Chapter wise IT notes

Unit 1: Introduction to IT-ITes Industry

Ques 1. What do you understand by the term IT and ITeS?
Ans: Information Technology (IT) means creating, managing, storing and
exchanging information. IT includes all types of technology used to deal with
information, such as computer hardware and software technology used for
creating, storing, and transferring information.
Information Technology that enables the business by improving the quality of
service is Information Technology enabled Services (ITeS). ITeS is also called
web-enabled services.

Que 3. What precautions are required to ensure that ICT use is safe?
Ans: 1. Install protective software.
2. Back up on a regular basis.
3.Choose strong passwords.
4.Be Careful What You Download.
5. Do not click on any unknown link.

Que 4. What are the four main sub-sectors in the IT-BPM industry?
Ans: 1. IT Services.
2. Business Process Management.
3. Software Products.
4. Engineering Research and Development.

Que 5. Give examples of use of IT in everyday life.

Ans: In our daily life, we use washing machines, microwave oven and many
other products using which have embedded software. We can store all the
information about our important work, appointments schedules and list of
contacts in a computer.

Que 6.How is IT used in libraries?

Ans: Nowadays many libraries are computerized. Each book has a barcode
associated with it. This makes it easier for the library to a keep track of books
and the availability of a specific book. Computer software is used to issue and
return the book.
Que 7. What are the various processes of education where IT is used?
Ans: Computers and Information Technology are extensively used in education
for teaching-learning and assessment.
There are different processes of education where IT is used:
(a) ICT in the classroom:
• e-learning classrooms; • smart-board presentations; • videos on
experiments; • creation of images and video;
(b) Education — anywhere anytime
Any student in India can access the NCERT book online through the website
www.epathshala.nic.in or mobile app.
(c) Teaching aids and media:
• use pictures, animations and audio-visuals to explain subjects that are
difficult to explain. • make the lessons interesting using presentations.
(d) Learning Management System (LMS)
• learn lessons anytime and anywhere. • submit queries, getting replies and
submit comments through forums.

Que 8. Which software are used in digital communication?

Ans: We use computers for email, chatting and video conferencing which
means Digital communication. The software used are Skype, WhatsApp, Gmail,
Facebook, Instagram etc.

Que 9.For what purpose is IT used in business?

Ans: Computers are used in business organizations for payroll calculation,
budgeting, sales analysis, financial forecasting, managing and maintaining
stocks. A lot of business transactions happen through Internet called e-
commerce.

Que. 10 Which are the prominent areas where IT is used in science and
engineering?
Ans: Scientists and engineers use computers for performing complex scientific
calculations, Computer Aided Design (CAD) or Computer Aided Manufacturing
(CAM) applications are used for drawing, designing and for simulating and
testing the designs. Computers are used for storing large amount of data,
performing complex calculations and for visualizing 3D objects.
Que. 11 List the various uses of IT in a banking system?
Ans: Computer is an essential part of the modern banking system. The
customer’s data and transactions are recorded by computers. Recurring
deposits (e-RD), Fixed deposits (e-FD), money transfer from one account to
another (NEFT, RTGS), online transactions are done using Internet.

Que. 12 Which are the different areas of healthcare where IT is used? And
how?
Ans: ICT is used in the health sector in numerous ways. Hospital Management
System is used to maintain and manage patients’ records as well as various
activities pertaining to hospital administration. Using expert system, diseases
can be diagnosed at the early stages and the patients can be given treatment
accordingly. Some of these machines are:
(i) Computerized Axial Tomography Machine (CAT)
(ii) MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging Machine)
(iii) Electrocardiogram (ECG) Machine
(iv) Cardiac Screening Machine
(v) EEG (Electro – encephalography) Machine
(vi) Blood Sugar Testing Machine

Que. 13 List any 5 websites of the Indian government which provide IT enabled
services to the people.
Ans: a) www.uidai.gov.in b) www.india.gov.in
c) www.incometaxindia.gov.in d) www.upsc.gov.in
e) www.rbi.org.in

14. What precautions are required to ensure that ICT use is safe?
Ans-Precautions required to use safe ICT are:
1. Install protective software.
2. Choose strong passwords.
3. Back up on a regular basis.
4. Control access to your machine.
5. Use email and the internet safely.
6. Protect sensitive data.
7. Make Online Purchases from Secure Sites.
8. Be Careful What You Post.
9. Be Careful Who You Meet Online.
10. Be Careful What You Download.

15. What are the pros and cons of using ICT?

Ans- Pros of Using ICT are:
1. Easy and quick communication
2. Anywhere anytime easy access to information
3. Improved housing and lifestyle
4. Increased the productivity and efficiency of every industry in the world.
5. Convenience in travelling and education
6. Encourages innovation and creativity
7. Creation of new jobs -ICT has created new and interesting jobs.
Cons of using technology are:
1. Privacy: Your information on phone or emails can be hacked,
2. Cybercrime: Crimes like cyber bullying, phishing, identity theft, cyberstalking
etc.
3. Reliability of Information – Any information on internet is not reliable.
4. Computer viruses, worms, Trojans, malware, spam can cause chaos and
disrupt our daily lives.

