CONTENT

This project is an AI model for an educational chatbot

along with a User-friendly graphic interface. The bot
opens with a chatbot screen where the user can ask
questions related to Physics, Chemistry, Biology and
History. The question of the user is processed with NLP
python using the backend.py(mentioned in the source
code, Please refer to the backend.py file for the
defined data). This makes the bot able to recognize the
user question and answer it accordingly. It doesn’t just
limit the bot to predefined questions and answers. The
User has been provided with a GUI interface including,
Chatbot, Settings, About, Contact pages. The user can
Also connect with us through the Youtube and
Instagram pages. We have included features such as
darkmode, speech based input, video answers etc. In
the future, we plan to include more features such as
talkback, Run In Background, CV input and Language
translators, improved GUI features etc.

We hope you enjoy using our chatbot and its features.

 INTRODUCTION
In an era where accessing educational resources
can be daunting and time-consuming,
KnowledgeKnight emerges as a solution to the
ever-growing challenge of efficient and
personalized learning. With the complexity of
academic subjects and the abundance of
information available, students often find it
difficult to get immediate answers to their
questions. KnowledgeKnight, our educational
chatbot, steps in to bridge this gap by providing
instant, reliable, and tailored responses to
educational queries, offering a helping hand to
learners navigating the vast realm of knowledge.
 FLOWCHART

Start

Imports NLTK, kivy,

speechrecognition, kivymd,
transformers, scikit-learn,
python-text-to-speech

Chatbot Recieves the User Sends

message and looks for Message
answer in the backend

Ye Chatbot
Is Message a
s Responds
Greeting?
with Greeting

No

Chatbot
Is Message a No Responds
Question? with General
Response
 Ye
s

Is Question Ye
asking for s Chatbot Plays
video? Video

No

Chatbot
Answers
Question

Stop
 ALGORITHM

1.Start

2.Imports NLTK, kivy, speechrecognition,

kivymd, transformers, scikit-learn, python-
text-to-speech

3.User sends message:

- User initiates conversation

4.Chatbot receives message and checks for

answer in the backend
- Chatbot processes the message

5.Is Message a Greeting?

5.1. Yes:
- Chatbot responds with greeting
- Jumps to step 8
5.2. No:
- Proceed to next step
6.Is Message a Question?
6.1. No:
- Chatbot responds with general
response
- Jumps to step 8
6.2. Yes:
- Proceed to next step

7.Is Question asking for Video?

7.1. Yes:
- Chatbot plays video
- Jumps to step 8
7.2. No:
- Chatbot answers the question

8.Stop:
- The Conversation ends

9.Repeat:
- The Algorithm loops
 SOURCE CODE
1.chatbotkivy.py (main to be run)
import webbrowser

import os

os.environ["KIVY_VIDEO"] = "ffpyplayer"
from kivy.lang import Builder
from kivymd.app import MDApp
from kivymd.uix.label import MDLabel
from kivymd.uix.widget import MDWidget
from kivymd.uix.button import MDRoundFlatButton, MDIconButton
from Chatbotai import *
from kivymd.uix.stacklayout import MDStackLayout
from kivy.graphics import Rectangle, Color, Canvas, RoundedRectangle
from chat_bubble import ChatBubble
from kivymd.theming import ThemableBehavior
from kivymd.uix.toolbar import MDTopAppBar
from kivy.uix.video import Video
from kivy.core.window import Window
import kivymd_extensions.akivymd
from kivymd.uix.boxlayout import MDBoxLayout
from kivymd.uix.list import IRightBodyTouch

class KnowledgeKnightApp(MDApp):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.x = 0
self.ques_y = None

def set_screen(self, screen):

self.root.ids.screen_manager.current = screen

def handle_focus(self, text_field):

if text_field.focus:
text_field.hint_text = ""
else:
if not text_field.text:
text_field.hint_text = "Type your question..."

def build(self):
self.narrator = True
self.theme_cls.theme_style_switch_animation = True
self.theme_cls.theme_style_switch_animation_duration = 2
return Builder.load_file("Main.kv")

def on_size(self):
print(self.root.ids.user_input.size, self.root.ids.user_input.pos)
print(self.root.ids.send.size, self.root.ids.send.pos)

def send_message(self):
 user_message = self.root.ids.user_input.text
if user_message:
self.respond_to_message(user_message)
self.root.ids.user_input.text = ""

def add_query_and_response(self, query, response):

emptylabel = MDLabel(
size_hint=(0.7, None),
height=10
)
res = ChatBubble(
text=response,
text_color=(0, 0, 0, 1),
base_direction="ltr",
send_by_user=False,
# md_bg_color = (244/255,247/255,248/255,0.8),
# opposite_colors = True,
# adaptive_height=True,
# size_hint_min_x = 0.4,
# size_hint_max_x = 0.7
size_hint=(0.7, None)

)
ques = ChatBubble(
text=query.strip(),
text_color=(0, 0, 0, 1),
# md_bg_color = (0/255,228/255,225/255,0.8),
# opposite_colors=True,
# adaptive_height=True,
# adaptive_width=True,
# size_hint_min_x=0.4,
# size_hint_max_x=0.7,
halign="right",
size_hint=(0.5, None)

block = MDStackLayout(
size_hint=(1, None),
adaptive_height=True,
spacing="20dp"

)
container = MDStackLayout(
orientation="rl-tb",
size_hint=(1, None),
adaptive_height=True
)
container.add_widget(ques)
# with res.canvas.before:
# #Color(244/255,247/255,248/255,0.8)
# Color(
# rgba=(255,0,0,1)
# )
# RoundedRectangle(
# size=res.size,
# size_hint= (0.7,None),
# pos=res.pos,
# radius= [23,23,23,0]
#
# )
 # with ques.canvas.before:
# # Color(244/255,247/255,248/255,0.8)
# Color(
# rgba=(255, 0, 0, 1)
# )
# RoundedRectangle(
# size=ques.size,
# pos=ques.pos,
# radius=[23, 23, 23, 0]
#
# )
print(res.size, ques.size)
# res = self.respond
# ques = self.question
# res.text = response
# ques.text = query
# layout = self.layout

res1 = MDLabel(
theme_text_color="Primary",
halign="left",
size_hint=(0.5, None),
text_size=(None, None)
)
ques1 = MDLabel(
theme_text_color="Secondary",
halign="left",
size_hint=(0.5, None),
text_size=(None, None),
)
block1 = MDStackLayout(
size_hint=(1, None),

if self.x == 0:
block1.add_widget(ques1)
block1.add_widget(res1)
self.root.ids.chat_container.add_widget(block1)
# block.add_widget(emptylabel)
block.add_widget(container)
block.add_widget(res)
self.root.ids.chat_container.add_widget(block)
# with self.root.ids.chat_container.canvas.before:
# Color(
# rgba = (1,0,0,1)
# )
# RoundedRectangle(
# pos = self.root.ids.chat_container.pos,
# height = self.root.ids.chat_container.height,
# size_hint=(0.7,None)
# )
# self.root.ids.chat_container.add_widget(layout)
if self.x == 0:
self.x += 1
# self.root.ids.scroller.scroll_y=0

def respond_to_message(self, message):

# Add your chatbot logic here
# Generate a response based on the user's message
response, video = Response_generator(message)
 if video != None:
print(video)
self.root.ids.screen_manager.current = "vidpr"
self.root.ids.vidpr.source = video
self.add_query_and_response(message, response)

def start_listening(self):
x, y = voicer()
self.add_query_and_response(x, y[0])
if y[1] != None:
self.root.ids.screen_manager.current = "vidpr"
self.root.ids.vidpr.source = y[1]
def open_yt(self):

webbrowser.open_new_tab('https://www.youtube.com/@practicalnotes927')
def open_insta(self):

webbrowser.open_new_tab('https://www.instagram.com/brain_app_support_team/'
)
def close_application(self):
# closing application
self.get_running_app().stop()
# removing window
Window.close()

if __name__ == "__main__":
KnowledgeKnightApp().run()

2.Main.kv
3.
MDNavigationLayout:
MDScreenManager:
id: screen_manager

MDScreen:
name: "chatui"
MDStackLayout:
id: mainchatlayout

size_hint: 1, None
height:root.height - TopAppBar.height
md_bg_color: [7/255, 5/255, 31/255, 0.7]
spacing: "10dp"
padding: "10dp"
ScrollView:
id: scroller
size_hint: 1, 0.83
MDStackLayout:
size_hint: 1, None
id: chat_container
adaptive_height : True
spacing: "20dp"

MDFloatLayout:
size_hint: 1, None
MDStackLayout:
spacing:10
padding:10
size_hint:1,1
MDTextField:
 size_hint: 0.8, None
height: 30
id: user_input
hint_text: "Type your question..."
on_text_validate: app.send_message()
multiline: True
cursor_color: 0, 0, 0, 1
padding: [0, dp(10), 0, 0]
hint_text_color: 0, 0, 0, 1
on_focus: app.handle_focus(self)
canvas.before:
Color:
rgba: 1, 1, 1, 0.5
RoundedRectangle:
pos: self.pos[0]-5, self.pos[1]-5
size: self.size[0]+50,
self.size[1]
radius: [dp(30), dp(30), dp(30),
dp(30)]
Color:
rgba:
(0, 0, 0, 1)
MDFloatLayout:
size_hint: 1,None
MDIconButton:
id: send
size_hint: 0.1, None
height: self.width
icon_size: f"30dp"
icon: "send"
pos: user_input.size[0] + 60,
(user_input.pos[1]+user_input.size[1]/2) - self.height/2
on_release: app.send_message()
MDFloatLayout:
id: container
MDIconButton:
icon: "microphone"
size_hint: 0.1, None
height: self.width
on_release: app.start_listening()
pos: user_input.size[0] - self.width
+ 50, (user_input.pos[1]+user_input.size[1]/2) - self.height/2
MDScreen:
name: "vidpr"
VideoPlayer:
id: vidpr

MDScreen:
name: "about"
AKSilverAppbar:
max_height: '250dp'
title:'About'
pin_top: True
hide_toolbar: True
radius: dp(20)
toolbar_bg: app.theme_cls.primary_color
AKSilverAppbarHeader:
MDScreen:
md_bg_color: app.theme_cls.primary_color
MDBoxLayout:
adaptive_height:True
 orientation: "vertical"
pos_hint:{'center_x':.5,'center_y':.5}
spacing:"20dp"
MDBoxLayout:
size_hint:None,None
size:'85dp','85dp'
pos_hint:
{'center_x':.5,'center_y':.5}
Image:
source: "assets/icon.jpg"
allow_stretch: True
keep_ratio: False
AKSilverAppbarContent:
padding:'20dp'
spacing:'20dp'
id: content_settings
size_hint_y: None
height: self.minimum_height
orientation: "vertical"
MDCard:
pos: content_settings.pos
size_hint_y:None
height:"80dp"
orientation:"vertical"
radius:20
padding:"10dp"
MDStackLayout:
MDLabel:
markup: True
text:"[color=#000000][size=45]
[b]About[/b][/color]"
size_hint: 1,None
adaptive_height:True
MDLabel:
markup: True
text: "[color=#757575][size=40]
[b]KnowledgeKnight[/b][/color]"
size_hint: 1,None
adaptive_height:True
MDLabel:
markup: True
text: "[color=#9E9E9E][size=30]v
1.1[/color]"
size_hint: 1,None
adaptive_height:True
MDLabel:
markup: True
text: "[color=#9E9E9E]In an era where
accessing educational resources can be daunting and time-consuming,
KnowledgeKnight emerges as a solution to the ever-growing challenge
of efficient and personalized learning. With the complexity of
academic subjects and the abundance of information available,
students often find it difficult to get immediate answers to their
questions. KnowledgeKnight, our educational chatbot, steps in to
bridge this gap by providing instant, reliable, and tailored
responses to educational queries, offering a helping hand to learners
navigating the vast realm of knowledge.[/color]"
size_hint: 1,None
adaptive_height:True
MDScreen:
name: "settings"
 AKSilverAppbar:
max_height: '250dp'
title:'Settings'
right_action_items: [["arrow-left", lambda x:
app.set_screen("chatui")]]
left_action_items: [["menu", lambda x:
nav_drawer.set_state("open")]]
pin_top: True
hide_toolbar: True
radius: dp(20)
toolbar_bg: app.theme_cls.primary_color
AKSilverAppbarHeader:
MDScreen:
md_bg_color: app.theme_cls.primary_color
MDBoxLayout:
adaptive_height:True
orientation: "vertical"
pos_hint:{'center_x':.5,'center_y':.5}
spacing:"20dp"
MDBoxLayout:
size_hint:None,None
size:'85dp','85dp'
pos_hint:
{'center_x':.5,'center_y':.5}
Image:
source: "assets/icon.jpg"
allow_stretch: True
keep_ratio: False
AKSilverAppbarContent:
padding:'20dp'
spacing:'20dp'
id: content_settings
size_hint_y: None
height: self.minimum_height
orientation: "vertical"
MDLabel:
text:"Appearance"
adaptive_height:True
MDCard:
size_hint_y:None
height:"80dp"
orientation:"vertical"
radius:20
padding:"10dp"
TwoLineAvatarIconListItem:
text: "Dark Theme"
secondary_text: "Switch dark/light
themes"
divider:None
IconLeftWidget:
icon: "assets/images/dark-mode.png"
IconRightWidget:
icon: "toggle-switch" if
app.theme_cls.theme_style == "Dark" else "toggle-switch-off"
on_release:app.theme_cls.theme_style
= "Light" if app.theme_cls.theme_style == "Dark" else 'Dark'
theme_text_color:'Custom'

text_color:app.theme_cls.primary_color
MDLabel:
text:"BOT FEATURES"
 adaptive_height:True
MDCard:
size_hint_y:None
height:"160dp"
orientation:"vertical"
radius:20
padding:"10dp"
TwoLineIconListItem:
text: "TalkBack"
secondary_text: "Narrate the
response(beta)"
IconLeftWidget:
icon: "assets/images/dark-mode.png"
# IconRightWidget:
# icon: "toggle-switch" if
app.narrator == "True" else "toggle-switch-off"
# on_release:app.narrator = "False"
if app.narrator == "True" else "True"
# theme_text_color:'Custom'
#
text_color:app.theme_cls.primary_color
TwoLineIconListItem:
text: "Run In Background"
secondary_text: "Responds to 'Hey
Knight'(beta)"
divider:None
IconLeftWidget:
icon: "assets/images/dark-mode.png"
MDLabel:
text:"Feedback"
adaptive_height:True
MDCard:
size_hint_y:None
height:"80dp"
orientation:"vertical"
radius:20
padding:"10dp"
TwoLineIconListItem:
text: "Provide Feedback"
secondary_text: "Suggest improvements to
our contact team"
divider:None
IconLeftWidget:
icon: ""
MDTopAppBar:
id: TopAppBar
pos_hint: {"top":1}
title: "KnowledgeKnight"
halign: "center"
elevation:1
left_action_items: [["menu", lambda x:
nav_drawer.set_state("open")]]

MDNavigationDrawer:
id: nav_drawer
MDStackLayout:
ScrollView:
MDList:
MDRaisedButton:
markup: True
 text: "[size=50][b]Application[/b]"
disabled: True
disabled_color: 20/255,118/255,255/255,0.8
md_bg_color_disabled: 0,0,0,0
OneLineListItem:
markup: True
text: "[size=40]ChatBot"
on_release:
nav_drawer.set_state("close")
if screen_manager.current == "vidpr":
vidpr.state = "pause"
screen_manager.current = "chatui"
OneLineListItem:
text: "[size=40]Settings"
markup: True
on_release:
nav_drawer.set_state("close")
if screen_manager.current == "vidpr":
vidpr.state = "pause"
screen_manager.current = "settings"
Widget:
id: separator
size_hint_y: None
padding: "20dp"
height: 6
canvas:
Color:
rgb: 0,0,0,1
Rectangle:
pos: 0, separator.center_y
size: separator.width, 2
MDRaisedButton:
markup: True
text: "[size=50][b]Social Media[/b]"
disabled: True
disabled_color: 20/255,118/255,255/255,0.8
md_bg_color_disabled: 0,0,0,0
OneLineListItem:
markup: True
text: "[size=40]Youtube"
on_release:
app.open_yt()
OneLineListItem:
markup: True
text: "[size=40]Instagram"
on_release:
app.open_insta()
Widget:
id: separator
size_hint_y: None
padding: "20dp"
height: 6
canvas:
Color:
rgb: 0,0,0,1
Rectangle:
pos: 0, separator.center_y
size: separator.width, 2
MDRaisedButton:
markup: True
text: "[size=50][b]Contact[/b]"
 disabled: True
disabled_color: 20/255,118/255,255/255,0.8
md_bg_color_disabled: 0,0,0,0
OneLineListItem:
markup: True
text: "[size=40]Feedback"
on_release:
pass
OneLineListItem:
markup: True
text: "[size=40]About"
on_release:
nav_drawer.set_state("close")
if screen_manager.current == "vidpr":
vidpr.state = "pause"
screen_manager.current = "about"
OneLineListItem:
markup: True
text: "[size=40]Exit App"
on_release:
app.close_application()

