sixty persons, chiefly noblemen and members
of Parliament, who were invited. Usually about half that number
attended, and dined in the manager's apartment in the theatre.
There was no female admitted but this Peg Woffington, so
denominated by all her contemporaries, who was seated in a
great chair at the head of the table, and elected president for the
season.
"'It will readily be believed,' says Mr. Victor, who was joint
proprietor of the house, 'that a club where there were good
accommodations, such a lovely president, full of wit and spirit,
and nothing to pay, must soon grow remarkably fashionable.' It
did so—but we find it subsequently caused the theatre to be
pulled to pieces about the manager's head.
"Mr. Victor says of Mrs. Margaret, 'she possessed captivating
charms as a jovial, witty bottle companion, but few remaining as
a mere female.' We have Dr. Johnson's testimony, however, who
had often gossipped with Mrs. Margaret in the green-room at old
Drury, more in the lady's favour.
"This author (Victor) says, speaking of the Beef-steak Club, 'It
was a club of ancient institution in every theatre; when the
principal performers dined one day in the week together
(generally Saturday), and authors and other geniuses were
admitted members.'
"The club in Ivy Lane, celebrated by Dr. Johnson, was originally a
Beef-steak."
[295] From a paper of Steele's in the 'Spectator,' No. 468.
[296] Memoirs of the Life of Charles Macklin, Esq., &c., by James
Thomas Kirkman, vol. ii., p. 419.
[297] Memoirs of the Life of Charles Macklin, Esq., by James
Thomas Kirkman, vol. ii., p. 416.
[298] A few days after writing this passage, we saw the shrubs
making their appearance.
[299] Literary and Miscellaneous Memoirs, by J. Cradock, Esq.,
M.A., F.S.A., vol. i., p. 117.
[300] Literary and Miscellaneous Memoirs, by J. Cradock, Esq.,
M.A., F.S.A., vol. iv., p. 166.
[301] Literary and Miscellaneous Memoirs, by J. Cradock, Esq.,
M.A., F.S.A., vol. i., p. 143.
[302] Cradock, as above, p. 144.
[303] Love and Madness, a Story too True, in a series of Letters,
&c. 1822, p. 11.
[304] Cradock's Memoirs, vol. iv., p. 166.
[305] Boswell, vol. iii., p. 414.
[306] Cradock's Memoirs, vol. i., p. 146.
[307] Cradock's Memoirs, vol. iv., p. 166.
[308] Account of John Partridge, in the Appendix to the Tatler,
vol. iv., p. 613.
[309] Anecdotes, Manners, and Customs of London during the
Eighteenth Century, vol. i., p. 407.
[310] Tatler, ut supra, vol. iii., p. 397.
[311] Anecdotes, Manners, &c. ut supra, vol. iii., p. 239.
[312] Spence, ut supra, pp. 2, and 49.
[313] Johnson's Life of Prior.
[314] Arbuthnot was a lover of the table, and is understood to
have embittered his end by it; a charge which has been brought
against Pope. Perhaps there is not one that might be brought
with more safety against ninety men out of a hundred.
[315] Journey to the Next World.
[316] The house was probably on the site now occupied by the
south-east corner of New Coventry Street.
[317] For masterly criticisms on Hogarth, see the "Works of
Charles Lamb," vol. ii., p. 88, and the "Picture Galleries of
England," p. 181.
[318] Pennant, p. 120.
[319] Page 143.
[320] Pennant, p. 112. He quotes Archenholz's Tableau
d'Angleterre, 183.
[321] State Trials, ut supra, vol. v., p. 1236.
[322] Id. pp. 1284, 1286.
[323] State Trials, vol. v., p. 1282.
[324] Scott's Edition of "Dryden," vol. ix., p. 270.
[325] See the life of him by his retainer Fairfax, and the account
of him on his deathbed in the "Collection of Letters of several
Persons of Quality and others."
[326] MSS. Birch, 4221, quoted in the Notes of the Tatler, ut
supra, vol. i., p. 208.
[327] Life of Prior in the "Lives of the Poets."
[328] New Monthly Magazine, vol. xvii., p. 140.
[329] Memoirs of the Life and Writings of De Foe, 1829, vol. ii., p.
116.
[330] Pennant, p. 110.
[331] Extracted from Salisbury's Flying Post, of October 27, 1696,
in Malcolm's Manners and Customs of London to the year 1700,
vol. i., p. 396.
[332] See State Trials, ut supra, "Egerton's Memoirs of Mrs.
Oldfield;" "Swift's Great and Mean Figures," vol. xvii., 1765; and
the "History of Orlando the Fair, in the Tatler," as above, Nos. 50
and 51. "The author of Memoirs of Fielding in the Select Trials,"
says a note on the latter number, "admits, that for all the
ludicrous air and pleasantry of this narration (Steele's), the truth
of facts and character is in general fairly represented."
[333] Discourses delivered at the Royal Academy. Sharpe's
Edition, vol. ii., pp. 113, 115.
[334] Life of Lord Herbert of Cherbury, in the "Autobiography," p.
79.
[335] Chambers, short guns, or cannon, standing upon their
breaching without carriages, chiefly used for festive occasions;
and having their name most probably from being little more than
chambers for powder. It was by the discharge of these chambers
in the play of Henry VIIIth. that the Globe Theatre was burnt in
1613. Shakspeare followed pretty closely the narrative of
Cavendish.—Singer.
[336] Mumchance appears to have been a game played with dice,
at which silence was to be observed.—Singer.
[337] Probably a handsomer figure than the King. This (though
not the subtlest imaginable) would be likely to be among Wolsey's
court-tricks, and modes of gaining favour.
[338] This "dashed out" is in the best style of bluff King Hal, and
capitally well said by Cavendish.
[339] Lingard, vol. iv., p. 246. (Quarto Edit.)
[340] Vol. iii., p. 862, Edit. 1808.
[341] Folio edit
[342] Ut supra, p. 347. Henry had been afflicted with this ulcer a
long while. He was in danger from it during his marriage with
Anne Bullen. It should be allowed him among his excuses of
temperament; but then it should also have made him more
considerate towards his wives. It never enters the heads,
however, of such people that their faults or infirmities are to go
for anything, except to make others considerate for them, and
warrant whatever humours they choose to indulge.
[343] Nicholls's "Progresses and Public Processions of Queen
Elizabeth," year 1595, pp. 4-8. "He will ever bear in his heart the
picture of her beauty." "He now looks on his mistress's outside
with the eyes of sense, which are dazzled and amased."
[344] See the poems in Anderson's Edition, vol. ii., p. 706.
[345] From an article in the second volume of that elegant and
interesting publication, the "Retrospective Review;" the
discontinuance of which, some years back, was regretted by
every lover of literature.
[346] Biographical History of England. Vol. ii., p. 7. Fifth Edition.
[347] Nugæ Antiquæ, Ed. 1804, vol i., p. 348, et seq. (Quoted in
a note to Peyton's "Catastrophe of the Stuarts," in "Secret History
of the Court of James I." Vol. ii., p. 387.)
[348] Harris, vol. i., p. 17.
[349] Harris, vol. i., p. 79.
[350] See the Poem of "Gotham" in Churchill's works.
[351] Secret History, &c., as above, vol. ii., p. 1.
[352] Jesse's Memoirs of the Court of England during the Reign of
the Stuarts, vol. ii., p. 91.
[353] Ibid., p. 94.
[354] Jesse, vol. ii., p. 79.
[355] Boulogne.
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