16. What are the four main sub-sectors in the IT-BPM industry?
Ans-Four main sub sectors are:
1. IT Services
2. Business Process Management
3. Software Products
4. Engineering Research and Development

Unit 2: - Data Entry and Keyboarding Skills

1. What is a touch typist?

Answer – A touch typist is someone who types without looking at the keyboard.
Muscle memory helps the user remember where the keys are available. Touch typists
position their fingers in the center of the row and know which finger to move and
how much to move it in order to reach any key.

2. Discuss the various types of keys available on a computer keyboard.

Answer – The various types of keys available on a keyboard are –
a. Alphanumeric keys – The entire alphabet (A-Z) as well as numerals (0-9) are
available on the keyboard.
b. Punctuation keys – All of the punctuation keys, such as the comma (,), period (. ),
semicolon (;), brackets ([]), and parenthesis ( ) and so on.
c. Alt Key – The Alt key stands for Alternate key, functions similarly to a second
control key.
d. Arrow keys – The cursor can be moved up (), down (), right (), or left () with the
four arrow keys.
e. Shift or Alt keys – To move the cursor in multiple positions at the same time.
f. Backspace key – Deletes the character just to the left of the cursor and moves the
cursor to that position.
g. Caps Lock key – It’s a toggle key that changes all alphabetic characters to
uppercase when pressed.
h. Ctrl key – The control key is used in conjunction with other keys to produce
control characters.
i. Delete key – The Del key deletes the character or chosen item at the current cursor
position, but it does not move the pointer.
j. Enter key or Return key – It’s used to type commands or move the pointer to the
next line’s beginning.
k. Esc key – To send special codes to devices and exit (or escape) from applications
and tasks, press the Escape key.
l. Function keys – F1 through F12 are special keys. Depending on whatever software
is running, these keys have distinct meanings.

3. What is numeric Keypad?

Answer – When entering large amounts of numeric data, a numeric keypad is used.
This keypad functions similarly to a calculator. It is usually found on the right side of
the computer keyboard.

4. Differentiate between Home Keys and Guide Keys.

Answer –
Home Key – Home keys for the left hand are ASDF, and home keys for the right hand
are (semi-colon) LKJ.
Guide Key – The keys ‘F’ and ‘J’ on a computer keyboard are known as left and right
hand guide keys, respectively.
5. What do you understand by Guide Keys? Name the Guide keys.
(a) computer keyboard
(b) typewriter
Answer – Guide keys are those keys that aid in the placing of fingertips on the Home
keys.
a) Computer Keyboard – The keys ‘F’ and ‘J’ on a computer keyboard are known as
left and right hand guide keys, respectively.
b) Typewriter – The two keys ‘a’ and ‘(semi-colon) ;’ on a typewriter are known as
guide keys, and they are depressed with the left and right hand little fingers,
respectively.
6. Explain the role of typing ergonomics.
Answer – The logistic support for efficient and effective typewriting is provided by
typing ergonomics. It is critical to achieve and maintain precision and speed.
The elements that are considered are listed below.
a. Sitting posture – Sit upright and slightly bend your neck forward while using the
computer keyboard.
b. Position of hands – Place your hands down and your forearms at a level with the
keyboard.
c. Monitor placement – While working on the monitor, avoid bending your neck and
keep the screen’s upper border at eye level.
d. Mouse and Keyboard placement – Keep the keyboard and mouse at about a 20-
centimeter spacing apart to provide smooth and effortless keyboard use.
e. Chair and table placement – Adjust the height of your computer chair and table to
your liking.
f. Placement of matter to be typed – Place the content to be typed on the left or right
side of the keyboard, preferably on a slanted Copy Holder.

7. Why the use of various typing software is common now-a-days?

Answer – There is a lot of free software available that is tailored to help you learn
typing quickly and successfully. Benefit of typing software is we can learn typing
easily in the home, for jobs prospective also typing software will help you.
8. Mention the finger allocation of keys of the Bottom Row of computer keyboard.
Answer – Mastering typewriting skills entails gaining the essential knowledge and
expertise of keyboard operation through proper finger positioning. Place four of
each hand’s fingers on the Home Keys. The forefingers (Index Finger) of the left and
right hands control the last two keys on the second row, ‘g’ and ‘h.’