3. chatbotai.py
import nltk
from functools import reduce
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize, sent_tokenize
from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import cosine_similarity
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
import speech_recognition as sr
from backend import backend_data
from transformers import pipeline
import spacy
nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm")
summarizer = pipeline("summarization", model="facebook/bart-large-cnn")
def voicer():
recognizer = sr.Recognizer()
print("Listening...")
while True:
try:
with sr.Microphone() as mic:
recognizer.adjust_for_ambient_noise(mic, duration=0.2)
audio = recognizer.listen(mic)

text_ques_s = recognizer.recognize_google(audio)
print(f"YOU: {text_ques_s}")
print('done')
return (text_ques_s,(Response_generator(text_ques_s)))
except sr.UnknownValueError as err:
print(err)
return ("...", f"{err}Please Repeat")
recognizer = sr.Recognizer()
continue
Videos = [
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Contact
Force", "videos/Contact Force class 8 Notes Flowchart explanation with
animations.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Effects of
Force", "videos/Effects of Force class 8 Notes Flowchart explanation with
animations.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Fibre to
Fabric", "videos/Fibre to Fabric class 7 Notes Flowchart explanation
Science Full Chapter NCERT.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Light class
7 Notes Flowchart explanation with experiments Science Concave Lenses and
Convex Lenses NCERT", "videos/Light class 7 Notes Flowchart explanation
with experiments Science Concave Lenses and Convex Lenses NCERT.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Light class
7 Notes Flowchart explanation with experiments Science Concave Mirror and
Convex Mirror NCERT", "videos/Light class 7 Notes Flowchart explanation
with experiments Science Concave Mirror and Convex Mirror NCERT.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Light class
7 Notes Flowchart explanation with experiments Science Properties of Light
and Plane Mirror NCERT", "videos/Light class 7 Notes Flowchart explanation
with experiments Science Properties of Light and Plane Mirror NCERT.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Light
Experiment - properties of image formed by a plane mirror", "videos/Light
Experiment - properties of image formed by a plane mirror.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Light
experiment concave and convex mirrors", "videos/Light experiment concave
and convex mirrors.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Motion and
Time Full chapter class 7 Notes Flowchart explanation", "videos/Motion and
Time Full chapter class 7 Notes Flowchart explanation.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Non -
Contact Force class 8 Notes Flowchart explanation with animations",
"videos/Non - Contact Force class 8 Notes Flowchart explanation with
animations.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Nutrition in
animals class 7 Notes Flowchart explanation Science Digestion, Absorption,
Assimilation, Egestion NCERT", "videos/Nutrition in animals class 7 Notes
Flowchart explanation Science Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation, Egestion
NCERT.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Nutrition in
animals class 7 Notes Flowchart explanation Science Ingestion and
Alimentary Canal NCERT", "videos/Nutrition in animals class 7 Notes
Flowchart explanation Science Ingestion and Alimentary Canal NCERT.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Nutrition in
animals class 7 Notes Flowchart explanation Science Rumination, Pseudopodia
NCERT", "videos/Nutrition in animals class 7 Notes Flowchart explanation
Science Rumination, Pseudopodia NCERT.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Relation
between Area and Pressure class 8 Notes Flowchart explanation with
animations", "videos/Relation between Area and Pressure class 8 Notes
Flowchart explanation with animations.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Relation
between Force and Pressure class 8 Notes Flowchart explanation with
animations", "videos/Relation between Force and Pressure class 8 Notes
Flowchart explanation with animations.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of
Transportation in Animals and Plants Circulation of blood, vena cava,
pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, Aorta class 7 Notes Flowchart
explanation", "videos/Transportation in Animals and Plants Circulation of
blood, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, Aorta class 7 Notes
Flowchart explanation.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of
Transportation in Animals and Plants Heart, Arteries, Veins, Atrium,
Ventricle class 7 Notes Flowchart explanation", "videos/Transportation in
Animals and Plants Heart, Arteries, Veins, Atrium, Ventricle class 7 Notes
Flowchart explanation.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of What is
Force class 8 Notes Flowchart explanation with animations", "videos/What is
Force class 8 Notes Flowchart explanation with animations.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of What is
Pressure class 8 Notes Flowchart explanation with animations", "videos/What
is Pressure class 8 Notes Flowchart explanation with animations.mp4"),
("Video, Visual Representation, Image, Full explanation of Winds,
Storms and Cyclones Full chapter class 7 Notes Flowchart explanation",
"videos/Winds, Storms and Cyclones Full chapter class 7 Notes Flowchart
explanation.mp4")
]

Greetings = [
"hi", "hello", "sup", "hey", "what can you do", "your abilities", "what
can i ask", "help", "what can you achieve", "what can i do with you", "what
are you", "what can i achieve with you", "who are you", "Hi! I am a chatbot
designed to answer your questions regarding chapters in science and history
for 9th grade. How may I help you today?"
]
Elements_for_eqns = ["acceleration", "distance", "speed", "velocity",
"initial velocity", "final velocity", "time", "force", ]

def preprocess_text(text):
tokens = word_tokenize(text)
tokens = [word.lower() for word in tokens if word.isalpha()]
stop_words = set(stopwords.words("english"))
tokens = [word for word in tokens if word not in stop_words]
return " ".join(tokens)
def statement_to_dict(statement):
words = statement.split()
name = (statement.split(":"))[0]
meaning = ' '.join(words[2:]).strip('.')
point_dict = {"name": name, "meaning": meaning}
return point_dict

def Response_generator(query):
greetings = False
is_ques_valid = True
is_video = False
video = None
# user_question = input("Ask me Something: ")
# user_question = voicer()
user_question = query.lower()
user_question = user_question.strip()
user_question = user_question.lower()
processed_videos = []
for word in list(user_question.split(" ")):
if word in ["video", "representation", "visual", "image",
"explanation"]:
for g,h in Videos:
processed_videos.append(preprocess_text(g))
videos_and_question = processed_videos +
[preprocess_text(user_question)]
vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer().fit(videos_and_question)
 vectorized_data = vectorizer.transform(processed_videos)
vectorized_question =
vectorizer.transform([preprocess_text(user_question)])
similarities = cosine_similarity(vectorized_question,
vectorized_data)[0]
best_match_index = similarities.argmax()
print(best_match_index)
print(similarities[best_match_index])
print(Videos[best_match_index])
if similarities[best_match_index] == 0:
print(best_match_index)
else:
video = Videos[best_match_index][1]
is_video = True
break

# user_question = user_question.replace("what is", "define")

if "how are you" in user_question.lower():
return "I am fine, How can I help you?", None

for h, i in enumerate(Greetings):
if i in user_question.lower() and h!=len(Greetings)-1:
greetings = True
preprocessed_user_question = preprocess_text(user_question)
if preprocessed_user_question=="help":
is_ques_valid=False
elif "help" in preprocessed_user_question:
g = list(preprocessed_user_question.split(" "))
g = [i for i in g if i!="help"]
preprocessed_user_question = " ".join(g)
if "understand" in list(preprocessed_user_question.split(" ")):
g = list(preprocessed_user_question.split(" "))
g.remove("understand")
preprocessed_user_question = " ".join(g)
if "difference" in list(preprocessed_user_question.split(" ")):
g = list(preprocessed_user_question.split(" "))
g.remove("difference")
preprocessed_user_question = " ".join(g)
preprocessed_backend_data = []

for data in backend_data:

# data = list(data.split(':'))
# preprocessed_backend_data.append(preprocess_text(data[0]))
preprocessed_backend_data.append(preprocess_text(data))
data_and_question = preprocessed_backend_data +
[preprocessed_user_question]
vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer().fit(data_and_question)
vectorized_data = vectorizer.transform(preprocessed_backend_data)
vectorized_question =
vectorizer.transform([preprocessed_user_question])
similarities = cosine_similarity(vectorized_question, vectorized_data)
[0]
best_match_index = similarities.argmax()
liprocessed_ques = list(preprocessed_user_question.split(" "))
if len(liprocessed_ques)<=2:
minimum_val = similarities[best_match_index] -
similarities[best_match_index]/1.92
elif len(liprocessed_ques)>1 and len(liprocessed_ques)<=5:
minimum_val = similarities[best_match_index] -
similarities[best_match_index]/5
else:
minimum_val = similarities[best_match_index] -
similarities[best_match_index]/8
x = []
for h, i in enumerate(similarities):
if i > minimum_val:
x.append(backend_data[h])
# if x!=[]:
# print(x)
# combined_text = "\n".join(x)
# combined_text=combined_text.replace("Define ", "")
#
# print(combined_text)
# if greetings and is_ques_valid:
# if is_video:
# return "Hi!\n"+combined_text, video
# else:
# return "Hi!\n"+combined_text, None
# elif is_ques_valid:
# if is_video:
# return combined_text, video
# else:
# return combined_text, None
# else:
# return Greetings[-1], None
# elif is_video:
# if greetings:
# return "Hi! We Have a video related to your query.", video
# else:
# return "We have a video related to your query.", video
# elif greetings:
# return Greetings[-1], None
# else:
# return "Sorry, we didn't find a Response. Could you be more
specific on what you want?", None
if x!=[]:
combined_text = "\n".join(x)
print(combined_text)
y = len(list(combined_text.split(" ")))
summary = summarizer(combined_text,min_length=y, max_length=y*2,
do_sample=False)
combined_text = summary[0]['summary_text']
print(combined_text)
combined_text = nlp(combined_text)
corrected_tokens = [token.text for token in combined_text]
combined_text = " ".join(corrected_tokens)
if greetings and is_ques_valid:
if is_video:
return "Hi!\n"+combined_text, video
else:
return "Hi!\n"+combined_text, None
elif is_ques_valid:
if is_video:
return combined_text, video
else:
return combined_text, None
else:
return Greetings[-1], None
elif is_video:
if greetings:
 return "Hi! We Have a video related to your query.", video
else:
return "We have a video related to your query.", video
elif greetings:
return Greetings[-1], None
else:
return "Sorry, we didn't find a Response. Could you be more
specific on what you want?", None