9. Give some successful keyboarding tips?

Answer – For good keyboarding techniques, keep the following elements in mind.
 Use a light touch and avoid putting too much pressure on the keys.
 When typing, keep your fingertips on the Home row.
 Allow your fingertips to naturally fall on the keys, resting on top of the next
key in the same horizontal row.
 As soon as you press a key, release it as soon as possible. Holding the key
down over an extended period of time causes the same character to be typed
repeatedly.
 When practising, don’t look at the keyboard.
 Press the keys in a rhythmic pattern with equal intervals of time.
 Only use the fingers that have been assigned to the keys.
 Pronounce the character on the key slowly while pressing it.
 Don’t put yourself under any mental strain when typing.
 Comfortable typing ergonomics
 Be patient if you make a mistake at the beginning.
  Strike a balance between speed and accuracy, as they are both critical. Don’t
let speed get in the way of accuracy.
 To master the computer keyboard, practice typing words, sentences, passages,
and figures without looking at the keyboard on a regular basis.

10. What are the color indication in a typing tutor software?

Answer – The following is the colour code –
 Green letters indicate right inputs.
 Yellow letters denote right inputs that are longer than the permissible
timeframe.
 Wrong inputs within the permissible timeframe are indicated by red letters.
Orange letters denote incorrect inputs that also exceed the permitted timeframe
(worst case scenario).
Unit 3- Digital Documentation
1. What are the features of Word Processor?
Answer – The following are some of the features offered by major word processors.
a. Select and move text from one place in the document to another
b. Copy the text to other places inside the document
c. Move or copy a selected text from one document to any other document
d. Change the font size and style of the document’s text
e. Format paragraphs and pages
f. Check spelling and grammar
g. Create a table and change the size of chosen rows, columns, or cells
h. Combine one or more documents
i. Print the specified text or selected pages of the document
j. Insert photos or graphs into the document

2. In a document all the occurrences of word “this” have to be changed to “these”.

Which option is suitable for this and what is the shortcut command used for it?
Answer – To replace a text in a digital documentation, the user can use the find and
replace function. Ctrl + H or Function Key F5 is the shortcut key of find and replace.

3. Which two documents are essential for mail merge?

Answer – The following two documents are required for Mail Merge.
1) Data Source – This is usually a list of names, phone numbers, and addresses to
merge. This is the structured representation of the bulk data. This might be in the
form of an excel spreadsheet.
2) Main Document – This is the template or main document. This template
placeholder contains or embed the data from the data source.
4. Explain the concept of Word Processing.
Answer – A word processor is computer software that allows you to type and work
with text.
a. It’s a program that allows you to write and view documents.
b. It is a piece of software or hardware that allows you to create, edit, and print
documents.
c. You can type text in it, save it electronically, display it on a screen, or edit it by
entering commands and characters before printing it
d. When compared to other computer applications, word processing is the most
frequent.
e. The majority of word processors are now used as cloud services.

5. List the various software available for word processing.

Answer – The various word processing software are –
• Microsoft Word
• WordPad
• Lotus Word Pro
• Open Office Writer
• LibreOffice Writer
• Apple Work (Mac computers only)
• Word Perfect (Windows computer only)
• Google Doc

• 6. Write difference between a text editor and a word processor software. Write the
name of any text editor or word processor available in market.
•Answer – A word processor is a kind of text editor with greater features. The main
purpose of a text editor is to write and modify text. Word processors provide a
different type of faculty like copy, cut, paste, undo, and redo.
• A word processor allows you to modify text as well as do additional functions like
text formatting, Inserting images, headers and footers, table, list etc.
• The common word processor available in the market are –
a. Microsoft Word
b. Digital Document
c. WordPad

7. List the various components of LibreOffice suite. Explain each component in one
line.
Answer – Libre office suite includes the following components:
• Writer (Word processor): This program is used to write letters, books, blogs, and
reports.
• a. Calc (Spreadsheet) – is a program that is used to perform mathematical
calculations.
• b. Impress (Presentation) – it allows you to use multimedia. It has a drawing tool as
well as special effect animation.
• c. Draw (vector graphics) – is a vector drawing tool that can create anything from a
simple diagram or flowchart to a complex diagram or flowchart.
• d. Base (Database) – It allows us to change forms, reports, and queries, as well as
establish a relationship.
• e. Math (formula editor) – It can produce complex equations as well as characters .

8. Compare the features of manual typewriter, electronic typewriter and word

processing software.
Manual Typewriter –
• Modification not possible
• Text cannot cut, copy or paste in document
• You are not allowed to create multiple copies
• Spell checking or grammar function is not available
• Cannot save the file
Electronic Typewriter –
• Modification possible
• You are allowed to create multiple copies
• Spell checking or grammar function is not available
• You can save the file
Word processing –
• Modification possible
• You are allowed to create multiple copies
• Spell checking or grammar function is available
• You can save the file

9. Explain the different views to display a document.

Answer –
a. Print layout – This view shows a document on the screen in the same format as it
will appear when printed. Margins, page breaks, headers and footers, and
watermarks are all visible.
b. Full Screen – This view shows as much of the document’s content as the screen will
allow at a size that is pleasant to read. The Ribbon is replaced by a single toolbar at
the top of the screen with buttons for saving and printing the document, accessing
references and other tools, highlighting text, and making comments in this mode.
You can also change the view by moving from page to page.