4.backend.py
backend_data = [

# class 9 Science
"Matter:Anything that has mass and occupies space",
"The three states of matter:Solid, liquid, and gas",
"The properties of a solid:Has a definite shape and volume",
"The properties of a liquid:Has a fixed volume but no definite shape",
"The properties of a gas:Has no definite shape or volume",
"A change of state:The process of matter changing from one state to
another",
"Define Pure substances:Matter that is made up of only one kind of
particle",
"Define Mixtures:Matter that is made up of two or more kinds of
particles",
"The melting point of ice:0 degrees Celsius",
"The boiling point of water:100 degrees Celsius",
"Define Evaporation:The process of a liquid changing to a gas",
"Define Condensation:The process of a gas changing to a liquid",
"Define Sublimation:The process of a solid changing directly to a gas",
"Define Deposition:The process of a gas changing directly to a solid",
"Define homogeneous mixture:A mixture in which the components are
evenly distributed",
"Define heterogeneous mixture:A mixture in which the components are not
evenly distributed",
"How can you separate a mixture:By physical methods, such as
filtration, distillation, and chromatography",
"Define solute:The substance that is dissolved in a solution",
"Define solvent:The substance that dissolves the solute",
"Define solution:A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances",
"Define suspension:A heterogeneous mixture in which the particles are
large enough to be seen with the naked eye",
"Define colloid:A heterogeneous mixture in which the particles are too
small to be seen with the naked eye but can be seen with an electron
microscope",
"The difference between a solution and a suspension:A solution is a
homogeneous mixture, while a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.",
"The difference between a solution and a colloid:A solution is a
homogeneous mixture, while a colloid is a heterogeneous mixture. The
particles in a colloid are smaller than the particles in a suspension.",
"The difference between a solid, liquid, and gas:The difference between
a solid, liquid, and gas is the state of matter. A solid has a definite
shape and volume, a liquid has a fixed volume but no definite shape, and a
gas has no definite shape or volume.",
"The boiling point of water at sea level:100 degrees Celsius",
"The melting point of ice at sea level:0 degrees Celsius",
"The freezing point of water at sea level:0 degrees Celsius",
 "The evaporation rate of water at sea level:1.23 millimeters per hour",
"The condensation rate of water at sea level:1.23 millimeters per
hour",
"The sublimation rate of water at sea level:0.000078 millimeters per
hour",
"The deposition rate of water at sea level:0.000078 millimeters per
hour",
"How can you separate a mixture:By physical methods, such as
filtration, distillation, and chromatography",
"The difference between a pure substance and a mixture:A pure substance is
made up of only one kind of particle, while a mixture is made up of two or
more kinds of particles.",
"Define Filtration:A physical method of separating mixtures by passing
the mixture through a filter, which allows the solvent to pass through but
not the solute.",
"Define Distillation:A physical method of separating mixtures by
heating the mixture and then collecting the vapors that are produced.",
"Define Chromatography:A physical method of separating mixtures by
passing the mixture through a substance that absorbs the different
components of the mixture at different rates.",
"The difference between a heterogeneous mixture and a homogeneous
mixture:A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the components are
not evenly distributed, while a homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which
the components are evenly distributed.",
"The difference between a suspension and a colloid:A suspension is a
heterogeneous mixture in which the particles are large enough to be seen
with the naked eye, while a colloid is a heterogeneous mixture in which the
particles are too small to be seen with the naked eye but can be seen with
an electron microscope.",
"Define An atom:The smallest particle of an element that can exist",
"Define A molecule:A group of two or more atoms bonded together",
"The different types of atoms:Elementary atoms and compound atoms",
"The different types of molecules:Homonuclear molecules and
heteronuclear molecules",
"The different types of bonds:Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic
bonds",
"Define ionic bond:A bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one
atom to another",
"Define covalent bond:A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between
two atoms",
"Define metallic bond:A bond formed by the attraction of metal ions to
a sea of electrons",
"The properties of atoms:Mass, volume, and charge",
"The properties of molecules:Shape, size, and polarity",
"The different theories of atomic structure:Dalton's atomic theory,
Thomson's plum pudding model, Rutherford's nuclear model, and Bohr's atomic
model",
"Dalton's atomic theory:All matter is made up of tiny particles called
atoms.",
"Thomson's plum pudding model:Atoms are like plum puddings, with
electrons scattered throughout a positively charged mass.",
"Rutherford's nuclear model:Atoms have a small, dense nucleus made up
of protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus.",
"Bohr's atomic model:Electrons can only orbit the nucleus in certain
allowed orbits.",
"The difference between an atom and a molecule:An atom is the smallest
particle of an element that can exist, while a molecule is a group of two
or more atoms bonded together.",
"The subatomic particles of an atom:Protons, neutrons, and electrons",
"Define proton:A positively charged subatomic particle",
"Define neutron:A neutral subatomic particle",
 "Define electron:A negatively charged subatomic particle",
"Define nucleus of an atom:The central part of an atom that contains
the protons and neutrons",
"Define electron cloud:The region around the nucleus of an atom where
the electrons are found",
"Define atomic number of an element:The number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom of that element",
"Define mass number of an element:The sum of the number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of that element",
"Define valence electron:The outermost electron of an atom",
"Define octet rule:The rule that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share
electrons to have eight valence electrons",
"The different types of elements:Metals, non-metals, and metalloids",
"Corrosion: The process of converting metals into their soluble salts."
"The difference between a proton and a neutron:A proton is positively
charged, while a neutron is neutral.",
"The difference between an electron and a proton:An electron is
negatively charged, while a proton is positively charged.",
"The difference between the nucleus and the electron cloud:The nucleus
is the central part of an atom, while the electron cloud is the region
around the nucleus where the electrons are found.",
"The difference between the atomic number and the mass number:The
atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus, while the mass
number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.",
"The difference between a metal and a non-metal:Metals are good
conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are not.",
"The difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond:An ionic bond
is formed by the transfer of electrons, while a covalent bond is formed by
the sharing of electrons.",
"The difference between a metallic bond and an ionic bond:A metallic
bond is formed by the attraction of metal ions to a sea of electrons, while
an ionic bond is formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to
another.",
"The fundamental unit of life:Cell",
"Define cell:Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things."
"The different parts of a cell:Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus,
organelles",
"Define cell membrane:A thin layer that surrounds the cell and controls
what enters and leaves the cell",
"Define cytoplasm:The jelly-like substance inside the cell that
contains the organelles",
"Define nucleus:The control center of the cell that contains the DNA",
"The different organelles in the cell:Mitochondria, chloroplasts,
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes",
"The functions of the mitochondria:Produces energy for the cell",
"The functions of the chloroplasts:Convert sunlight into food for the
cell",
"The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum:Transports materials around
the cell",
"The functions of the Golgi apparatus:Modifies and packages proteins
and other materials",
"The functions of the ribosomes:Make proteins",
"The different types of cells:Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells",
"Define Prokaryotic cells:Cells that do not have a nucleus",
"Define Eukaryotic cells:Cells that have a nucleus",
"The similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:Both cells
have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.",
"The differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:Prokaryotic
cells do not have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells do.",
"The different types of prokaryotic cells:Bacteria and archaea",
"The different types of eukaryotic cells:Animal cells, plant cells, and
fungi cells",
"The functions of the cell membrane:Controls what enters and leaves the
cell, protects the cell, and helps the cell communicate with its
surroundings",
"The functions of the cytoplasm:Provides a medium for the organelles to
function, stores water and nutrients, and helps the cell move",
"The functions of the nucleus:Contains the DNA, which is the genetic
material of the cell, controls the activities of the cell",
"Define Plant tissues: Groups of cells that work together to perform a
specific function in a plant",
"The four main types of plant tissues: Epidermal tissue, ground tissue,
vascular tissue, and meristematic tissue",
"Epidermal tissue:A protective tissue that covers the outside of the
plant",
"The different types of epidermal cells:Guard cells, epidermal cells,
and trichomes",
"Ground tissue:The tissue that makes up most of the plant's interior",
"The different types of ground tissue:Chlorenchyma, Collenchyma, and
Sclerenchyma",
"Vascular tissue: The tissue that transports water and nutrients
throughout the plant",
"The different types of vascular tissue:Xylem and phloem",
"Meristematic tissue: A tissue that is responsible for the growth of
the plant",
"The functions of plant tissues: Plant tissues work together to perform
specific functions in the plant, such as protection, support,
photosynthesis, and transportation.",
"The different types of epidermal cells: Guard cells, epidermal cells,
and trichomes.",
"The functions of epidermal cells: Guard cells control the opening and
closing of stomata, which are pores in the leaf that allow for gas
exchange. Epidermal cells protect the plant from the environment. Trichomes
are hair-like structures that help to protect the plant from the
environment and also help to reduce water loss.",
"The different types of ground tissue: Chlorenchyma, Collenchyma, and
Sclerenchyma.",
"The functions of ground tissue: Chlorenchyma is the tissue that
carries out photosynthesis. Collenchyma provides support for the plant.
Sclerenchyma provides support for the plant and also helps to protect the
plant from injury.",
"The different types of vascular tissue: Xylem and phloem.",
"The functions of vascular tissue: Xylem transports water and minerals
from the roots to the leaves. Phloem transports food from the leaves to the
rest of the plant.",
"The functions of meristematic tissue: Meristematic tissue is
responsible for the growth of the plant.",
"The different types of meristematic tissue: Apical meristem and
lateral meristem.",
"The functions of apical meristem:Apical meristem is found at the tips
of roots and shoots and is responsible for the primary growth of the plant.
Lateral meristem is found in the stems and roots and is responsible for the
secondary growth of the plant.",
"Animal tissues:Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific
function in an animal",
"The four main types of animal tissues:Epithelial tissue, connective
tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue",
"Epithelial tissue:A tissue that covers the outside of the body and
lines the organs and cavities",
"The different types of epithelial tissue:Squamous epithelium, cuboidal
epithelium, columnar epithelium, and glandular epithelium",
"Connective tissue:A tissue that binds, supports, and protects other
tissues",
"The different types of connective tissue:Loose connective tissue,
dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood",
"Muscle tissue:A tissue that contracts to produce movement",
"The different types of muscle tissue:Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle,
and cardiac muscle",
"Nervous tissue:A tissue that transmits electrical signals throughout
the body",
"The different types of nervous tissue:Neurons and glial cells",
"The functions of animal tissues:Animal tissues work together to
perform specific functions in the animal, such as protection, support,
movement, and transportation.",
"The different types of epithelial tissue:Squamous epithelium, cuboidal
epithelium, columnar epithelium, and glandular epithelium.",
"The functions of epithelial tissue:Epithelial tissue covers the
outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities. It also secretes
substances, such as mucus and sweat.",
"The different types of connective tissue:Loose connective tissue,
dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.",
"The functions of connective tissue:Connective tissue binds, supports,
and protects other tissues. It also stores energy and transports substances
throughout the body.",
"The different types of muscle tissue:Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle,
and cardiac muscle.",
"The functions of muscle tissue:Muscle tissue contracts to produce
movement. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and is responsible for
voluntary movement. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs
and is responsible for involuntary movement. Cardiac muscle is found in the
heart and is responsible for pumping blood.",
"The different types of nervous tissue:Neurons and glial cells.",
"The functions of nervous tissue:Nervous tissue transmits electrical
signals throughout the body. Neurons are the cells that carry these
signals, while glial cells support and protect neurons.",
"The four basic tissue types in the animal body:Epithelial tissue,
connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.",
"The main function of epithelial tissue:To cover and protect the body's
surfaces.",
"The main function of connective tissue:To bind, support, and protect
other tissues.",
"The main function of muscle tissue:To produce movement.",
"The main function of nervous tissue:To transmit electrical signals
throughout the body.",
"Biodiversity:The variety of life on Earth",
"The different levels of biodiversity:Species diversity, genetic
diversity, and ecosystem diversity",
"The factors that contribute to biodiversity:Evolution, natural
selection, and climate change",
"The benefits of biodiversity:It provides stability to ecosystems, it
helps to prevent diseases, and it can be a source of new products and
services",
"The threats to biodiversity:Habitat loss, pollution, and climate
change",
"Define Species diversity:The number of different species living in an
area.",
"Define Genetic diversity:The variation in genes within a species.",
"Ecosystem diversity:The variety of different ecosystems in an area.",
"The factors that contribute to biodiversity in living
organisms:Evolution, natural selection, and climate change.",
"The benefits of biodiversity in living organisms:It provides stability
to ecosystems, it helps to prevent diseases, and it can be a source of new
products and services.",
 "The threats to biodiversity in living organisms:Habitat loss,
pollution, and climate change.",
"The different ways to conserve biodiversity in living
organisms:Protecting habitats, reducing pollution, and mitigating climate
change.",
"The importance of biodiversity:Biodiversity is important for the
health of the planet. It provides us with food, medicine, and other
resources. It also helps to regulate the climate and prevent diseases.",
"The difference between species diversity and genetic diversity:Species
diversity is the number of different species living in an area, while
genetic diversity is the variation in genes within a species.",
"Some examples of ecosystem diversity:A forest, a coral reef, and a
desert are all examples of ecosystems.",
"How does evolution contribute to biodiversity?:Evolution is the
process by which new species are formed. This can lead to an increase in
species diversity.",
"How does natural selection contribute to biodiversity?:Natural
selection is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to
their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This can lead
to an increase in genetic diversity.",
"How does climate change threaten biodiversity?:Climate change can
cause changes in the environment that can make it difficult for some
species to survive. This can lead to a decrease in species diversity.",
"Define Motion: The continuous change in position of an object over
time is known as motion.",
"Uniform motion: Motion in which the object moves at a constant speed
and in a straight line.",
"Non uniform motion: Motion in which the object moves at a changing
speed or in a curved path.",
"The different types of motion:Linear motion, rotational motion, and
periodic motion",
"Define Linear motion:The motion of an object along a straight line",
"The different types of linear motion:Translational motion and
rotational motion.",
"Define Rotational motion:The motion of an object around a fixed axis",
"Define Periodic motion:The motion of an object that repeats itself
over and over again",
"The different types of periodic motion:Vibratory motion and
oscillating motion.",
"Vibratory motion:The motion of an object that moves back and forth
over the same path.",
"Oscillating motion:The motion of an object that moves back and forth
over a path that is not a straight line.",
"The factors that affect the motion of an object:Mass, velocity,
acceleration, and force",
"Rest: When an object does not change its position with respect to time
and surroundings.",
"Distance: The total length of the path traveled by an object.",
"SI unit of distance: metres",
"Displacement: The shortest distance between intial point and final
point.",
"SI unit of displacement: metres",
"Speed: The rate at which an object is moving. It is the distance
travelled by a body in a given time.",
"SI unit of speed: m/s",
"Average speed: The total distance traveled divided by the total time
taken.",
"SI unit of average speed: m/s",
"Velocity: The speed of an object and its direction of motion. Its the
displacemnet per unit time",
"SI unit of velocity: m/s",
 "Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity.",
"SI unit of acceleration: m/s²",
"The difference between acceleration and deceleration:Acceleration is
the rate of change of velocity, which means it can be positive or negative.
Deceleration is negative acceleration, which means it is slowing down.",
"SI unit of time: seconds",
"Define Mass:The amount of matter in an object",
"SI unit of mass:Kilogram(Kg)",
"Define Force:A push or pull that acts on an object",
"SI unit of force: Newton (N)",
"Types of forces: Contact forces and non-contact forces",
"Contact forces:Forces that act between two objects that are in contact
with each other. For eg: Friction, applied force, tension, muscular
force.",
"Non-contact forces:Forces that act over a distance, such as Gravity,
electric force, magnetic force. They are also called Field forces.",
"Affects of Force: Force can change the speed, direction, shape of an
object. It can make an object in rest move and also stop a moving object."
"The difference between balanced forces and unbalanced forces:Balanced
forces are forces that act on an object in opposite directions and cancel
each other out. Unbalanced forces are forces that act on an object in
different directions and cause the object to accelerate.",
"Inertia:The tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion.",
"The relationship between mass and velocity:The greater the mass of an
object, the greater its inertia.",
"The difference between speed and velocity:Speed is the magnitude of
velocity, which means it only tells us how fast an object is moving.
Velocity also tells us the direction of the object's motion.",
"The difference between constant speed and uniform velocity:An object
with constant speed is moving at a steady rate, but its velocity can change
if its direction of motion changes. An object with uniform velocity is
moving at a steady rate and in a straight line.",
"The difference between uniform motion and non-uniform motion:An object
in uniform motion is moving at a constant speed and in a straight line. An
object in non-uniform motion is moving at a changing speed or in a curved
path.",
"The law of inertia:The law of inertia states that an object will
remain at rest or in motion with constant velocity unless acted upon by a
net force.",
"The relationship between force and acceleration:Force is equal to mass
times acceleration.",
"The relationship between velocity and acceleration:Acceleration is the
rate of change of velocity.",
"Define Vector quantity: A quantity that has both magnitude and
direction.",
"Define Scalar quantity: A quantity that has only magnitude.",
"Define Newton's First law of motion: An object at rest will stay at rest,
and an object in motion will stay in motion with a constant velocity,
unless acted upon by an external force.",
"Define Newton's Second law of motion: The force on an object is equal
to its mass times its acceleration.",
"Define Newton's Third law of motion: For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction.",