10. What are the various methods for selecting the text in a document? Give the
steps to select a paragraph.
Answer – The following ways can be used to select a text, line, or paragraph in a
document:
a. Shortcut key – Click anywhere in the document and press Ctrl + A to select all of
the text.
b. Click and drag – Clicking and dragging the mouse in any direction is the most
popular approach to selecting text in a document.
c. Double Click – You can also choose a single word or line by double-clicking on it.
d. Shift + Arrow – Hold down the [Shift] key while pressing the right and left arrow
keys, as well as the up and down arrow keys, to movenone character or one line at a
time.
e. Triple Click – You can select a paragraph using triple-click in LibreOffice.

11. What are the special characters? How can you insert them in a document?
Answer – Many time we required to use a special characters in LibreOffice for
example #, @, *, _, €,,, £ . The keyboard has a limited space for keys and symbols.
Most signs and symbols you can insert in document using the following methods.
Step 1 – Create a new document
Step 2 – Select the special character option from the Insert menu
Step 3 – Insert the special character in the document using click option

12. How will you count the total words of a document?

Answer – When you type a word in a document, LibreOffice Writer counts the
number of pages and words for you. The page number and text are displayed in the
document’s status bar.

13. What are the various menu of Writer GUI?

Answer – File, Edit, View, and Insert are the most frequent GUI menus. The menus are
set up in such a way that the commands that are related are grouped together. E.g.
Open, saving, and closing, will always be available from the file menu.
14. What is the default extension assigned to the document in Writer when you save
it? Write down the steps to save the document to Microsoft Word document?
Answer – Documents can be opened, created, and saved. All common file types are
well-supported by Writer. Writer utilizes the ODF format, which has the file extension
.odt, by default. You can save the document in Microsoft Word using following steps
–
Step 1 – Click on file
Step 2 – Open Save dialog box
Step 3 – Write a file name
Step 4 – Click on Save

15. What is the importance of password in the document? How will you protect the
document using password in Writer?
Answer – The password is essential for effective authorization in the document. By
offering security to the users, we can safeguard the document using a password.
Only authorized users can use the password option to access their documents. We
can protect our sensitive documents with the aid of passwords. We can protect any
document with the help of password using a variety of technologies. The password
ensures that data is kept safe. To avoid being hacked.

16. What is mail merge? Write down the steps to create mailing labels to paste on
wedding cards.
Answer – LibreOffice provides Mail merge facilities to the users, that allows you to
combine mail and letters for mass mailings from a single email address. It is a
function of word processing that allows fixed content to be sent to several users at
the same time.
The steps for inserting Mail Merge is –
Step 1 – Go to the mailings tab and select the start mail merge option.
Step 2 – Select the step-by-step mail merging wizard from the drop- down menu.
Step 3 – Select the type of documentation and then click Next.
Step 4 – Select Recipients from the drop-down menu.
Step 5 – Choose Type a New List from the drop-down menu and click Create.
Step 6 – Create a custom field and write the letter. To add an address, click the
address block.
Step 7 – Select Greeting line from the Enter menu.

17. What are the advantages of table?

Answer – The most significant advantage of including a table is that it provides a
visual grouping of data.
The advantages of table is –
It is a set of data that is consistent and uniform. An easy method for formatting in a
professional manner. It is possible to add data to it in the form of rows and columns.
Easily you can update the data in a tabular format.

Employbility Skills
Unit 1: Communication Skills
What is communication?
Sharing of information from one person to other by speaking, writing, signals or by
any other means is called communication.
Communication Process (Cycle) or Elements of Communication

• Sender: the person who is starting the communication

• Message: the information that the sender wants to send

• Encoding: The way the sender wants the message to be looked like.

• Channel: From which medium the message travels.

• Receiver: the person who receives the message

• Decoding: What the receiver understands

• Feedback: the receiver's response to the message.

Perspectives in communication

Perspectives are fixed ideas and thoughts regarding something. For Example, you
have fixed the thought that your school principal is very strict so you will not be able
to talk to him friendly. You always think that he is very strict.

Factors affecting perspectives in communication

Here are some factors which affect perspectives.

Language: The language is used in communication

Visual Perception: how the person looks

Past Experience: Your past experience which him

Prejudice: some fixed idea about the person

Feelings: How are you feeling at that time

Environment: the environmental condition during communication

Personal factors: Personally how are you attached to him

Culture: Your culture and his culture are also a factor

Effective Communication.