"Define Momentum: The measure of motion of a moving body, measured as a
product of its mass and velocity..",
"Define Work: The force acting on an object multiplied by the distance
it moves in the direction of the force.",
"Define Energy: Energy is the ability to do work.",
"Define Friction: Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion
of two surfaces in contact.",
"Define Projectile motion: Projectile motion is the motion of an object
that is thrown or projected into the air and then follows a curved path.",
"Define Centripetal force: Centripetal force is the force that keeps an
object moving in a circular path.",
"Define Torque: Torque is the turning force that causes an object to
rotate.",
"Define Power: The rate at which work is done",
"SI unit of power: Watt (W)",
"Define Kinetic energy: The energy of motion",
"SI unit of kinetic energy: Joule (J)",
"Define Potential energy: The energy stored in an object due to its
position or configuration",
"SI unit of potential energy: Joule (J)",
"Define Law of conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or
destroyed, it can only be converted from one form to another",
"Normal force: The force that a surface exerts on an object
perpendicular to the surface.",
"Define Gravitation:It is the attractive force between any two objects with
mass",
"The gravitational constant (G): The constant of proportionality in the
law of universal gravitation",
"The universal law of gravitation: The force of gravity between two
objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers
of mass",
"Relation of gravitation and mass:The force of gravity is proportional
to the product of the masses of the two objects",
"Relation of gravitation and distance:The force of gravitation is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two
objects",
"Weakest force: The force of gravitation is the weakest of the four
fundamental forces",
"The acceleration due to gravity (g): The acceleration of an object due
to the force of gravity. The measure of this acceleration is 9.8m/s²",
"The gravitational field: The region of space around an object where
the force of gravity is exerted",
"The gravitational potential energy: The energy stored in an object due
to its position in a gravitational field",
"Define Escape velocity: The minimum velocity an object needs to escape
from the gravitational pull of a planet or star",
"Why do objects fall to the ground:Objects fall to the ground because
of the force of gravity",
"Why do planets orbit the sun:Planets orbit the sun because of the
force of gravity",
"Why do tides occur:Tides occur because of the difference in the
gravitational force of the moon and the sun on the Earth's oceans",
"SI unit of weight:Newton(N)",
"SI unit of work:Joule (J)",
"Work-Energy theorem: The work done on an object is equal to the change in
its kinetic energy",
"Efficiency: The ratio of the output work to the input work",
"Ways of transferring energy: Conduction,Convection,Radiation",
"Define Sound: A vibration that propagates through a medium and is capable
of being heard",
"Speed of Sound: The speed of sound is different in different mediums.
The speed of sound is fastest in solids, followed by liquids and then
gases",
"The frequency of sound:It is the number of waves produced in a unit
time",
"The unit of frequency: hertz (Hz).",
"Medium: The substance through which sound travels",
"Amplitude: The amplitude of a sound wave is the distance between its
highest and lowest points.",
"The unit of amplitude: decibel (dB)",
"Pitch: The number of sound waves in a second.",
"Overtones: the higher frequencies that are produced along with the
fundamental frequency",
"Audible Sounds: The human ear can hear sounds in the frequency range
of 20 Hz to 20000 Hz",
"Inaudible Sounds: The human ear cant hear sounds below the frequency
of 20 Hz and over 20000 Hz"
"The Doppler effect: The change in the frequency of a sound wave as the
source of the sound moves. The Doppler effect can be used to determine the
speed of an object",
"Use of sound: Sound can be used to communicate, entertain, and warn
people",
"Production of Sound: Sound is produced by the vibration of objects.",
"Propagation of Sound: Sound waves propagate as longitudinal waves.",
"Characteristics of Sound Waves: Amplitude, frequency, and wavelength
are key characteristics of sound waves.",
"Infrasound and Ultrasound: Infrasound has frequencies below the
audible range, while ultrasound has frequencies above the audible range.",
"Echo: An echo is a reflected sound that reaches the listener after a
delay.",
"Sonar: Sonar is a technique that uses sound waves to determine the
depth of the sea and locate underwater objects.",
"Applications of Ultrasound: Ultrasound is used for medical imaging and
cleaning delicate objects.",
"Structure of the Human Ear: The human ear consists of the outer,
middle, and inner ear.",
"Health: Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being.",
"Disease: Disease is a physiological or psychological dysfunction.",
"Pathogens:A pathogen is a harmful microorganism that can cause
disease",
"Pathogen:A pathogen is a harmful microorganism that can cause
disease",
"Acute and Chronic Diseases: Acute diseases have rapid onset and short
duration, while chronic diseases last for a long time.",
"Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases: Infectious diseases are caused
by pathogens, while non-infectious diseases have various causes.",
"Types of Pathogens: Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
protozoa.",
"Transmission of Pathogens: Pathogens spread through air, water,
vectors, etc.",
"Principles of Treatment: Treatment aims to cure, relieve symptoms, and
prevent recurrence.",
"Principles of Prevention: Prevention involves personal and public
health measures.",
"Health and Hygiene: Hygiene practices promote good health.",
"Diseases and Society: Diseases impact individuals and society, causing
economic losses.",
"Body's Defence Mechanisms: The immune system defends against
infections.",
"Immunisation: Immunisation helps prevent infectious diseases.",
"Antibiotics and Vaccines: Antibiotics treat bacterial infections,
while vaccines provide immunity.",
"Antibiotic Resistance: Overuse of antibiotics can lead to
resistance.",
"HIV/AIDS: HIV weakens the immune system, leading to AIDS.",
"Health Education and Community Participation: Health education and
community involvement are key in disease prevention.",
"Natural Resources: Natural resources are essential for the survival and
development of living organisms.",
"Renewable Resources: Renewable resources can be replenished over time,
like sunlight, wind, and water.",
"Non-Renewable Resources: Non-renewable resources are finite and
deplete with use, such as fossil fuels and minerals.",
"Flow Resources: Flow resources, like wind and water, are continuously
available and naturally replenished.",
"Stock Resources: Stock resources, like minerals and fossil fuels, are
limited in quantity.",
"Ecosystems: Ecosystems consist of living organisms and their physical
environment.",
"Biogeochemical Cycles: Biogeochemical cycles involve the circulation
of elements like water, carbon, and nitrogen in ecosystems.",
"Water: Water is a vital resource for various purposes, and water
scarcity is a concern.",
"Air: The atmosphere contains gases essential for life, and air
pollution affects health.",
"Soil: Soil is important for plant growth and agriculture. Soil erosion
is a significant issue.",
"Mineral Resources: Minerals are used for various purposes, including
industries and construction.",
"Conservation of Natural Resources: Sustainable use and conservation
are crucial to prevent resource depletion.",
"Forest and Wildlife: Forests provide habitats and resources.
Deforestation and wildlife conservation are important issues.",
"Ozone Layer Depletion: Ozone depletion leads to harmful effects of UV
radiation.",
"Management of Natural Resources: Management strategies include
afforestation, reforestation, and waste management.",
"Sustainable Development: Sustainable development aims to meet current
needs without compromising future generations' needs.",
"Improvement in Food Resources: Agriculture and animal husbandry are
essential for food production.",
"Crop Production: Crop production involves the cultivation of crops for
food and other products.",
"Crop Variety Improvement: Plant breeding improves crop varieties for
better yield, disease resistance, etc.",
"Crop Protection Management: Pest and disease management involves
biological, chemical, and cultural methods.",
"Soil Preparation: Soil preparation involves plowing, leveling, and
adding manure or fertilizers.",
"Sowing: Sowing is the process of planting seeds in prepared soil.",
"Manures and Fertilizers: Manures and fertilizers enhance soil
fertility and plant growth.",
"Irrigation: Irrigation provides water to crops, improving yield and
quality.",
"Weeding: Weeding removes unwanted plants (weeds) from the cultivated
area.",
"Harvesting: Harvesting is the process of gathering mature crops.",
"Storage of Grains: Grains are stored in proper conditions to prevent
spoilage.",
"Animal Husbandry: Animal husbandry involves the rearing of animals for
various products.",
"Improvement in Animal Breeding: Selective breeding improves desirable
traits in animals.",
"Management of Livestock: Proper care, feeding, and housing enhance
livestock health and productivity.",
"Poultry Farming: Poultry farming is the rearing of birds for meat and
eggs.",
"Fish Production: Fish farming and aquaculture increase fish
production.",
 "Beekeeping: Beekeeping produces honey, wax, and other products.",
"Disease Management in Crops and Animals: Disease management involves
prevention and control measures.",
"Organic Farming: Organic farming avoids synthetic inputs and promotes
sustainable practices.",
"Introduction to Management of Natural Resources: Sustainable management of
resources is essential for the environment and future generations.",
"Need for Management of Natural Resources: Human activities can deplete
resources and harm ecosystems.",
"Forest and Wildlife Conservation: Conservation of forests and wildlife
helps maintain biodiversity and ecological balance.",
"Water Harvesting: Water harvesting involves collecting and storing
rainwater for various uses.",
"Dams and Water Management: Dams help in water storage, irrigation, and
electricity generation.",
"Water for Crop Irrigation: Efficient irrigation methods help conserve
water.",
"Water Management for Industries: Industries need to manage water
consumption and disposal.",
"Coal and Petroleum: Non-renewable resources like coal and petroleum
need efficient utilization and alternatives.",
"Role of Sustainable Management: Sustainable management ensures
equitable distribution and conservation of resources.",
"Multiple Use of Resources: Resources should be used for various
purposes to maximize benefits.",
"Reduction in Resource Consumption: Resource consumption can be reduced
through recycling, reusing, and minimizing waste.",
"Resource Sharing: Resources must be shared responsibly to avoid
conflicts.",
"Equitable Use of Resources: Resources should be used fairly,
considering present and future generations.",
"Biodiversity and Resource Use: Biodiversity contributes to various
resources and ecosystem services.",
"Responsibility towards Resources: Individuals and communities have a
role in resource conservation.",
"Case Studies: Successful resource management examples include the
Chipko movement and Amrita Devi Bishnoi Award.",
"Global Cooperation: International cooperation is important for
conserving global resources.",
"Sustainable Development Goals: SDGs aim to achieve sustainability and
improve living conditions worldwide.",
# Class 10 Science
"Chemical Reaction: Process in which substances undergo chemical changes.",
"Chemical Equation: Representation of a chemical reaction using symbols
and formulas.",
"Balancing Chemical Equations: Equal number of atoms of each element on
both sides.",
"Types of Chemical Reactions: Combination, decomposition, displacement,
double displacement.",
"Reaction Rate: Speed at which reactants are converted into products.",
"Catalysts and Inhibitors: Substances that speed up or slow down
reactions.",
"Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions: Release or absorb energy.",
"Corrosion: Gradual destruction of metals due to chemical reactions.",
"Rusting: Corrosion of iron in the presence of moisture and air.",
"Preventing Corrosion: Use of coatings, sacrificial anodes,
galvanization."
"Acids: Sour-tasting substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water.",
"Bases: Bitter-tasting substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-) in
water.",
"Indicators: Substances that change color in the presence of acids or
bases.",
"Neutralization: Reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and
water.",
"Salt: Compound formed by the reaction between an acid and a base.",
"Acid Rain: Harmful effects of pollutants reacting with atmospheric
water.",
"Antacids: Substances that neutralize excess stomach acid.",
"Bases in Daily Life: Use of bases in soaps, detergents, antacids."
"Metals: Elements with properties like malleability, ductility,
conductivity.",
"Non-Metals: Elements with properties opposite to metals.",
"Physical Properties of Metals: Luster, malleability, ductility,
conductivity.",
"Chemical Properties of Metals: Reactivity with acids, displacement
reactions.",
"Alloys: Mixtures of two or more metals to improve properties.",
"Non-Metals: Properties, uses of elements like carbon, sulfur,
nitrogen.",
"Comparison of Metals and Non-Metals: Conductivity, malleability,
reactivity.",
"Corrosion: Gradual destruction of metals due to reaction with moisture
and gases.",
"Preventing Corrosion: Methods like painting, galvanization, using
alloys.",
"Metalloids: Elements with properties of both metals and non-metals."
"Carbon: Element with unique bonding properties, forms diverse compounds.",
"Hydrocarbons: Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only.",
"Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Single and multiple bonds
between carbon atoms.",
"Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms that determine compound
properties.",
"Homologous Series: Series of compounds with similar functional
groups.",
"Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds: Combustion, addition,
substitution reactions.",
"Fuels: Substances that release energy upon combustion.",
"Hydrocarbons as Fuels: Importance of octane number and cetane
number.",
"Natural Sources of Carbon Compounds: Fossil fuels, natural gas,
coal.",
"Synthetic Polymers: Large molecules formed by repeating units
(monomers)."
"Periodic Table: Arrangement of elements based on increasing atomic
number.",
"Mendeleev's Periodic Table: Elements arranged in order of increasing
atomic mass.",
"Modern Periodic Table: Elements arranged in order of increasing atomic
number.",
"Periods and Groups: Horizontal rows and vertical columns in the
periodic table.",
"Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table: Trends in atomic size,
metallic character, etc.",
"Valency: Number of electrons an atom can gain, lose, or share in a
chemical reaction.",
"Metals, Non-Metals, and Metalloids: Classification based on
properties.",
"Alkali Metals and Alkaline Earth Metals: Group 1 and 2 elements with
similar properties.",
"Noble Gases: Group 18 elements with full outer electron shells.",
"Transition Elements: Elements in the middle of the periodic table with
variable valency."
"Life Processes: Processes essential for maintaining life in organisms.",
"Nutrition in Animals: It is the process by which animals obtain
nutrition.",
"Nutrition: Process of obtaining and utilizing nutrients for energy and
growth.",
"Respiration: Cellular process of releasing energy from food
molecules.",
"Transportation: Movement of substances (water, nutrients, gases)
within organisms.",
"Excretion: Elimination of waste products from the body.",
"Control and Coordination: Regulation of body functions and responses
to stimuli.",
"Tissues: Group of cells with similar structure and function.",
"Organs and Organ Systems: Group of tissues performing specific
functions.",
"Reproduction: Process by which organisms produce offspring."
"Nervous System: Network of nerves and cells that transmit signals.",
"Neurons: Nerve cells that transmit electrical signals.",
"Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord, control center of the
body.",
"Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves connecting CNS to rest of the
body.",
"Reflex Action: Involuntary and rapid response to a stimulus.",
"Hormones: Chemical messengers that regulate body functions.",
"Endocrine System: Glands that produce and secrete hormones.",
"Coordination: Working together of different organs for proper
functioning.",
"Feedback Mechanism: System that maintains balance and stability in the
body.",
"Disorders of the Nervous System: Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, etc."
"Reproduction: Process by which organisms produce offspring.",
"Types of Reproduction: Asexual (single parent) and sexual (two
parents).",
"Asexual Reproduction: Binary fission, budding, regeneration.",
"Sexual Reproduction: Fusion of male and female gametes.",
"Reproductive Parts in Humans: Male and female reproductive systems.",
"Puberty: Onset of sexual maturity, changes in body and reproductive
organs.",
"Menstrual Cycle: Monthly cycle in females involving preparation of
uterus for pregnancy.",
"Fertilization: Fusion of egg and sperm to form zygote.",
"Embryonic Development: Zygote undergoes cell division and
differentiation.",
"Placenta and Umbilical Cord: Structures that provide nourishment to
the developing embryo."
"Heredity: Passing of traits from parents to offspring through genes.",
"Variations: Differences in traits among individuals of the same
species.",
"Mendel's Experiments: Laws of inheritance, dominant and recessive
traits.",
"Sexual Reproduction and Inheritance: Variation due to recombination of
genes.",
"Evolution: Gradual change in species over time.",
"Natural Selection: Survival and reproduction of organisms with
favorable traits.",
"Speciation: Formation of new species due to isolation and genetic
changes.",
"Fossils: Preserved remains of ancient organisms, evidence of
evolution.",
"Evolution by Artificial Selection: Selective breeding to obtain
desired traits.",
 "Adaptations: Traits that help organisms survive and reproduce in their
environment."
"Reflection of Light: Bouncing back of light rays from surfaces.",
"Laws of Reflection: Angle of incidence is equal to angle of
reflection.",
"Regular and Diffuse Reflection: Reflection from smooth and rough
surfaces.",
"Image Formation by Plane Mirrors: Virtual, erect, and same size.",
"Refraction of Light: Bending of light when it passes from one medium
to another.",
"Laws of Refraction: Snell's law, relation between angles of incidence
and refraction.",
"Refraction through a Glass Prism: Dispersion of white light into its
component colors.",
"Atmospheric Refraction: Sun appears slightly above the horizon during
sunrise and sunset.",
"Spherical Mirrors: Concave and convex mirrors, focus, and focal
length.",
"Lens: Transparent material with curved surfaces that refract light."
"Human Eye: Organ that detects light and allows us to see.",
"Parts of the Human Eye: Cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic
nerve.",
"Defects of Vision: Myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia
(farsightedness), presbyopia.",
"Correction of Vision: Use of corrective lenses (glasses, contact
lenses).",
"Structure of the Eye: Formation of inverted and real image on the
retina.",
"Persistence of Vision: Retention of an image by the eye for a short
time.",
"Scattering of Light: Blue color of the sky and reddish hues during
sunset.",
"Dispersion of Light: Formation of a spectrum due to different
refractive indices.",
"Colors of Objects: Absorption and reflection of light by objects.",
"Optical Phenomena: Rainbow, twinkling of stars, mirages."
"Electric Current: Flow of electric charges (usually electrons) in a
conductor.",
"Electric Circuit: Path through which electric current flows.",
"Electric Components: Cells, battery, switch, resistor, bulb, etc.",
"Symbols of Electric Components: Representation in circuit diagrams.",
"Ohm's Law: Relationship between voltage, current, and resistance (V =
IR).",
"Resistance: Opposition to the flow of electric current.",
"Series and Parallel Circuits: Arrangements of components in
circuits.",
"Heating Effect of Electric Current: Conversion of electrical energy
into heat.",
"Electric Power: Rate at which electrical energy is consumed or
produced.",
"Safety Measures in Using Electricity: Insulation, earthing, fuses,
circuit breakers."
"Magnetic Field: Region around a magnet where its influence can be felt.",
"Magnetic Force: Force of attraction or repulsion between magnets.",
"Magnetic Field Lines: Representation of magnetic field using lines.",
"Electromagnetic Induction: Generation of electric current due to
change in magnetic field.",
"Fleming's Right-Hand Rule: Direction of induced current in a
conductor.",
"Electric Generator: Device that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.",
 "Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC): Types of electric
current.",
"Magnetic Effects of Electric Current: Magnetic field due to electric
current in a wire.",
"Electromagnet: Temporary magnet created by passing current through a
coil.",
"Electric Motor: Device that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy."
"Sources of Energy: Various forms of energy used for different purposes.",
"Conventional Sources of Energy: Fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural
gas), nuclear energy.",
"Non-Conventional Sources of Energy: Solar, wind, hydroelectric,
geothermal, tidal energy.",
"Fossil Fuels: Formation, extraction, and environmental impact.",
"Renewable Sources of Energy: Sources that can be replenished
naturally.",
"Solar Energy: Conversion of sunlight into electricity using solar
cells.",
"Wind Energy: Conversion of wind's kinetic energy into electricity
using wind turbines.",
"Hydroelectric Power: Generation of electricity from flowing water.",