The communication in which the receiver gets the best possible message that the
sender wants to convey. In other words, if the receiver gets the appropriate message
that the sender wants to convey is called effective communication.

7C's of Effective Communication

Session 2: Verbal Communication

Communication Styles/Methods

There are four main categories or communication styles including verbal, non-verbal,
written and visual

Verbal Communication

In Verbal Communication words are used to communicate. This is the most common
type of communication. As in this type, words are used so it is very important to use
appropriate word otherwise it will cause confusion
Advantages of verbal communication

It is very easy and quick as you can exchange ideas by saying words.

Disadvantages of verbal communication

Since it depends on words then it is very important to use correct words so that
other person can understand easily.

Written Communication
It is an act of communicating through written words. Just like when you send
messages by written mode or the information written in newspaper, books etc.

Advantages of written communication

-It is a permanent record

-It can be circulated easily

-Suitable for future references

Disadvantages of written communication

-It takes time to write documents

-Once written it is difficult to change

-It requires good knowledge of language and grammar

-Receiver can interpret it in the wrong way

Public speaking

Speaking in front of a large number of people is called public speaking. It is very

difficult for any person to speak in from of many audiences. So 3ps of Public
speaking gives an idea to improve this skill.

3Ps of Public Speaking

Prepare: First of all be prepared for what you are going to speak.

Practice: Practice in front of a mirror helps to overcome the fear of the audience.

Perform: Then perform in form of people. Take a long breath. This will help you
when you are nervous.

Session 3: Non-Verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication is the way of expressing ourselves without using words.

We can send many messages without using words, for example, can send a message
through expression, eye contact, touch etc. More examples are given below

Importance of non-verbal communication

In our daily life, we see that most of the communication is non-verbal. Many time we
express ourself just by using our eye contact or by hand movements. So we can say
that non-verbal communication is very important in our life.
 Visual communication

This is also a very important type of communication. Sending a message through

images is very popular as you can see many advertisements on the roadside and
signboards all these contain much information but in form of images. It is not
bounded to any language anyone can understand what is being expressed in the
image.

Session 4: Writing Skills: Parts of Speech

From these sessions, you are going to study those topics which comes in the English
language. All these topics are not relevant to the Employability skills Class 9
examination. So we will discuss only some important concepts.

There are 8 Parts of Speach

Noun: Words for people, place and things

Pronoun: Words used in place of Noun

Adjective: Word used to describe Noun or Pronoun.

Verb: Doing words

Adverb: Words used to describe Verb. Ex-fast, Slow

Preposition: Used before Noun or Pronoun to show its position. Ex- on, in, at

Conjunction: Used to join words or group of words. Ex- Beacause, and

Interjection: It shows Emotion. Ex- Alas, Hurrah

Session 5: Writing Skills: Sentences

Types of sentences

Active and passive sentences. Example:

 Rahul plays cricket.

 Cricket is played by Rahul.

Session 6: Pronunciation Basics

Correct pronunciation of words is very important to communicate well. Listen to

correct speeches and practising more and more you can achieve good pronunciation
of words.
Different Sounds in English

Vowels: There are 5 vowels in the English language like a, e, i, o, u

Consonants: A total of 21 Consonants are there.

Diphthongs: Combination of two vowel sounds like ou, ea

Session 7: Greetings and Introductions

Types of greetings

Formal greetings: It is used when you don't know the person or to greet elderly
people.

Informal greetings: It is used to greet friends, family or a person known to you.

Session 8: Talking about Self

Talking about yourself means introducing yourself. While introducing yourself keep it
concise and tell some basic things like name, age, address, likes, dislikes.

Unit 2 - Self Management skills

Session 1: Introduction to Self-management

Self Management

It is a way of understanding yourself, your interest, abilities and how to keep a

positive attitude in difficult situations.

Benefits of Self Management skills

• It helps to develop good habits

• Also helps in overcoming bad habits

• Gives motivation to achieve goals in life

• Helps in overcoming in difficult situations

How to manage yourself?

Self Management Skills includes:

Self-awareness- Know about yourself

Self-control- Ability to control your behaviour

Self-confidence- Be confident you can achieve anything

Problem-solving- Try to find the solution to problems in your life

Self-motivation- Keep your self-motivation high

Personal Hygiene- Keep yourself clean, smart and healthy

Positive Thinking- Think Everything will be fine

Team Work- Support your team members in the work

Time Management- Complete task on time

Goal Setting- Make a goal. what do you want to achieve?

Session 2: Strength and Weakness Analysis

Strength and weakness are two mains things once you learn about it in your life
then life becomes easy. Try to find out what are you good at and what is your
weakness. this session will help you to understand all these concepts.

Knowing Yourself

It means knowing about yourself truly. There are many things hidden by yourself in
front of others and only you can know about yourself. This will help you to live a
happy life. Try to find out who you are, your likes-dislikes and many other things.