"Nuclear Energy: Energy released during nuclear reactions.",
"Environmental Impact of Energy Sources: Pollution, greenhouse gases,
sustainability."
"Environment: Surroundings that affect living organisms and their
interactions.",
"Ecosystem: Interaction between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-
living) components.",
"Components of Ecosystem: Producers, consumers, decomposers.",
"Food Chains and Food Webs: Transfer of energy through feeding
relationships.",
"Energy Flow in Ecosystems: Passage of energy from one organism to
another.",
"Ecological Pyramids: Representations of energy, biomass, and
numbers.",
"Biogeochemical Cycles: Cycling of elements (carbon, nitrogen, water)
in ecosystems.",
"Human Activities and Environment: Deforestation, pollution, global
warming.",
"Environmental Protection: Conservation, sustainable development, waste
management.",
"Biodiversity: Variety of life forms on Earth, essential for ecosystem
balance."
"Natural Resources: Materials and substances obtained from the
environment.",
"Types of Natural Resources: Renewable (sunlight, wind) and non-
renewable (fossil fuels).",
"Management of Natural Resources: Sustainable use and conservation.",
"Forests: Importance of forests, deforestation, afforestation.",
"Wildlife: Conservation of wildlife and protection of habitats.",
"Water: Importance of water, water scarcity, water management.",
"Mineral Resources: Conservation of minerals, mining, environmental
impact.",
"Role of Individuals in Resource Management: Reduce, reuse, recycle.",
"Alternative Sources of Energy: Solar, wind, hydroelectric, biofuels.",
"Global Warming and Climate Change: Impact of human activities on the
environment."
# Class 7 Science
"Chlorophyll: Green pigment responsible for capturing light energy.",
"Mineral Absorption: Roots absorb minerals and water from the soil.",
"Transpiration: the process by which plants lose water in the form of
water vapor through small openings on their leaves.",
"Xylem and Phloem: Vascular tissues responsible for water and nutrient
transport.",
"Autotrophic Nutrition: Plants make their own food using sunlight.",
"Parasitic Plants: Obtain nutrients from other plants.",
"Carnivorous Plants: Capture insects for additional nutrients.",
"Factors Affecting Photosynthesis: Light intensity, CO2 levels,
temperature.",
"Hydroponics: Growing plants without soil using nutrient solutions."
"Digestive System: Organ system responsible for breaking down and absorbing
nutrients.",
"Digestive Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze digestion of carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats.",
"Peristalsis: Muscular contractions that push food along the digestive
tract.",
"Assimilation: Absorption of digested nutrients into the bloodstream.",
"Ruminants: Animals like cows have specialized stomachs for digesting
cellulose.",
"Respiration: Process of obtaining energy from food by cells.",
"Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen and produces more energy.",
"Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs without oxygen, produces less energy.",
"Malnutrition: Imbalance of nutrients leading to health issues.",
"Food Labels: Nutritional information on packaged foods."
"Natural Fibres: Obtained from plants (cotton, jute) and animals (wool,
silk).",
"Processing Steps: Cleaning, carding, spinning, and weaving.",
"Silk Production: Sericulture involves rearing silkworms and obtaining
silk.",
"Synthetic Fibres: Man-made fibres like nylon, polyester, and rayon.",
"Blending: Mixing different fibres to get desired fabric properties.",
"Degumming: Removal of sericin from silk threads.",
"Mercerization: Treating cotton fibres with sodium hydroxide to improve
properties.",
"Regenerated Fibres: Produced by chemically treating natural
materials.",
"Properties of Fabrics: Strength, texture, absorbency, and
elasticity.",
"Dyeing and Printing: Adding colors and patterns to fabrics."
"Temperature: Measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.",
"Thermal Expansion: Substances expand when heated and contract when
cooled.",
"Conduction: Heat transfer through direct contact of particles.",
"Convection: Heat transfer through fluid movement.",
"Radiation: Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.",
"Insulators and Conductors: Materials that resist or conduct heat.",
"Specific Heat Capacity: Amount of heat needed to raise substance's
temperature.",
"Global Warming: Increase in Earth's temperature due to greenhouse
gases.",
"Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions: Heat absorbed or released in
reactions.",
"Heat Engines: Convert heat energy to mechanical work."
"Acids: Release H+ ions, taste sour, turn blue litmus red.",
"Bases: Release OH- ions, taste bitter, turn red litmus blue.",
"pH Scale: Measures acidity or alkalinity (0-14), 7 is neutral. Acids
have a pH value less than 7. Bases have a pH value more than 7.",
"Neutralization: Reaction between acid and base to form water and
salt.",
"Indicators: Substances that change color to indicate pH.",
"Acid Rain: Rain with low pH due to pollutants like sulfur dioxide.",
"Salt Formation: Acids react with metals, bases, and carbonates to form
salts.",
"Buffer Solutions: Solutions that resist changes in pH.",
"Soil pH: Affects nutrient availability for plants.",
"Litmus Test: Using litmus paper to determine pH."
"Physical Changes: Change in physical properties without new substances.",
"Chemical Changes: New substances formed with different properties.",
"Evidence of Chemical Reactions: Change in color, gas production,
temperature change.",
"Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass is conserved in chemical
reactions.",
"Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions: Absorption or release of heat.",
"Oxidation and Reduction: Loss and gain of electrons in reactions.",
"Catalysts: Speed up reactions without being consumed.",
"Combustion: Rapid chemical reaction with oxygen, producing heat and
light.",
"Corrosion: Gradual destruction of metals due to reaction with
substances in the environment.",
"Chemical Equations: Represent reactions with reactants and products."
"Weather: Current atmospheric conditions at a specific location.",
"Climate: Long-term average weather conditions in an area.",
"Adaptations: Structural, behavioral, or physiological changes to
survive in a specific environment.",
"Migration: Seasonal movement of animals for food, breeding, or
climate.",
"Hibernation: Period of reduced activity and metabolism in cold
conditions.",
"Desert Adaptations: Nocturnal activity, water storage, heat
tolerance.",
"Arctic Adaptations: Thick fur, blubber, hibernation.",
"Aquatic Adaptations: Streamlined body, gills for breathing, webbed
feet.",
"Tundra Adaptations: Thick fur, strong legs, short ears.",
"Rainforest Adaptations: Camouflage, specialized diets, climbing
abilities."
"Wind: Movement of air from high to low pressure areas.",
"Air Pressure: Force exerted by atmosphere on a unit area.",
"Cyclones: Rotating systems of low pressure with high-speed winds.",
"Tornadoes: Destructive, rapidly rotating columns of air from
thunderstorms.",
"Thunderstorms: Electrical storms with lightning, thunder, rain.",
"Safety Measures: Stay indoors, away from windows during storms.",
"Typhoons and Hurricanes: Cyclones with different names in different
regions.",
"Tropical Cyclones: Form over warm ocean waters, cause strong winds and
heavy rainfall.",
"Anticyclones: High-pressure systems with descending air, bringing fair
weather.",
"Weather Maps: Display weather conditions and patterns."
"Soil Composition: Mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, air.",
"Soil Horizons: Layers with distinct characteristics (A, B, C).",
"Soil Erosion: Removal of topsoil due to natural forces or human
activities.",
"Soil Conservation: Methods to prevent soil erosion (afforestation,
terracing).",
"Crop Rotation: Planting different crops in sequence to maintain soil
fertility.",
"Soil pH: Influences nutrient availability for plant growth.",
"Soil Fertility: Ability of soil to provide nutrients to plants.",
"Soil Texture: Proportions of sand, silt, clay particles determine
texture.",
"Soil Pollution: Contamination by chemicals, heavy metals,
pesticides.",
"Leaching: Movement of nutrients and minerals downward in soil due to
water."
"Respiration: Process of releasing energy from food in cells.",
"Breathing: Exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between body
and environment.",
"Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen, produces more energy.",
"Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs without oxygen, produces less energy.",
"Respiratory System: Organs involved in breathing and gas exchange.",
"Cellular Respiration: Chemical process within cells to release
energy.",
"Fermentation: Type of anaerobic respiration in yeast and
microorganisms.",
"Alcohol and Lactic Acid: Products of fermentation in yeast and
muscles.",
"Breathing Rate: Influenced by factors like activity level, health, and
altitude.",
"Oxygen Debt: Extra oxygen needed after anaerobic activity."
"Transportation in Plants: Xylem transports water, phloem transports
nutrients.",
"Circulatory System: Blood vessels and heart transport substances in
animals.",
"Blood Components: Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets.",
"Arteries and Veins: Arteries carry oxygenated blood away, veins return
deoxygenated blood.",
"Double Circulation: Blood passes through heart twice in one complete
cycle.",
"Transport of Oxygen: Hemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen.",
"Lymphatic System: Collects excess fluids and returns them to the
blood.",
"Transport of Water in Plants: Cohesion, adhesion, transpiration
pull.",
"Transport of Nutrients: Phloem carries nutrients from leaves to other
parts.",
"Closed and Open Circulatory Systems: Blood circulation types in
animals."
"Reproduction in Plants: Asexual (single parent) and sexual (two parents)
methods.",
"Sexual Reproduction: Formation of seeds through fertilization.",
"Flower Structure: Petals, sepals, stamen, pistil (carpel).",
"Pollination: Transfer of pollen from stamen to pistil for
fertilization.",
"Seed Dispersal: Methods like wind, water, animals ensure spread.",
"Seed Germination: Process of growth from seed to plant.",
"Asexual Reproduction: Cloning of plants through vegetative
propagation.",
"Budding and Grafting: Methods of asexual reproduction in plants.",
"Vegetative Propagation: New plants from leaves, stems, roots.",
"Tissue Culture: Lab method to grow new plants from small pieces of
tissue."
"Motion: Change in position of an object with respect to time.",
"Types of Motion: Linear, circular, periodic, random.",
"Speed: Rate of motion, calculated as distance divided by time.",
"Velocity: Speed in a given direction, a vector quantity.",
"Acceleration: Change in velocity over time, can be positive or
negative.",
"Uniform Motion: Constant speed and direction, no acceleration.",
"Non-uniform Motion: Changing speed or direction, acceleration
present.",
"Time: Standard unit of measuring events and durations.",
 "Measurement of Time: Clocks, sundials, water clocks.",
"Galileo's Experiments: Study of motion, acceleration due to gravity."
"Electric Current: Flow of electric charges (usually electrons) in a
conductor.",
"Conductors and Insulators: Materials that allow or resist electric
flow.",
"Electric Circuit: Closed path for electric current flow.",
"Components of a Circuit: Source, conductors, device, switch.",
"Voltage and Current: Voltage causes current flow, measured in volts
and amperes.",
"Electric Resistance: Opposition to current flow, measured in ohms.",
"Ohm's Law: Relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.",
"Series and Parallel Circuits: Different arrangements of components.",
"Electric Power: Rate at which electric energy is used, measured in
watts.",
"Effects of Electric Current: Heating, magnetic, chemical effects."
"Light: Form of electromagnetic radiation visible to humans.",
"Reflection: Bouncing back of light rays from surfaces.",
"Refraction: Bending of light when it passes from one medium to
another.",
"Dispersion: Separation of white light into its component colors.",
"Prism: Transparent material that can disperse light into a spectrum.",
"Mirrors: Reflect light to form virtual or real images.",
"Lenses: Refract light to form images in cameras, eyes, telescopes.",
"Optical Fibers: Transmit light through internal reflection.",
"Shadows: Formed when light is blocked by an opaque object.",
"Color: Result of selective absorption and reflection of light."
"Importance of Water: Essential for all life forms and various
activities.",
"Water Cycle: Continuous movement of water between Earth's surface and
atmosphere.",
"Water Scarcity: Insufficient water resources for human needs.",
"Water Conservation: Responsible use to avoid wastage and depletion.",
"Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting rainwater for various uses.",
"Groundwater: Water stored below Earth's surface in aquifers.",
"Water Pollution: Contamination of water sources by pollutants.",
"Water Treatment: Purification for safe consumption and use.",
"Desalination: Process to remove salt from seawater for freshwater
supply.",
"Water Footprint: Measure of total water used to produce goods and
services."
"Importance of Forests: Ecosystem balance, biodiversity, climate
regulation.",
"Biodiversity: Wide variety of plant and animal species in forests.",
"Deforestation: Clearing of forests for agriculture, urbanization,
logging.",
"Afforestation: Planting trees to create new forests.",
"Wildlife Conservation: Protection of animals and their habitats.",
"Forest Resources: Timber, medicines, fruits, nuts, honey.",
"Sustainable Forest Management: Balancing resource use and
conservation.",
"Forest Degradation: Negative impacts on forests due to human
activities.",
"Vanishing Forests: Rapid loss of forests and its consequences.",
"Ecotourism: Sustainable tourism promoting appreciation of natural
areas."
"Wastewater Generation: Produced from homes, industries, agriculture.",
"Sewage Treatment: Multi-step process to remove pollutants from
wastewater.",
"Primary Treatment: Removal of floating debris and large particles.",
"Secondary Treatment: Bacteria break down organic matter in water.",
 "Tertiary Treatment: Additional processes to further purify water.",
"Sludge: Solid waste remaining after wastewater treatment.",
"Reclaimed Water: Treated wastewater for non-potable uses.",
"Waterborne Diseases: Spread through contaminated water sources.",
"Sanitation: Ensuring safe disposal of human waste to prevent
pollution.",
"Water Management: Importance of proper wastewater treatment and
disposal."
# Class 6 Science
"Why do we need food: Food is necessary for the growth, development, and
maintenance of living organisms.",
"Sources of food: Plants and animals are the two primary sources of
food for humans.",
"Different parts of plants we eat: Roots (carrots, radishes), stems
(potatoes), leaves (spinach, lettuce), flowers (cauliflower), fruits
(apples), seeds (peas).",
"Importance of a balanced diet: A diet that includes a variety of foods
provides all the necessary nutrients in appropriate amounts.",
"Nutrients: Substances that provide energy and are essential for growth
and maintenance.",
"Carbohydrates: Provide energy. Found in grains, fruits, vegetables.",
"Proteins: Necessary for growth and repair. Found in pulses, meat,
dairy products.",
"Fats: Concentrated energy source. Found in oils, nuts, butter.",
"Vitamins: Essential for various biochemical processes. Different
vitamins have specific functions.",
"Minerals: Required for the formation of bones, teeth, and overall
health.",
"Water: Vital for various bodily functions including digestion,
circulation, and temperature regulation.",
"Deficiency diseases: Health issues caused by the lack of specific
nutrients.",
"Balanced diet: A diet that contains all the essential nutrients in the
right proportions.",
"Malnutrition: Imbalance of nutrients, either deficiency or excess.",
"Food pyramid: Illustrates the ideal proportions of different food
groups in a balanced diet."
"Carbohydrates: Main source of energy. Broken down into glucose for use by
cells.",
"Proteins: Building blocks of the body. Made up of amino acids.",
"Fats: Concentrated energy, insulation, protection of organs.",
"Vitamins: Organic compounds needed in small amounts for various
biochemical processes.",
"Minerals: Inorganic substances essential for bone health, nerve
function, etc.",
"Water: Crucial for digestion, absorption, and transportation of
nutrients.",
"Balanced diet: Contains all nutrients in appropriate amounts.",
"Deficiency diseases: Result from lack of specific nutrients. Examples
include scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) and rickets (vitamin D and calcium
deficiency).",
"Overnutrition: Excessive intake of nutrients, leading to obesity and
related health problems.",
"Food additives: Substances added to food to enhance flavor, color, or
shelf life.",
"Preservatives: Additives that prevent spoilage by inhibiting microbial
growth.",
"Food labels: Provide information about nutritional content and
ingredients.",
"Food adulteration: Addition of harmful substances to food for economic
gain."
"Fibers: Thin, thread-like structures used to make fabrics.",
"Natural fibers: Obtained from plants (cotton, jute) and animals (wool,
silk).",
"Synthetic fibers: Man-made materials (nylon, polyester).",
"Processing fibers: Extracting fibers from sources, cleaning, spinning
into threads.",
"Spinning: Twisting fibers to form yarn, making them stronger and more
manageable.",
"Weaving: Interlacing threads (warp and weft) to create fabric.",
"Knitting: Creating fabric by interlocking loops of yarn with
needles.",
"Properties of fibers: Strength, elasticity, texture, length.",
"Applications of fabrics: Clothing, accessories, household items.",
"Blended fabrics: Combining different types of fibers for improved
qualities.",
"Dyeing and printing: Adding color and patterns to fabrics using
various methods."
"Materials: Substances that have a definite composition and distinct
properties.",
"Properties of materials: Solubility, transparency, density, magnetic
nature, conductivity, etc.",
"Classification of materials: Grouping based on common properties for
easier study.",
"Solubility: Ability of a substance to dissolve in another.",
"Transparency: Degree to which light can pass through a substance.",
"Hardness: Resistance of a material to being scratched or dented.",
"Using properties for sorting: Separating mixtures based on properties
(e.g., using a magnet to separate iron from a mixture).",
"Mixtures: Combination of two or more substances that can be separated
by physical methods.",
"Solution: Homogeneous mixture where one substance dissolves in another
(saltwater).",
"Suspension: Heterogeneous mixture where solid particles are dispersed
in a liquid (muddy water).",
"Colloid: Heterogeneous mixture with fine particles that do not settle
(milk, mayonnaise)."
"Mixtures: Combination of two or more substances that retain their
properties.",
"Methods of separation: Filtration, evaporation, sedimentation,
decantation, sieving.",
"Filtration: Separating solids from liquids using a filter that allows
liquids to pass through.",
"Evaporation: Conversion of liquid water into water vapor due to
heat.",
"Sedimentation: Settling down of heavier particles in a mixture due to
gravity.",
"Decantation: Pouring out a liquid without disturbing the settled
solid.",
"Physical changes: Changes in the physical properties of a substance
without changing its chemical composition.",
"Chemical changes: Changes that result in the formation of new
substances with different properties.",
"Applications of separation methods: Purifying water, separating
components of a mixture, etc.",
"Sublimation: Change of state from solid directly to gas (e.g., dry
ice)."
"Change: Process of transformation from one state or condition to
another.",
"Physical changes: Alterations in appearance, state, or properties
without affecting the composition.",
"Chemical changes: Formation of new substances with different
properties.",
"Factors affecting changes: Temperature, pressure, presence of
catalysts.",
"Reversible changes: Changes that can be undone, like melting and
freezing.",
"Irreversible changes: Changes that cannot be undone, like burning a
paper.",
"Conservation of mass: Total mass of substances remains the same before
and after a physical or chemical change.",
"Examples of physical changes: Melting ice, boiling water, tearing
paper.",
"Examples of chemical changes: Rusting of iron, burning of wood, baking
a cake."
"Plants are vital for the survival of all living organisms as they produce
oxygen and provide food.",
"Parts of a plant: Roots, stem, leaves, flowers.",
"Roots: Anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients from the soil.",
"Stem: Supports the plant, transports water and nutrients between roots
and leaves.",
"Leaves: Sites of photosynthesis, where food is synthesized using
sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.",
"Flowers: Reproductive structures that produce seeds.",
"Photosynthesis: Process by which green plants use sunlight to make
their own food by converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and
oxygen.",
"The gas that plants release during photosynthesis: Carbondioxide.",
"Life cycle of flowering plants: Seed germination, growth of roots and
shoots, flowering, pollination, fertilization, seed formation.",
"Dispersal of seeds: Various methods by which plants spread their seeds
away from the parent plant.",
"Agents of seed dispersal: Wind, water, animals, explosion.",
"Seed dormancy: Adaptation that allows seeds to remain dormant until
favorable conditions for growth are met."
"Body movements are essential for various activities like locomotion,
protection, and maintaining posture.",
"Types of movements: Locomotion (movement from one place to another)
and non-locomotion (movement in one spot).",
"Bones: Framework of the body, provide shape, support, and protect
vital organs.",
"Joints: Points where two or more bones meet, allowing movement.",
"Types of joints: Fixed (skull, pelvis), hinge (elbow), pivot (neck),
ball and socket (shoulder, hip).",
"Muscles: Tissues responsible for movement by contracting and
relaxing.",
"Types of muscles: Voluntary (can be controlled consciously) and
involuntary (controlled unconsciously).",
"Antagonistic muscles: Muscles that work in pairs to create movement
and maintain stability.",
"Posture: Position of the body while sitting, standing, or lying
down.",
"Balance: Maintaining the body's center of gravity within the base of
support to prevent falling.",
"Effects of exercise: Improves muscle strength, flexibility, and
overall fitness.",
"Muscular dystrophy: Genetic disorder that weakens and degenerates
muscles over time."
"Living organisms exhibit life processes and interact with their
environment.",
"Living things: Organisms that display the characteristics of life,
such as growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and metabolism.",
"Non-living things: Lack these characteristics and do not perform life
processes.",
"Habitat: Specific environment where an organism lives and finds its
food, water, and shelter.",
"Adaptations: Characteristics that help organisms survive in their
specific habitats.",
"Structural adaptations: Physical traits that improve an organism's
chances of survival.",
"Behavioral adaptations: Actions or behaviors that aid an organism's
survival.",
"Interdependence: All living things rely on other organisms and their
environment for survival.",
"Food chain: Sequence of organisms, each serving as a source of food
for the next.",
"Food web: Complex interconnections of multiple food chains in an
ecosystem.",
"Energy flow in ecosystems: Sunlight is the primary source of energy,
transferred through the food chain.",
"Pyramid of numbers: Representation of the number of organisms at each
trophic level in a food chain.",
"Ecosystem: Community of living organisms interacting with their
physical environment."
"Motion: Change in position of an object with respect to its
surroundings.",
"Types of motion: Rectilinear (motion in a straight line), circular
(motion around a fixed point), periodic (motion that repeats in a
pattern).",
"Distance: Measurement of the amount of space between two points.",
"Standard units of distance: Meter (m), centimeter (cm), kilometer
(km).",
"Instruments for measuring distance: Ruler, tape measure, odometer.",
"Speed: Measure of how fast an object is moving.",
"Speed calculation: Speed = Distance / Time.",
"Average speed: Total distance covered divided by total time taken.",
"Instantaneous speed: Speed at a particular instant.",
"Converting units of speed: km/h to m/s, and vice versa.",
"Uniform motion: Object covers equal distances in equal intervals of
time.",
"Non-uniform motion: Object covers unequal distances in equal intervals
of time.",
"Calculating average speed in different situations."
"Light: Form of energy that enables us to see objects around us.",
"Sources of light: Natural (Sun) and artificial (bulbs, lamps).",
"Propagation of light: Light travels in straight lines until it
interacts with an obstacle or is absorbed.",
"Formation of shadows: Shadows are formed on the side of an object
opposite to the light source.",
"Shadow size: Depends on the distance between the object and the
screen.",
"Reflection: Bouncing back of light when it hits a surface.",
"Laws of reflection: Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal at the
point of incidence all lie in the same plane. Angle of incidence = Angle of
reflection.",
"Regular reflection: Reflection from a smooth surface, creating a clear
image.",
"Diffuse reflection: Reflection from a rough surface, scattering light
in different directions.",
"Mirrors: Smooth, shiny surfaces that reflect light to form images.",
"Plane mirrors: Reflect light without distorting the image.",
"Virtual images: Images formed by extending reflected rays backward.",
"Applications of reflection: Periscopes, kaleidoscopes, rearview
mirrors."
"Electricity: Flow of electric charge (electrons) through conductors.",
"Conductors: Materials that allow electricity to flow easily
(metals).",
"Insulators: Materials that resist the flow of electricity (wood,
rubber).",
"Electric circuit: Closed pathway for the flow of electric current.",
"Components of an electric circuit: Cell/battery, bulb, switch, wires,
connecting terminals.",
"Closed circuit: Complete pathway for current to flow, causing the bulb
to light up.",
"Open circuit: Incomplete pathway, preventing the flow of current and
keeping the bulb off.",
"Switch: Device used to open or close a circuit, controlling the flow
of electricity.",
"Electric symbols: Represent components in circuit diagrams.",
"Series circuit: Components connected in a single path. Same current
flows through each component.",
"Parallel circuit: Components connected in multiple paths. Voltage
across each component is the same.",
"Short circuit: Unintended low-resistance connection between parts of a
circuit.",
"Electromagnets: Temporary magnets created by passing electric current
through a coil of wire."
"Magnet: Object that produces a magnetic field.",
"Magnetic field: Area around a magnet where its influence can be
felt.",
"Poles of a magnet: North-seeking pole (N) and south-seeking pole
(S).",
"Properties of magnets: Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.",
"Types of magnets: Natural magnets (lodestone) and artificial
magnets.",
"Artificial magnets: Created by stroking or rubbing iron or steel.",
"Magnetic materials: Substances that can be magnetized (iron, nickel,
cobalt).",
"Non-magnetic materials: Substances that do not get attracted to
magnets (wood, plastic).",
"Electromagnets: Temporary magnets created by passing electric current
through a coil of wire.",
"Applications of magnets: Magnetic compasses, MRI machines,
loudspeakers.",
"Magnetic lines of force: Imaginary lines that depict the magnetic
field around a magnet.",
"Magnetic field of Earth: Compass needles align with the Earth's
magnetic field lines.",
"Magnetic domains: Tiny regions within a material where the magnetic
fields of atoms align."
"Water: Essential for all forms of life on Earth.",
"Sources of water: Lakes, rivers, oceans, underground sources, rain.",
"States of water: Liquid, solid (ice), gas (water vapor).",
"Water cycle: Continuous process of evaporation, condensation, and
precipitation.",
"Evaporation: Conversion of liquid water into water vapor due to
heat.",
"Condensation: Conversion of water vapor into liquid water due to
cooling.",
"Precipitation: Water droplets falling from clouds in the form of rain,
snow, sleet, or hail.",
"Water conservation: Responsible usage and preservation of water
resources.",
"Methods of water conservation: Fixing leaks, using water-saving
appliances, reusing water.",
 "Water pollution: Contamination of water bodies by harmful
substances.",
"Sources of water pollution: Industrial waste, sewage, agricultural
runoff.",
"Effects of water pollution: Harmful to aquatic life, humans, and
ecosystems.",
"Wastewater treatment: Process of cleaning and purifying water before
returning it to the environment."
"Air: Mixture of gases that envelops the Earth.",
"Composition of air: Mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with
traces of carbon dioxide, argon, and other gases.",
"Properties of air: Weight, pressure, density.",
"Weight of air: Exerts pressure on objects due to its weight.",
"Air pressure: Force exerted by air molecules on surfaces.",
"Atmospheric pressure: Pressure exerted by the weight of the entire
atmosphere.",
"Importance of air: Essential for respiration, combustion, and weather
phenomena.",
"Air pollution: Contamination of air by harmful substances.",
"Sources of air pollution: Vehicle emissions, industrial processes,
burning fossil fuels.",
"Effects of air pollution: Respiratory diseases, environmental
degradation, smog.",
"Preventing air pollution: Reducing emissions, using cleaner energy
sources, promoting public awareness."
"Waste: Unwanted, discarded, or unusable materials.",
"Types of waste: Biodegradable (decomposes naturally) and non-
biodegradable (does not decompose easily).",
"Waste management: Proper handling, disposal, and recycling of waste
materials.",
"Reduce: Minimizing waste generation by using fewer resources and
avoiding unnecessary packaging.",
"Reuse: Extending the lifespan of items by finding alternative uses for
them.",
"Recycle: Processing waste materials to create new products.",
"Composting: Natural decomposition of organic waste into nutrient-rich
soil.",
"Vermicomposting: Using earthworms to decompose organic waste and
produce compost.",
"E-waste: Waste generated from electronic devices, containing hazardous
materials.",
"Landfills: Sites where waste is disposed of in a controlled manner.",
"Effects of improper waste disposal: Soil and water pollution, health
hazards.",
"Individual responsibility: Segregating waste, using eco-friendly
products, practicing responsible disposal."
#Class 8
"Agriculture: Cultivation of crops and rearing of animals for food, fiber,
medicinal plants.",
"Crop Rotation: Growing different crops in a sequence to maintain soil
fertility.",
"Multiple Cropping: Growing two or more crops in the same field in a
year.",
"Irrigation: Supplying water to crops using canals, tube wells,
sprinklers, etc.",
"Weeding: Removal of unwanted plants (weeds) from crop fields.",
"Harvesting: Cutting and gathering mature crops from the field.",
"Threshing: Separating grains from chaff by beating the harvested
crop.",
"Winnowing: Separating lighter chaff from heavier grains by blowing
air.",
 "Storage: Storing grains in proper conditions to prevent spoilage.",
"Organic Farming: Using natural methods without chemicals for crop
cultivation."
"Microorganisms: Tiny living organisms not visible to the naked eye.",
"Useful Microorganisms: Decomposition, making curd, antibiotics,
fermentation.",
"Harmful Microorganisms: Cause diseases in plants, animals, humans.",
"Food Preservation: Microorganisms in food can be harmful, methods of
preservation.",
"Fermentation: Conversion of sugar into alcohol and acids by
microorganisms.",
"Nitrogen Fixation: Some bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into
usable forms.",
"Disease-causing Microorganisms: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa.",
"Antibiotics: Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.",
"Hygiene and Health: Importance of cleanliness to prevent diseases.",
"Immunity: Body's defense against harmful microorganisms."
"Fibers: Thread-like structures used to make fabrics.",
"Natural Fibers: Obtained from plants (cotton, jute) and animals (wool,
silk).",
"Synthetic Fibers: Man-made fibers like polyester, nylon, acrylic.",
"Polymer: Large molecule made of repeating units called monomers.",
"Plastics: Synthetic polymers that can be molded into various shapes.",
"Rayon: Semi-synthetic fiber made from wood pulp.",
"Nylon: Strong synthetic fiber used in making ropes, nets, clothing.",
"Polyester: Durable and resistant to wrinkles, used in clothing,
bottles.",
"Acrylic: Soft, warm, and lightweight, used in sweaters, blankets.",
"Plastic Recycling: Importance of recycling to reduce environmental
impact."
"Metals: Elements with properties like malleability, ductility,
conductivity.",
"Non-Metals: Elements with properties opposite to metals.",
"Physical Properties of Metals: Luster, malleability, ductility,
conductivity.",
"Chemical Properties of Metals: Reactivity with acids, displacement
reactions.",
"Alloys: Mixtures of two or more metals to improve properties.",
"Non-Metals: Properties, uses of elements like carbon, sulfur,
nitrogen.",
"Comparison of Metals and Non-Metals: Conductivity, malleability,
reactivity.",
"Corrosion: Gradual destruction of metals due to reaction with moisture
and gases.",
"Preventing Corrosion: Methods like painting, galvanization, using
alloys.",
"Metalloids: Elements with properties of both metals and non-metals."
"Fossil Fuels: Coal, petroleum, natural gas formed from remains of plants
and animals.",
"Coal Formation: Over millions of years under high temperature and
pressure.",
"Types of Coal: Peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite.",
"Petroleum: Complex mixture of hydrocarbons extracted from Earth's
crust.",
"Refining of Petroleum: Separation into fractions based on boiling
points.",
"Natural Gas: Gaseous fossil fuel, primarily methane.",
"Petrochemicals: Chemicals derived from petroleum used to make
products.",
"Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use: Air pollution, greenhouse gases,
global warming.",
 "Conservation: Need to conserve fossil fuels and explore alternative
sources.",
"Alternative Energy Sources: Solar, wind, hydroelectric, nuclear
power."
"Combustion: Process of burning, releasing energy in the form of heat and
light.",
"Flammable Substances: Substances that catch fire easily.",
"Combustion of Fuels: Fuels like wood, coal, LPG release heat and light
when burned.",
"Fire Triangle: Three elements needed for fire - fuel, heat, oxygen.",
"Types of Combustion: Rapid combustion, spontaneous combustion,
explosion.",
"Flame: Visible part of burning gases.",
"Structure of a Flame: Different zones - outer, middle, inner.",
"Fire Safety: Importance of fire safety measures, use of fire
extinguishers.",
"Forest Fires: Causes, prevention, and management.",
"Use of Fire: Cooking, heating, generation of electricity."
"Biodiversity: Variety of life forms on Earth, essential for ecosystem
balance.",
"Extinction: Disappearance of species from Earth due to various
reasons.",
"Endangered Species: Species at risk of becoming extinct.",
"Deforestation: Clearing of forests for agriculture, urbanization,
logging.",
"Afforestation: Planting trees to create new forests.",
"Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks: Protected areas for
conservation.",
"Endemic Species: Species found only in a specific region.",
"Red Data Book: Record of endangered species and their conservation
status.",
"Role of Individuals in Conservation: Importance of protecting plants
and animals.",
"Wildlife Protection Acts: Laws to protect wildlife and their
habitats."
"Cell: Basic unit of life, building block of organisms.",
"Discovery of Cells: Robert Hooke observed cells in cork under a
microscope.",
"Types of Cells: Prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic (plants,
animals).",
"Cell Organelles: Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria,
etc.",
"Nucleus: Control center of the cell, contains genetic material
(DNA).",
"Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance that holds organelles.",
"Cell Membrane: Thin layer surrounding the cell, controls entry and
exit of substances.",
"Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) through
respiration.",
"Plastids: Chloroplasts for photosynthesis, other plastids for
storage.",
"Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus: Involved in protein
synthesis and transport."
"Reproduction: Process by which organisms produce offspring.",
"Types of Reproduction: Asexual (single parent) and sexual (two
parents).",
"Asexual Reproduction: Binary fission, budding, regeneration.",
"Sexual Reproduction: Fusion of male and female gametes.",
"Reproductive Parts in Humans: Male and female reproductive systems.",
"Puberty: Onset of sexual maturity, changes in body and reproductive
organs.",
 "Menstrual Cycle: Monthly cycle in females involving preparation of
uterus for pregnancy.",
"Fertilization: Fusion of egg and sperm to form zygote.",
"Embryonic Development: Zygote undergoes cell division and
differentiation.",
"Adolescence: Period of rapid physical, mental, and emotional changes.",
"Secondary Sexual Characteristics: Physical changes indicating sexual
maturity.",
"Physical Changes in Boys and Girls: Growth of body parts, voice
changes, etc.",
"Hormones: Chemical messengers that regulate various body functions.",
"Reproductive Hormones: Sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen.",
"Role of Hormones in Puberty: Development of secondary sexual
characteristics.",
"Emotional Changes: Mood swings, self-awareness, peer pressure.",
"Role of Family and Society: Support during adolescence.",
"Adolescent Health: Importance of nutrition, hygiene, exercise, and
mental well-being.",
"Adolescent Issues: Understanding and dealing with emotional and social
challenges."
"Force: Push or pull on an object, measured in newtons (N).",
"Effects of Force: Change in shape, motion, or state of rest.",
"Types of Forces: Contact forces (friction, tension) and non-contact
forces (gravity, magnetism).",
"Pressure: Force applied per unit area, measured in pascals (Pa).",
"Pressure in Liquids: Depth, density, and gravity affect pressure in
liquids.",
"Buoyancy: Ability of liquids to exert an upward force on objects
immersed in them.",
"Atmospheric Pressure: Pressure exerted by the atmosphere on Earth's
surface.",
"Balanced and Unbalanced Forces: Forces that cancel out or cause
motion.",
"Pressure and Area: Relationship between pressure, force, and area.",
"Pressure in Fluids: Pascal's law and its applications in hydraulic
systems."
"Friction: Force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.",
"Types of Friction: Static, sliding, rolling, fluid friction.",
"Advantages of Friction: Enables walking, writing, stopping vehicles.",
"Disadvantages of Friction: Wears out surfaces, wastes energy.",
"Methods to Reduce Friction: Lubrication, streamlining, ball
bearings.",
"Increase in Friction: Rough surfaces, force applied perpendicular to
surfaces.",
"Factors Affecting Friction: Nature of surfaces, force pressing them
together.",
"Air Resistance: Type of fluid friction that opposes motion through
air.",
"Friction and Motion: Balancing friction to achieve desired motion.",
"Friction and Heat: Generation of heat due to friction, its uses and
effects."
"Sound: Form of energy that produces sensation of hearing.",
"Production of Sound: Vibration of objects produces sound waves.",
"Propagation of Sound: Sound travels in waves through mediums.",
"Speed of Sound: Depends on nature of medium and temperature.",
"Characteristics of Sound: Pitch, loudness, quality (timbre).",
"Echo: Reflection of sound waves off surfaces.",
"Sonar: Use of sound waves to determine distances in underwater
environments.",
"Musical Instruments: Use of sound waves to create music.",
"Noise Pollution: Harmful effects of loud and unwanted sounds.",
 "Hearing Impairment: Causes, prevention, and management of hearing
loss."
"Electric Current: Flow of electric charges (usually electrons) in a
conductor.",
"Chemical Effects: Chemical changes that occur due to passage of
electric current.",
"Electrolysis: Use of electric current to decompose substances into
simpler components.",
"Electroplating: Coating an object with a layer of metal using
electrolysis.",
"Effects of Current: Heating, magnetism, chemical changes.",
"Electrochemical Cell: Device that converts chemical energy into
electrical energy.",
"Primary and Secondary Cells: Differences between non-rechargeable and
rechargeable cells.",
"Battery: Collection of cells connected in series or parallel.",
"Conduction in Liquids: Ionic conduction in electrolytes.",
"Corrosion: Gradual destruction of metals due to chemical reactions."
"Natural Phenomena: Events occurring in nature.",
"Lightning: Discharge of large amounts of electricity in the
atmosphere.",
"Safety Measures during Lightning: Avoiding open areas, tall objects,
water bodies.",
"Earthquakes: Sudden shaking of the Earth's surface due to tectonic
activity.",
"Seismic Waves: Waves generated by earthquakes.",
"Measurement of Earthquakes: Seismographs and Richter scale.",
"Earthquake Zones: High-risk areas for earthquakes due to tectonic
plate boundaries.",
"Volcanic Eruptions: Release of molten lava, ash, and gases from
Earth's crust.",
"Cyclones: Rotating systems of low pressure with high-speed winds.",
"Weather Forecasting: Predicting weather patterns using data and
technology."
"Light: Form of electromagnetic radiation visible to humans.",
"Sources of Light: Natural (Sun) and artificial (lamps, LEDs).",
"Propagation of Light: Light travels in straight lines through
mediums.",
"Opaque, Transparent, and Translucent Objects: Properties of materials
regarding light.",
"Reflection: Bouncing back of light rays from surfaces.",
"Laws of Reflection: Angle of incidence is equal to angle of
reflection.",
"Regular and Diffuse Reflection: Reflection from smooth and rough
surfaces.",
"Mirrors: Reflect light to form images, types - plane, concave,
convex.",
"Refraction: Bending of light when it passes from one medium to
another.",
"Dispersion: Separation of white light into its component colors."
"Solar System: Sun and all celestial objects orbiting around it.",
"Planets: Nine (including Pluto) major planets in our solar system.",
"Inner and Outer Planets: Terrestrial (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) and
gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune).",
"Satellites: Natural (moon) and artificial (man-made) satellites.",
"Galaxies: Vast systems of stars, gases, and dust held together by
gravity.",
"Stars: Luminous celestial objects that emit light and heat due to
nuclear reactions.",
"Constellations: Patterns of stars in the night sky.",
"The Sun: Source of light, heat, and energy for the solar system.",
 "Eclipses: Solar and lunar eclipses due to alignment of Earth, moon,
and sun.",
"Space Exploration: Human achievements in exploring space and celestial
bodies."
"Pollution: Introduction of harmful substances into the environment.",
"Air Pollution: Contamination of air by pollutants like dust, smoke,
gases.",
"Sources of Air Pollution: Vehicles, industries, burning of fossil
fuels.",
"Effects of Air Pollution: Respiratory diseases, smog, acid rain.",
"Water Pollution: Contamination of water bodies by pollutants.",
"Sources of Water Pollution: Industrial waste, sewage, agricultural
runoff.",
"Effects of Water Pollution: Waterborne diseases, ecosystem
imbalance.",
"Preventing Air and Water Pollution: Waste disposal, using clean energy
sources.",
"Conservation of Resources: Importance of conserving air and water
resources.",
"Role of Individuals in Pollution Control: Reducing, reusing,
recycling.",