Strength and weakness analysis

Strength: The fields in which you are good.

Weakness: The areas in which you are not good and needs improvement.

How to identify strengths?

• Check what you can do very well

• Think of things in which your performance is always good

• Try to find out in what works you are appreciated

Identifying weaknesses

• Find out the areas in which you are not good and having difficulties doing that task

• Analyse the feedback you receive from others

• Accept your weakness and try to improve

Difference between interests and abilities

Most of the times it is mixed that interest and ability both are same. Interest is
something different.

Interest:

• Things which you like to do in your free times and which makes you feel happy

• These are the things which you do even no one asked you to do it

• The things which you want to learn in future

Ability:

• It is a natural capacity or acquired capacity that forces a person to do a particular

thing.

• We see that sometimes interest and ability match and sometimes not.

• For example- You like to play football but you don't have the skill or the required
strength to play it

Session 3: Self-confidence

Self Confidence

Self-confidence is a sense of trusting in ourselves, trusting in our own ability and

strengths. If a person lacks self-confidence he cannot achieve his goals. self-
confidence is very necessary to achieve your target. It motivates you to do things in a
good manner. It is a quality of believing in our strength and have feelings that we
can do anything.

Qualities of self-confident people

Self believe: They believe that they can do anything

Hard Work: They are hard-working people

Positive Attitude: They have a positive attitude towards a situation

Commitment: What to achieve in life is clear in them

How to Build Self Confidence?

Step 1: First of all appreciate your achievements. What you get in your life enjoy it
and accept the failure. Don't be demotivated by your failure

Step 2: Make sure you make a goal and start your preparation for that. take
necessary steps to achieve the goal

Step 3: Try to look at the good side. All things have good and bad side try to see the
good part in it and be happy.

Some factors which decrease self-confidence

• Negative thinking that I cannot do that thing

• When you only think about that mistakes made in past and don't learn from the
mistakes

• Sometimes we think that success comes in the first attempt and never try again

• Be in a negative environment where people demotivates you and make you feel
that you cannot do it

Session 4: Positive Thinking

Positive thinking and its importance

A person's attitude is very important to complete any task. A person can have a
'positive' or 'negative' attitude in various circumstances. A positive attitude leads to
giving good result. Positive thinking people look at good things and tries to improve
them whereas negative thinking people see negative aspects of it and only worries
about it without trying to improve it.

Positive thinking leads to good results like

• It helps to overcome challenges

• Gives you the energy to do well

• It helps to get better results at work

• Creates a happy environment around you

How to keep your thinking positive?
• Start your day in a positive way by prayer to god or by doing something which
makes you happy

• Manage some time to relax yourself

• Try to find good things even if you are in a bad situation

• Take feedback in a positive way

• Be thankful for good things that you have

Session 5: Personal Hygiene

Personal Hygiene is the thing that should not be ignored. It is a habit to keep
yourself clean. it helps to maintain good health. You should keep your body clean to
avoid health issues.

Why personal Hygiene is Important?

• It helps you to be healthy

• Represents a good image of yourself

• It also avoids the feeling ashamed due to bad body smelling etc

Three steps to personal hygiene

Care: Take care of your body. Cut your nails in every week

Wash: Wash your hands frequently and take bath daily

Avoid: Avoid dirty clothes

Session 6: Grooming

The dressing is the thing which all of us do. Wearing a neat and clean dress gives us
confidence. The way a person dress and groom gives a message about his
confidence and smartness.

Why dressing and grooming are important?

• First of all, you look smart

• Feel confident about yourself

• It makes a good impression of yourself among others

Guidelines for dressing and grooming

Clothes: Your clothes should be neat and clean. Shoes should be polished

Hair: Hair should be washed regularly and keep a simple style

Face: Teeth should be clean. If you have a moustache and beards keep a style that
suits on your face

Unit 3: ICT Skills

Session 1: Introduction to ICT

To store Data we use many methods like writing on paper, recording or we can type
the content in digital format. All these are used to store data. Some data are stored
in digital format in mobiles, computers or any other digital devices, these devices are
called ICT(information and communication technology) devices. In this section, we
will read about the functioning of some devices which we use in daily life.

ICT at Workplace

ICT is a very important part of the workplace. Almost all the sectors of the economy
use ICT to store information and for the transaction of money. Nowadays all the
information is being digitalised as it is very easy to send to many people in a very
little time.
At the workplace, we use different programs to complete our tasks like in banking we
use ICT for maintaining records of people and for the transaction of money. In the
same manner, we use computers for editing videos, booking tickets, animating,
recording, storing data etc.

ICT at Home

ICT has also become a part of our home appliances. These days Television is very
common in every house for entertainment and Mobile for calling. Now mobile is also
used for online classes. Smartphones with internet connections are very helpful to
stay connected with our friends, family through Facebook, Instagram etc.