########### CLASS 10 HISTORY

"Nationalism: A strong sense of loyalty and devotion to one's nation.",
"French Revolution: Sparked the idea of nationalism and democracy in
Europe.",
"Napoleon Bonaparte: Spread revolutionary ideas and the concept of
nationalism.",
"The Congress of Vienna: Attempted to restore the old order in Europe
after the Napoleonic era.",
"Impact of the French Revolution on Europe: Spread of revolutionary
ideas and nationalism.",
"The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848: Uprisings for national unification
and independence.",
"Unification of Italy: Role of leaders like Cavour and Garibaldi.",
"Unification of Germany: Role of Otto von Bismarck.",
"Role of Culture and Literature: Promoted national identity and
unity.",
"Emergence of National Symbols: Flags, anthems, and national heroes.",
"Role of Mazzini: Italian nationalist who advocated for a united
Italy.",
"Role of Garibaldi: Led a volunteer army to unify southern Italy.",
"Role of Bismarck: Crafted policies to unify Germany under Prussian
leadership.",
"Role of Romanticism: Artistic movement that celebrated national
identity.",
"Formation of Nation-States: Italy and Germany emerged as nation-
states.",
"Impact on the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires: Nationalism led to the
decline of empires.",
"Challenges to Nationalism: Ethnic and regional diversity posed
challenges.",
"The Balkan Region: Nationalist struggles and conflicts in Southeast
Europe.",
"Role of Nationalism in Modern Europe: Shaped political boundaries and
identities.",
"Spread of Nationalism: Influence on neighboring countries and
colonies.",
"Imperialism and Nationalism: European powers extended control over
other regions.",
"Impact on World Wars: Nationalism contributed to conflicts in the 20th
century.",
"Long-term Consequences: Shaped the modern political map of Europe.",
"Importance of National Identity: Celebrated through culture, language,
and heritage.",
"Intellectual Roots: Enlightenment ideas inspired nationalism.",
"Role of Newspapers: Spread nationalist ideas and connected people.",
"Role of Art: Paintings and music expressed national pride.",
"National Symbols: Flags, anthems, and national holidays.",
"Challenges to National Unity: Linguistic and cultural diversity.",
"Role of Education: Taught national history and culture.",
"Evolution of Europe: Transformation from a continent of empires to
nation-states.",
"Rise of Nationalist Movements: Struggles in Ireland, Poland, and other
regions.",
"Role of Women in Nationalism: Active participation in nationalist
movements.",
"Challenges to Nation-Building: Balance between regional and national
identities.",
"Legacy of Nationalism: Shaped modern Europe's political landscape.",
"Cultural and Artistic Expression: Celebrated national pride in
literature and the arts.",
"Impact on Colonial Empires: Nationalism influenced colonial
subjects.",
"Importance of Democracy: Nationalism contributed to the spread of
democratic ideals.",
"Influence on Future Movements: Inspirational for anti-colonial
movements worldwide.",
"European Union: Modern effort to promote unity and peace in Europe.",
"Role of Multinational Empires: Nationalism led to the disintegration
of empires.",
"Revival of Ancient Languages: Promotion of regional languages for
national identity.",
"Role of Exiles: Nationalist leaders often sought refuge in other
countries.",
"Impact on Border Disputes: Nationalism led to border conflicts and
resolutions.",
"Growth of National Literature: Literature became a tool for national
expression.",
"Role of Artifacts: Flags, anthems, and monuments symbolized national
identity.",
"Influence on Modern Politics: Nationalism remains a powerful force in
global politics.",
"The Idea of Self-Determination: Nations should have the right to
govern themselves.",
"Uniting Factors: Shared history, language, and culture promoted
unity.",
"Challenges in Unification: Cultural and religious differences often
posed challenges.",
"The Role of Revolutions: Uprisings played a crucial role in achieving
unity.",
"Role of Intellectuals: Thinkers and writers promoted nationalist
ideas.",
"Resistance to Nationalism: Some groups resisted assimilation into
larger nations.",
"Nation-Building in the Balkans: Complex history of ethnic groups and
nationalism.",
"Nationalism and Religion: Religious identity often intertwined with
national identity.",
"Influence on Modern Borders: Nationalism played a role in shaping
international borders.",
"The Role of Technology: Improved communication facilitated nationalist
movements.",
"Cultural Preservation: Nationalism emphasized the importance of
preserving culture.",
"Legacy of Nationalist Leaders: Iconic figures remembered for their
contributions.",
"Global Impact: Nationalism's influence extended beyond Europe to other
continents.",
"French Colonization: Indo-China under French colonial rule.",
"Economic Exploitation: French exploited resources and labor.",
"Rise of Nationalism: Influence of Western ideas and anti-colonial
movements.",
"Phan Boi Chau: Vietnamese nationalist leader and reformer.",
"Ho Chi Minh: Leader of the Vietnamese Communist Party and anti-
colonial movement.",
"Formation of the Indochinese Communist Party: Led by Ho Chi Minh.",
"Japanese Occupation: During World War II, Japan took control of Indo-
China.",
"The August Revolution: Led by the Viet Minh against Japanese and
French.",
"First Indochina War: The struggle for Vietnamese independence from
France.",
"Dien Bien Phu: Decisive battle leading to French withdrawal from
Vietnam.",
"Geneva Accords: Divided Vietnam into North and South.",
"Role of the United States: Supported South Vietnam during the Cold
War.",
"The Vietnam War: Conflict between North and South Vietnam.",
"Ho Chi Minh Trail: Supply route for the North Vietnamese during the
war.",
"End of the Vietnam War: Reunification of North and South Vietnam.",
"Legacy of the Vietnam War: Social and political consequences.",
"Formation of Modern Vietnam: A unified, communist nation.",
"Anti-Colonial Movements: Influence of the Indo-China struggle on Asia
and Africa.",
"Importance of Nationalism: Struggle for self-determination.",
"Role of Leaders: Phan Boi Chau, Ho Chi Minh, and others.",
"Resistance Against Colonization: Strategies and movements.",
"Decolonization: The process of gaining independence from colonial
powers.",
"Role of International Events: World War II and the Cold War.",
"Impact on Southeast Asia: Influence on neighboring countries.",
"The Domino Theory: Fear of communism spreading in the region.",
"Reunification of Vietnam: End of the Vietnam War.",
"Modern Vietnam: Challenges and developments.",
"Cultural and Historical Heritage: Rich traditions and influences.",
"Economic Growth: Modernization and industrialization.",
"Vietnam in the 21st Century: A dynamic and evolving nation.",
"British Colonial Rule: Impact on Indian society and economy.",
"Early Nationalism: Emergence of Indian leaders and movements.",
"Formation of Indian National Congress: Platform for nationalist
demands.",
"Partition of Bengal: A significant moment in the nationalist
movement.",
"The Swadeshi Movement: Promotion of Indian-made goods.",
"Role of Leaders: Gandhi, Nehru, and others in the freedom struggle.",
"Non-Cooperation Movement: Mass protests against British rule.",
"Civil Disobedience Movement: Defiance of unjust British laws.",
"Salt March: Symbol of nonviolent resistance.",
"Quit India Movement: Call for British withdrawal from India.",
"Role of Women in the Freedom Struggle: Active participation.",
"Partition of India: Division into India and Pakistan.",
 "Independence and Formation of Republic: End of British rule.",
"Preamble to the Constitution: Reflecting democratic ideals.",
"Integration of Princely States: Unifying the nation.",
"Challenges Faced by Independent India: Economic and social issues.",
"Role of the Indian Constitution: Guarantees of fundamental rights.",
"Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Architect of the Indian Constitution.",
"Communalism and Religious Tensions: Challenges to unity.",
"India's Foreign Policy: Non-alignment and peaceful coexistence.",
"Nehruvian Vision: Secularism, democracy, and socialism.",
"Economic Planning: Five-Year Plans for development.",
"Role of Science and Technology: Advancements and achievements.",
"Cultural and Artistic Heritage: Contribution to world culture.",
"Challenges to National Unity: Linguistic and regional diversity.",
"The Green Revolution: Transformation of agriculture.",
"Industrialization: Growth of the manufacturing sector.",
"Globalization and Liberalization: Opening up the Indian economy.",
"Political Stability: Democratic institutions and elections.",
"India in the 21st Century: Economic growth and challenges.",
"Role of Satyagraha: Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance.",
"Impact of World Wars: Indian involvement and nationalist
aspirations.",
"Role of Youth: Energetic participation in the freedom movement.",
"Influence of Ideas: Western democratic ideals influenced Indian
nationalism.",
"Challenges to Social Harmony: Caste divisions and religious
tensions.",
"Role of Mass Media: Newspapers and publications played a significant
role.",
"Role of Literature: Writers and poets contributed to the nationalist
cause.",
"Education and Nationalism: Schools and universities became centers of
activism.",
"Influence of Indian Leaders: Nehru, Patel, and others in shaping post-
independence India.",
"Secularism in the Constitution: Protection of religious diversity.",
"Economic Challenges: Poverty alleviation and economic development.",
"Role of Social Reformers: Contributions of leaders like Raja Ram Mohan
Roy.",
"Language and Identity: Language movements and linguistic diversity.",
"Promoting Scientific Temper: Encouraging scientific education and
research.",
"Role of Trade Unions: Labor movements for workers' rights.",
"The Role of Artists and Musicians: Cultural expressions of
nationalism.",
"Women's Participation: Leading roles in the freedom struggle.",
"Challenges in Maintaining National Unity: Managing diversity.",
"Role of the Judiciary: Protection of citizens' rights.",
"The Legacy of Gandhi: Nonviolence and truth as guiding principles.",
"The Role of Social Justice: Reservation policies for marginalized
groups.",
"Regional Movements: Demand for autonomy and statehood.",
"Economic Liberalization: Opening up the Indian economy to the world.",
"Role of Youth in Modern India: Aspiration for change and progress.",
"Economic Reforms: Liberalization, privatization, and globalization.",
"The IT Revolution: India's emergence as an IT and tech hub.",
"Social Movements: Environmental and women's rights movements.",
"Political Developments: Elections and governance in independent
India.",
"Challenges to Democracy: Corruption and political stability.",
"India's Global Role: Diplomatic relations and international
influence.",
"Globalization: The interconnectedness of economies and cultures.",
"Early Modern Period: The beginning of global trade networks.",
"Silk Road: Ancient trade route connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa.",
"The Age of Exploration: European exploration and expansion.",
"The Columbian Exchange: Exchange of goods, cultures, and diseases.",
"Mercantilism: Economic policies of colonial powers.",
"Triangular Trade: Trade routes involving Europe, Africa, and the
Americas.",
"The Atlantic Slave Trade: Forced labor and its impact on Africa.",
"Impact of European Expansion: Colonialism and exploitation.",
"Rise of Capitalism: Emergence of capitalist economic systems.",
"Role of Trading Companies: The Dutch and English East India
Companies.",
"The Impact of New World Crops: Introduction of crops like potatoes and
corn.",
"Role of Silver: Silver trade from the Americas to Asia.",
"The African Diaspora: The dispersion of African peoples through
slavery.",
"Enlightenment and Global Trade: Ideas of freedom and trade.",
"The Industrial Revolution: Technological advancements and
industrialization.",
"The Cotton Textile Industry: Role in global trade and colonialism.",
"The Role of Steamships: Faster and more efficient transportation.",
"The Global Impact of Railways: Improved connectivity and trade.",
"The Telegraph and Communication: Rapid transmission of information.",
"Impact on Agriculture: New techniques and crop diversification.",
"Global Marketplaces: Emergence of world markets.",
"Economic Imperialism: Dominance of industrialized nations.",
"The Berlin Conference: Division of Africa among European powers.",
"Impact on Indigenous Peoples: Exploitation and loss of land.",
"Cultural Exchange: Exchange of ideas, art, and literature.",
"Impact on Traditional Societies: Transformation and challenges.",
"Role of Innovations: Technological advancements in production.",
"Colonialism and Resistance: Indigenous resistance movements.",
"Legacy of Imperialism: Long-term impact on global politics and
economics.",
"The Opium Wars: Trade disputes between China and Britain.",
"The Scramble for Africa: European powers' colonization of Africa.",
"Resistance in Africa: Movements against colonial rule.",
"The Legacy of Colonial Rule: Social, economic, and political
changes.",
"Nationalism and Independence: Struggles for self-rule.",
"The Impact of World War I: Shift in global power dynamics.",
"The Treaty of Versailles: Implications for colonial territories.",
"The League of Nations: Promoting international cooperation.",
"The Great Depression: Economic challenges and global impact.",
"World War II: Shaping the course of decolonization.",
"The Role of the United Nations: Promotion of self-determination.",
"Decolonization in Asia: Independence movements in India, Indonesia,
and Vietnam.",
"Decolonization in Africa: Independence struggles across the
continent.",
"The Role of Leadership: Leaders like Nehru, Gandhi, and Nkrumah.",
"Challenges in Nation-Building: Building stable governments.",
"The Legacy of Colonial Borders: Ethnic and territorial disputes.",
"The Role of Cold War: Influence on decolonization.",
"Neocolonialism: Economic dependence on former colonial powers.",
"Role of Non-Aligned Movement: Promoting independence and neutrality.",
"South-South Cooperation: Economic and political alliances among newly
independent nations.",
"Challenges to Democracy: Struggles for political stability.",
 "Economic Development: Efforts to achieve economic growth.",
"The Role of Resources: Exploitation and management of natural
resources.",
"Cultural Exchange: Influence of Western culture on former colonies.",
"Global Interconnectedness: Continued impact of globalization.",
"Role of International Organizations: Promoting cooperation and
development.",
"Migration Patterns: Movement of people in the globalized world.",
"The Digital Revolution: Technology's role in global connectivity.",
"Global Challenges: Issues such as climate change and inequality.",
"The Quest for Global Justice: Efforts to address global problems.",
"Industrial Revolution: A period of significant technological and economic
change.",
"Origin in Britain: The Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th
century.",
"Factors: Factors contributing to industrialization include technology,
resources, and labor.",
"Steam Engine: Invention by James Watt revolutionized transportation
and industry.",
"Factory System: Shift from cottage industries to centralized
factories.",
"Impact on Textile Industry: Mass production of textiles transformed
the industry.",
"Role of Cotton: Cotton cultivation and textile production expanded.",
"Urbanization: Rapid growth of cities due to industrialization.",
"Working Conditions: Harsh conditions and long hours for factory
workers.",
"Child Labor: Widespread use of child labor in factories.",
"Impact on Women: Women entered the workforce in significant numbers.",
"Factory Acts: Legislation aimed at improving working conditions.",
"Transportation Revolution: Expansion of canals, railways, and roads.",
"Capitalism: Emergence of capitalist economic systems.",
"Laissez-Faire: Belief in limited government intervention in the
economy.",
"Social Impact: Economic disparities and class divisions.",
"Growth of Middle Class: The emergence of a new social class.",
"Impact on Agriculture: Agricultural changes and rural depopulation.",
"Environmental Impact: Pollution and resource exploitation.",
"Technological Innovations: Inventions like the spinning jenny and
power loom.",
"Spread of Industrialization: Industrialization spread to other
countries.",
"Impact on Global Economy: Expansion of trade and imperialism.",
"Social Reform Movements: Workers' rights and labor unions.",
"Impact on Art and Culture: Changes in artistic and literary
movements.",
"Impact on Colonialism: Industrialized nations colonized other
regions.",
"Role of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurs drove industrialization.",
"Economic Growth: Industrialization led to economic expansion.",
"Role of Banks: Financial institutions supported industrial growth.",
"Impact on Traditional Industries: Decline of handcrafts and cottage
industries.",
"Technological Advancements: Advances in machinery and production.",
"Role of the Factory System: Centralized production and management.",
"Growth of Industrial Cities: Urbanization and migration.",
"Factory Working Conditions: Dangerous and unsanitary conditions.",
"Labor Movements: Workers' protests and demands for better
conditions.",
"The Impact on Child Labor: Children as a cheap source of labor.",
"Role of Women in Factories: Women's roles and challenges.",
 "Economic Transformation: Transition from agrarian to industrial
economies.",
"Role of Coal and Iron: Key resources for industrialization.",
"Changes in Transportation: Improved means of moving goods and
people.",
"The Role of Inventions: Innovations driving industrial progress.",
"Impact on Agriculture: Farming changes due to industrialization.",
"Social Stratification: Class divisions and inequalities.",
"Impact on the Environment: Pollution and resource depletion.",
"Role of Government: Regulation and labor laws.",
"The Spread of Industrialization: Global expansion of industrial
economies.",
"Technological Advances: Innovations like the telegraph and
steamships.",
"Impact on Colonial Economies: Economic exploitation in colonies.",
"Emergence of Multinational Corporations: Global business expansion.",
"Role of Trade Unions: Worker organizations for collective
bargaining.",
"Economic Prosperity: Growth of national economies.",
"Impact on Art and Culture: Changes in artistic styles and movements.",
"Imperialism and Colonialism: Industrial powers' dominance over
colonies.",
"Impact on Education: Growth of schools and literacy.",
"Cultural Shifts: Changing values and social norms.",
"Advances in Medicine: Medical breakthroughs and public health.",
"Technological Influence on Warfare: Changes in military technology.",
"Role of Steamships: Improved transportation and global trade.",
"Economic Dependence: Economic interdependence between nations.",
"Impact on Population: Population growth due to improved living
conditions.",
"Legacy of Industrialization: Lasting impact on economies and
societies."
"Changes in Work: Shift from agrarian to industrial labor.",
"Factory Work: Conditions and challenges for industrial workers.",
"Urbanization: Migration to cities for employment.",
"Impact on Family Life: Changes in family dynamics and roles.",
"Child Labor: Widespread use of child labor in factories.",
"Role of Women: Women's entry into the workforce.",
"Working Hours: Long hours and poor working conditions.",
"Labor Movements: Workers' protests and demands for better
conditions.",
"Impact on Health: Health hazards of industrial work.",
"Housing and Living Conditions: Overcrowding and poor housing in
industrial cities.",
"Impact on Education: Growth of schools and literacy.",
"Social Changes: Changes in social norms and values.",
"Role of Trade Unions: Worker organizations for collective
bargaining.",
"Leisure Time: Limited leisure time for industrial workers.",
"Role of Mass Entertainment: Emergence of entertainment industries.",
"Rise of Sports: Growth of organized sports and recreation.",
"Impact on Art and Culture: Changes in artistic styles and movements.",
"Role of Technology: Innovations in transportation and communication.",
"Impact on Public Health: Advances in medicine and sanitation.",
"The Role of Government: Regulation and labor laws.",
"Role of the Factory System: Centralized production and management.",
"Impact on Urban Planning: Growth of industrial cities.",
"Social Stratification: Class divisions and inequalities.",
"Influence on Housing: Housing challenges in industrial cities.",
"Role of Women in Society: Changing roles and expectations.",
"Cultural Shifts: Changing values and social norms.",
 "Advances in Medicine: Medical breakthroughs and public health.",
"Technological Influence on Warfare: Changes in military technology.",
"Impact on Transportation: Advances in transportation modes.",
"Economic Prosperity: Growth of national economies.",
"Impact on Education: Growth of schools and literacy.",
"Impact on Population: Population growth due to improved living
conditions.",
"Impact on Family Structure: Changes in family dynamics.",
"Role of Religion: Adaptation to industrialization.",
"Role of Recreation: Emergence of leisure activities.",
"Impact on Gender Roles: Changes in male and female roles.",
"Role of Urbanization: Migration and overcrowding in cities.",
"Labor Conditions and Strikes: Labor protests for better conditions.",
"Impact on Child Labor: Concerns about child exploitation.",
"Role of Education: Growth of schools and educational opportunities.",
"Impact on Social Welfare: Emergence of social reform movements.",
"Technological Advancements: Innovations in machinery and production.",
"Role of the Factory System: Centralized production and management.",
"Urbanization and Migration: Rural-to-urban migration trends.",
"Role of Government Regulation: Labor laws and safety regulations.",
"Impact on Family Life: Changes in family structure and dynamics.",
"The Role of Public Health: Improvements in sanitation and
healthcare.",
"Social Changes: Evolving social norms and values.",
"Role of Transportation: Advancements in transportation technology.",
"Economic Transformation: Shift from agrarian to industrial
economies.",
"Impact on Art and Culture: Changes in artistic styles and movements.",
"Role of Mass Entertainment: Growth of entertainment industries.",
"Impact on Urbanization: Rapid growth of industrial cities.",
"Impact on Gender Roles: Changing roles for men and women.",
"Technological Impact on Society: Innovations in communication and
transportation.",
"Economic Prosperity: Growth of national economies.",
"Role of Religion: Adaptation to industrialization.",
"Impact on Housing: Housing challenges in industrial cities.",
"Role of Education: Growth of schools and educational opportunities.",
"Legacy of Industrialization: Lasting impact on work, life, and
leisure."
"The Printing Press: Invention by Gutenberg revolutionized communication.",
"Impact on Book Production: Mass production of books.",
"Dissemination of Knowledge: Wider access to information and ideas.",
"The Role of Printed Materials: Newspapers, pamphlets, and books.",
"Spread of Ideas: The Reformation and religious reform.",
"Cultural Exchange: Exchange of ideas and knowledge across borders.",
"The Role of Vernacular Languages: Promotion of local languages.",
"Emergence of Newspapers: Role in informing the public.",
"Literary and Scientific Advancements: Growth of literature and
science.",
"Impact on Education: Access to educational materials.",
"Role of Censorship: Control of printed materials by authorities.",
"Growth of Libraries: Public access to knowledge.",
"Influence on Political Movements: Support for political change.",
"Role of Printing in Colonization: Dissemination of colonial
propaganda.",
"Print and Society: Changes in reading habits and culture.",
"The Role of Printing Press in Social Reform: Promoting social
change.",
"Impact on Religious Movements: Religious texts and reform.",
"Growth of Publishing Industry: Economic impact of print culture.",
"The Spread of Nationalism: Print and the emergence of nation-states.",
 "The Influence of Print on Art: Illustrated books and art.",
"Technological Advances: Improvements in printing technology.",
"Role of Print in Social Reform: Support for reform movements.",
"Newspapers and Political Awareness: Role in shaping public opinion.",
"Role of Printed Literature: Influence on literary movements.",
"The Role of Cartoons and Illustrations: Visual communication.",
"Print Culture and Colonial Rule: Influence on colonial subjects.",
"Cultural Exchange: Exchange of ideas and knowledge across borders.",
"Print and Society: Changes in reading habits and culture.",
"Role of Vernacular Languages: Promotion of local languages.",
"Impact on Education: Access to educational materials.",
"Role of Printing in Colonization: Dissemination of colonial
propaganda.",
"Growth of Libraries: Public access to knowledge.",
"Influence on Political Movements: Support for political change.",
"Role of Censorship: Control of printed materials by authorities.",
"Growth of Publishing Industry: Economic impact of print culture.",
"The Spread of Nationalism: Print and the emergence of nation-states.",
"The Influence of Print on Art: Illustrated books and art.",
"Technological Advances: Improvements in printing technology.",
"Role of Print in Social Reform: Support for reform movements.",
"Newspapers and Political Awareness: Role in shaping public opinion.",
"Role of Printed Literature: Influence on literary movements.",
"The Role of Cartoons and Illustrations: Visual communication.",
"Print Culture and Colonial Rule: Influence on colonial subjects.",
"Role of Print in Social Reform: Promotion of social change.",
"Impact on Religious Movements: Religious texts and reform.",
"Growth of Publishing Industry: Economic impact of print culture.",
"The Spread of Nationalism: Print and the emergence of nation-states.",
"Influence of Print on Literature: Growth of literature and literary
movements.",
"Role of Illustrations: Visual communication in printed materials.",
"Impact on Education: Access to educational materials.",
"Role of Libraries: Public access to knowledge and books.",
"Cultural Exchange: Exchange of ideas and knowledge.",
"Role of Censorship: Control of printed materials by authorities.",
"Influence on Political Movements: Support for political change.",
"The Role of Newspapers: Informing the public and shaping opinions.",
"Role of Printed Materials in Social Reform: Promoting social change.",
"Print Culture and Religious Texts: Impact on religious movements.",
"Role in the Spread of Scientific Knowledge: Advancements in science.",
"Printing and the Growth of Literacy: Increased access to learning.",
"Legacy of Print Culture: Lasting impact on information dissemination."
"Emergence of the Novel: Development of the novel as a literary form.",
"Role of the Printing Press: Increased availability of novels.",
"Early Novels: Development of the novel in the 18th century.",
"Themes and Subjects: Exploration of society, love, and morality.",
"Social Realism: Portrayal of everyday life and social issues.",
"Novels of Manners: Focus on social etiquette and behavior.",
"Impact on Society: Influence on readers and social norms.",
"Role of Women Writers: Contributions to the novel genre.",
"Charles Dickens: Renowned novelist and social critic.",
"Jane Austen: Famous for novels exploring relationships and society.",
"Realist Novels: Focus on the depiction of reality.",
"Role of Satire: Critique of social and political issues.",
"The Bildungsroman: Novels depicting the growth and development of
characters.",
"Impact on Literature: Shaping of literary genres and styles.",
"The Role of Libraries: Increased access to novels.",
"Serialization: Publication of novels in installments.",
"Role in Education: Educational benefits of novels.",
 "Novels and Social Reform: Raising awareness of social issues.",
"Victorian Novels: Novels of the Victorian era and their themes.",
"Novels and Colonialism: Representation of colonial experiences.",
"Regional Novels: Exploration of regional cultures and traditions.",
"Role in Shaping Identity: Influence on national and cultural
identity.",
"Influence on Political Thought: Impact on political discourse.",
"Novels and Women's Rights: Exploration of women's roles.",
"Role in Cultural Exchange: Spread of ideas and values.",
"Influence on Popular Culture: Adaptation into films and other media.",
"Role in Shaping Public Opinion: Novels as a medium of influence.",
"Impact on Modern Literature: Legacy in contemporary literature.",
"Role of Illustrations: Use of illustrations in novels.",
"Literary Criticism: Analysis and interpretation of novels.",
"Role of Publishing Industry: Promotion and distribution of novels.",
"Novels and Morality: Exploration of moral dilemmas.",
"The Novel as a Reflection of Society: Representation of societal
issues.",
"Novels and Social Class: Exploration of class divisions.",
"Role in Shaping Gender Roles: Representation of gender dynamics.",
"Novels as a Mirror to History: Portrayal of historical events.",
"Influence on Language and Expression: Impact on language usage.",
"Role of Narrative Techniques: Development of narrative styles.",
"Novels as a Source of Entertainment: Enjoyment and leisure reading.",
"Role in Shaping National Identity: Reflection of national
experiences.",
"Novels and Social Critique: Criticism of societal norms.",
"Role of Fiction: Exploration of imaginary worlds and characters.",
"Literary Awards and Recognition: Acknowledgment of outstanding
novels.",
"Novels and the Literary Canon: Inclusion in the literary canon.",
"Influence on Literary Theory: Impact on literary criticism and
theory.",
"Novels and Cultural Exchange: Exchange of ideas and values.",
"Role in Shaping Public Discourse: Influence on public debates.",
"Adaptation into Other Media: Novels adapted into films and TV
series.",
"Novels and Global Literature: Impact on world literature.",
"Role in Educating and Informing: Educational benefits of reading
novels.",
"Role in Shaping Political Thought: Influence on political
ideologies.",
"Novels and Historical Narratives: Use of novels as historical
sources.",
"Representation of Social Movements: Exploration of social change.",
"Role in Shaping Identity: Reflection of individual and collective
identity.",
"Novels as Cultural Artifacts: Representation of cultural values.",
"Role in Social Critique: Criticism of societal norms and practices.",
"Influence on Popular Culture: Impact on music, art, and fashion.",
"Novels and the Development of Genres: Contribution to literary
genres.",
"Role in Literary Debates: Participation in literary discussions.",
"Legacy of Novels: Lasting impact on literature and culture.",