Here are some examples of ICT uses in different sectors

Agriculture: Activities related to research and development
Beauty and Wellness: Use for Training programmes
Banking and Finance: Storing data and for the secure transaction of money
Health Care: Research and development of health facilities
Session 2: ICT Tools: Smartphones and Tablets - I

Smartphone: Once the mobile phone was only used for talking but nowadays
smartphones came into existence. With smartphones we can purchase things online,
we can play games, watch movies, make a video call, book a ticket and many more
things. Android, IOS and Windows are some common operating systems of
smartphones.

Tablet: Tablet is also like a smartphone. It has a wider screen. Some activities like
reading and watching movies need a wider screen so we use tablets. It can do almost
all the things that a computer does.

TV and Radio: TV and Radio are used as ICT tools for a long time. Radio is used to
broadcast only sound. TV is used to broadcast both sound and video. It is the easiest
way to reach a large number of people at a time.

Applications or apps: Apps are just like a program on the computer. different apps
have different functions. Some apps are already present on phones or tablets. There
are many apps present in an online stores like google play store and Apple App
Store. We can purchase or download it free of cost.

Session 3: ICT Tools: Smartphones and Tablets — II

Mobile device layout

Power Button: used to start and shut down

Screen: on which we perform functions
Back Button: used to back screen
Microphone: Used while talking
Menu Button: Used to show options
Home Button: It brings back the home screen
Earpiece: used to listen to the voice on calls
Volume Button: Used to increase or decrease sound

Basic features of a mobile device

Bluetooth: Short-range wireless connectivity

Rechargeable Battery: To powerup device
WiFi: To connect local area network or internet
Cellular Network: Provides network to Call, send messages and connect with
internet
GPS: to provide location services

Home Screen of a Mobile Device

Top: It s a status bar that displays icons of the network, wifi, battery level etc.
Middle: the main part of the screen on which we do all tasks.
Bottom: It has a back, recent and home button
Basic Gesture use
Tap: to select
Tap and hold: It acts like right-click on the mouse which shows options
Pinch: to Zoom in or out
Double-tap: to Zoom

Session 4: Parts of a Computer and Peripherals

Input Device: Device through which we input data in a computer. Like- Mouse,
Keyboard

Keyboard

Types of keys on Keyboard

1. Function keys: Keys from F1 to F12 which performs special functions
2. Control Keys: Ctrl, Alt, Tab, Shift are control keys
3. Enter Key: to enter the data
4. Navigation Key: The four arrow keys(Up, Down, Left, Right) are navigation keys
5. Command Keys: Delete and backspace are command keys.
6. Windows Keys: It opens the start menu

Pointing Devices:

Mouse: It allows to control the pointer of the mouse on the screen and select icons.
Joystick: It is commonly used for video games
Light pen: used to make graphic designs
Graphic Tablet: It allows you to write on the screen.
Touchscreen: To send touch signals to a computer
Trackball: It is just like a mouse but used for special purpose
Scanner: It scans the document and converts it into digital form
MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Reader used to read Cheques in Banks.
OCR: Optical Character Reader to convert books and prints to electronic form
OMR: Optical Mark Reader used to detect marks on paper of MCQ type exams
Barcode Reader: It is used to read barcodes on different things like books, food
packets etc
Microphone (Mic): To Input audio
Web Camera: to input Video
Biometric Sensor: To input Fingerprints
Smart Card Reader: It reads Credit and Debit Cards
Output Devices

Output Devices are used to get the output of the task done on the computer. First of
All, we input some data and then it goes into processing after all we get the final
result.
We get output from these devices: Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Speaker, Headphone,
Projector, Speach Synthesizer

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

It is the part of the computer which carries out all the tasks. It mainly processes the
input data and gives the output data.
ALU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit carries out all logical and arithmetic tasks like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, <,>,= etc.
Control Unit (CU): It mainly coordinates with input and output devices.

Motherboard
A motherboard also referred to as a system board, is the main circuit board inside a
computer. It connects input, processing and output devices.

Computer Memory

It is a storage area where all the data is stored.

Primary Memory
RAM: Random Access Memory is an internal memory that is volatile means no data
is saved in RAM. Only tasks are carried out in this memory.

ROM: Read Only Memory stores all the data. It is non Volatile that means once data
is saved it remains there until you delete it.

Secondary Memory
It is an external device to store data. Example: Pendrives, CDs, External Hard Disk
Drive, Memory Card etc.
Key Concepts
• 8 bits make a byte
• 1024 bytes make a kilobyte(KB).
• 1024 KB make 1 megabyte (MB)
• 1024 megabyte make 1 gigabyte (GB)
• 1024 gigabytes make 1 terabyte (TB)

Ports and connections

The slots in which we connect a mouse, keyboard, pen drive, internet etc.

USB: Universal Serial Bus Port used to connect a mouse, keyboard pen drives
Display Port: It connects video devices like Monitor and Projector
Audio Ports: It is used to connect audio devices like Mic, Speakers
Ethernet Port: It connects to high-speed internet
Power Port: It is used to connect the power supply.

Session 5: Basic Computer Operations

Computer hardware: The physical part of a computer which we can touch like
monitor, CPU, UPS, keyboard, Mouse etc are the hardware of the computer.
Software: The part that we cannot see or touch like programmes on a computer. The
software makes hardware work or interacts with humans. The most important
software is OS (Operating System). It starts working as soon as we start the
computer. Example: Windows, Ubuntu, Linux etc.
Starting a computer
To start a computer, press the Power button on the CPU. This will start the Windows
operating system and display the Windows desktop on the monitor.
Basic functions performed when a computer starts
When we start the computer, it runs automatically a basic program BIOS which self
tests. If everything is ok then it runs OS and finally, the computer starts.
Login and logout
When multiple users use the same computer and want to secure their data separately
then they can create login IDs. each one has a different password to start the
computer and after completing the task logout is done.

Shutting down a computer

It is a process to turn off the computer. To shut down the computer in Ubuntu by
clicking “Systems” at the top right and then click on Shut Down. In windows, we can
click Alt+F4 to shut down the computer.

Files and folders

File: All information are kept in files. Files have names and extensions. Different files
have different extensions to identify the file types. Ex- .txt for text document, .jpeg for
image, .avi for video etc

Folder: It is a location where a group of files can be stored. We can create a no. of
folders inside the folder. A folder within folded is called a subfolder.
Session 7: Communication and Networking — Basics of Internet

Internet is a huge network of computers around the world. World Wide Web (WWW)
is a collection of all websites we visit on the internet.
Uses Of Internet
• Search information
• Shopping
• Online booking
• Entertainment
• E-mail and chatting
• Online learning
• Social networking
• Online banking
Connecting to the Internet
An Internet Service Provider (ISP)─i.e., the telephone company which provides
Internet connectivity using the phone lines or a wireless network.

Types of connections
(a) Wired connections: When the internet is connected through a wired medium
like ethernet cable.
(b) Wireless connection: When the internet is connected through a wireless
medium like Wifi.

Bandwidth: The amount of data transferred in a certain amount of time. In analogue

devices, the bandwidth is expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz). Data
transferred digitally is measured by bits per second (bps)

1 Kbps (kilobits per second) = 1000 bits per second

1 Mbps (megabits per second) = 1000 kilo bits per second
1 Gbps (gigabits per second) = 1,000 mega bits per second

Internet browser: The application software is used to visit websites. Example -

Chrome, Firefox

Session 8: Communication and Networking — Internet Browsing

World Wide Web (WWW)

It is a vast network of files stored in computers all over the world.It is made up of
1. Web Page: A web page is a document present on a computer that is connected to
the internet each webpage has a unique address like https://www.crackmycbse.com.
2. Web browser: Application software to use the information available on the
Internet. Ex- Chrome, Opera, Firefox
3. Hyperlinks: Highlighted words on a webpage. If you click on that it will redirect
you to another page.

Important parts of a web browser

(i) Address bar: To type the address of the webpage
(ii) Tabbed browsing (Ctrl+T): It is used to view multiple web pages in the same
window
(iii) Back and forward buttons: Used to get back or next page
(iv) Refresh button (F5): To refresh the page

Session 9: Communication and Networking — Introduction to e-Mail

Electronic Mail (E-mail) is a quick way to send messages to people using the internet.
We can send videos, documents, spreadsheets, etc., along with the e-mail as
attachments.
E-mail ID or Address
The e-mail address is made up of two parts separated by the @ symbol. Ex-
[email protected], crackmycbse is the name given by the user and gmail.com
domain which provides mail service.
Advantages of e-mail
1. Delivery of mail is very fast.
2. Cost of mail is almost free.
3. Multiple copies can be sent at a time
4. pictures, documents can be attached

Session 10: Communication and Networking — Creating an e-Mail Account

Go to gmail.com click on create an account. After filling in all the details set up a new
account.

Session 11: Communication and Networking— Writing an e-Mail

To write a new e-mail, connect to the Internet and open Gmail. Sign In with your
login Id. Click on compose and write the message. after entering the mail address of
the receiver set the mail.

Draft Folder: All emails are stored which are written but not sent.
Junk/Spam: The mail which is not useful is stored in it.
Trash: Holds all deleted emails.

Session 12: Communication and Networking — Receiving and Replying to e-

mails

Receiving an e-mail: All emails received are in Inbox.

Replying to an e-mail: To reply to the email click on the reply button.
Forwarding an e-mail: To send the same message click on forward
Deleting an e-mail: Click on the delete icon to delete emails.