# CLASS 9 HISTORY
"Causes of the French Revolution: Social inequality, financial crisis,
Enlightenment ideas",
"The Estates-General and the National Assembly: Formation of the
National Assembly, Tennis Court Oath",
"Storming of the Bastille: July 14, 1789, significance",
 "The Reign of Terror: Role of Robespierre, Committee of Public Safety",
"The Directory and the Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte",
"The Napoleonic Code: Legal reforms, impact on Europe",
"Congress of Vienna: Redrawing of European boundaries",
"Spread of revolutionary ideas and nationalism",
"Role of women in the French Revolution",
"Impact of the French Revolution on the world",
"Socialism in Europe: Early socialist thinkers spread ideas of
socialism.",
"Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Communist Manifesto, class struggle",
"Revolutionary movements and uprisings in 1848",
"The Paris Commune of 1871",
"Russian Revolution of 1917: Causes and consequences",
"Lenin and the Bolsheviks: October Revolution",
"Civil War in Russia and establishment of the Soviet Union",
"Impact of the Russian Revolution on the world",
"Nazism and the Rise of Hitler: Adolf Hitler's rise to power",
"Mein Kampf: Hitler's manifesto",
"Nazi ideology: Aryan supremacy, anti-Semitism, militarism",
"Hitler's appointment as Chancellor and Reichstag Fire",
"Enabling Act and consolidation of power",
"Gestapo: Nazi secret police",
"Hitler's economic policies and public works projects",
"Anti-Semitic laws and persecution of Jews",
"Nuremberg Laws and Kristallnacht",
"Hitler's expansionist policies and annexations",
"Munich Agreement and appeasement",
"Invasion of Poland and the start of World War II",
"Blitzkrieg tactics and occupation of France",
"Holocaust: Systematic genocide of Jews and others",
"Concentration camps and extermination camps",
"Wannsee Conference and the 'Final Solution'",
"Allied forces' liberation of concentration camps",
"Nazi propaganda and its impact",
"Hitler's charisma and use of symbolism",
"Hitler Youth and indoctrination",
"Lebensraum: Hitler's territorial policy",
"Invasion of the Soviet Union and Operation Barbarossa",
"Stalingrad and turning point in the Eastern Front",
"Allied forces' strategy and D-Day",
"Battle of Berlin and Hitler's suicide",
"Nuremberg Trials and prosecution of war criminals",
"Denazification and reconstruction of Germany",
"Impact of Nazism on Germany and Europe",
"Forest Society and Colonialism: Impact of colonialism on forests and
indigenous societies",
"Classification of forests: Reserved, protected, and village forests",
"Forest management under British colonial rule",
"British Forest Policy of 1894 and control of forests",
"Role of communities in forest management",
"Impact of forest laws on tribal communities",
"Forest Acts and regulations: Restrictions on forest access",
"Forest rights and access to forest produce",
"Impact of shifting cultivation on forests",
"Deforestation and its consequences",
"Role of the Forest Department in colonial India",
"Environmental changes due to deforestation",
"Chipko Movement and women's protest for forest protection",
"Bishnoi community and their conservation efforts",
"Role of tribal and indigenous communities in forest conservation",
"Impact of the Forest Satyagraha",
 "Forest conservation and modern challenges",
"Community-based forest management initiatives",
"Sacred groves and their significance",
"Social and cultural practices related to forests",
"Role of colonial authorities in exploiting forest resources",
"Forest laws and their impact on tribal livelihoods",
"Role of forest produce in local economies",
"Impact of market forces on forest resources",
"Sustainable forest management practices",
"Role of forest-dwelling communities in preserving biodiversity",
"Forest policies and their effects on tribal societies",
"Role of colonial officials in forest management",
"Forest conservation initiatives by local communities",
"Global perspectives on forest conservation",
"Forest management practices in indigenous societies",
"The role of forest produce in traditional medicine",
"Conflict between conservation and economic development",
"Forest management and climate change mitigation",
"Role of forest policies in post-independence India",
"Forest tenure rights and land ownership",
"Impact of dams and mining on forest ecosystems",
"Forest degradation and its effects on water resources",
"Role of forest officials in implementing conservation measures",
"Forest management models in different regions",
"Forest certification and sustainable practices",
"Indigenous movements for forest rights",
"Legal provisions for forest conservation",
"Joint Forest Management (JFM) programs",
"Impact of the Forest Rights Act of 2006",
"Forest conservation in protected areas and national parks",
"Eco-tourism and its impact on forests",
"Forest fires and their prevention",
"Traditional forest festivals and rituals",
"Role of indigenous knowledge in biodiversity conservation",
"Forest-based livelihoods and alternative income sources",
"Role of research and scientific advancements in forestry",
"Wildlife conservation and its relationship with forests",
"Agroforestry and its benefits",
"International agreements on forest conservation",
"Pastoralists in the Modern World: Characteristics of pastoral
nomadism",
"Global distribution of pastoral communities",
"Types of animals reared by pastoralists",
"Challenges faced by pastoral communities: Land encroachment and
climate change",
"Impact of modernization and development on pastoralists",
"Role of livestock in pastoral economies",
"Barter and trade networks of pastoral communities",
"Cultural diversity among pastoral groups",
"Conflicts and resolutions within pastoral societies",
"Government policies and pastoral land rights",
"Community-based initiatives for sustainable pastoralism",
"Preservation of traditional knowledge and practices",
"Importance of pastoralism in modern food security",
"Pastoralism's contribution to biodiversity conservation",
"Future prospects and challenges for pastoralists",
"Nomadic routes and migration patterns",
"Traditional crafts and arts of pastoral communities",
"Role of women in pastoral economies",
"Social organization and leadership within pastoral societies",
"Indigenous pastoralist strategies for coping with environmental
change",
"Traditional healing practices among pastoral groups",
"Role of oral traditions and storytelling",
"Pastoralist diet and culinary traditions",
"Impact of government interventions and resettlement programs",
"Education and healthcare access for pastoral communities",
"Role of non-governmental organizations in pastoral development",
"Role of camel caravans in trade and transport",
"Artifacts and artifacts produced by pastoral communities",
"Folk music and dance in pastoral cultures",
"Use of natural resources in pastoral economies",
"Impact of climate variability on pastoral livelihoods",
"Role of sacred sites and rituals in pastoralism",
"Pastoralism and its connection to spiritual beliefs",
"The significance of nomadic routes and migratory patterns",
"Pastoralists' adaptation to changing ecosystems",
"Role of government policies in recognizing pastoral rights",
"Traditional conflict resolution mechanisms",
"Pastoralist festivals and celebrations",
"Role of youth in preserving pastoral traditions",
"Seasonal migration and its economic importance",
"Indigenous breeds of livestock and their resilience",
"Global networks and partnerships for pastoral development",
"Role of traditional leaders and elders",
"Sustainable resource management in pastoral areas",
"Impact of external influences on pastoral communities",
"Role of women in decision-making and leadership",
"Nomadic architecture and shelter designs",
"Challenges faced by pastoralists in accessing education",
"The role of storytelling in preserving history and culture",
"Cultural exchange and interactions among pastoral groups",
"Livestock diseases and healthcare practices",
"Conflict resolution through indigenous councils",
"The role of camel caravans in trade routes",
"Traditional clothing and adornments",
"Ethnobotanical knowledge of pastoralists",
"Seasonal calendar and migration patterns",
"Role of pastoralists in land stewardship",
"Challenges posed by changing land use",
"Revival of traditional handicrafts and arts",
"Contemporary issues affecting pastoral communities",
]

# "Causes of the French Revolution: Social inequality, financial crisis,

Enlightenment ideas",
# "Estates General: Representative assembly of the three estates in
France",
# "National Assembly: Formation of the third estate as a separate
body",
# "Tennis Court Oath: Pledge by the National Assembly not to disband
until a constitution was established",
# "Storming of the Bastille: Symbolic event marking the start of the
Revolution",
# "Reign of Terror: Period of extreme violence and political
repression",
# "Committee of Public Safety: Led by Maximilien Robespierre,
responsible for the Reign of Terror",
# "Robespierre's execution: Ended the Reign of Terror",
# "Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte: General who seized power and became
Emperor",
# "Napoleonic Code: Legal system that promoted equality and individual
rights",
# "Napoleonic Wars: Series of conflicts in which France expanded its
empire",
# "Congress of Vienna: Meeting to restore order and balance of power in
Europe",
# "Impact of the French Revolution: Inspired nationalist movements and
challenged monarchies",
# "Execution of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette",
# "Formation of the Jacobin Club: A radical political group",
# "Maximilien Robespierre's leadership during the Reign of Terror",
# "Role of guillotines in executing thousands of people",
# "Rise of the radical Montagnards within the National Convention",
# "Establishment of a new calendar during the French Revolution",
# "Thermidorian Reaction: A counter-revolutionary period",
# "The Directory: A five-member executive body governing France",
# "The Coup of 18 Brumaire: Napoleon's rise to power",
# "Napoleon's military campaigns in Europe",
# "Battle of Trafalgar: A significant naval defeat for Napoleon",
# "Continental System: Napoleon's economic blockade of Britain",
# "Napoleon's invasion of Russia and the disastrous retreat from
Moscow",
# "Goals of the Congress of Vienna for restoring European stability",
# "Restoration of Bourbon monarchy in France",
# "Impact of the French Revolution on nationalism",
# "French Revolution's influence on art, culture, and literature",
# "Women's participation in the French Revolution",
# "Role of the church and clergy during the French Revolution",
# "Emergence of political clubs and factions",
# "Economic challenges and food scarcity during the Revolution",
# "Role of foreign powers in the French Revolution",
# "Legacy of the French Revolution in modern politics",
# "Social changes and impact on French society",
# "Role of the Paris Commune during the Revolution",
# "Flight of the royal family and its consequences",
# "Formation of revolutionary armies and military leaders",
# "Abolition of feudal privileges and serfdom",
# "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen",
# "Execution of Queen Marie Antoinette",
# "Role of women in demanding equal rights",
# "Dechristianization during the French Revolution",
# "Rise of radical political clubs like the Cordeliers",
# "Role of the Committee of Public Safety in governing France",
# "Economic policies and the issue of assignats",
# "Execution of key figures during the Reign of Terror",
# "Cultural changes and impact on art and architecture",
# "The role of the revolutionary calendar",
# "Foreign wars and military expansion under Napoleon",
# "The significance of the Battle of Austerlitz",
# "Establishment of the Napoleonic Empire",
# "Napoleon's reforms and the Napoleonic Code",
# "Impact of Napoleon's rule on European states",
# "The Treaty of Tilsit and the Continental System",
# "The Peninsular War and guerrilla warfare",
# "The Russian campaign and Napoleon's retreat",
# "Defeat at the Battle of Leipzig and exile to Elba",
# "Socialism in Europe: Early socialist thinkers and ideas spread
socialism in Europe",
# "Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Authors of the Communist Manifesto",
# "Revolutionary movements and uprisings in 1848",
# "The Paris Commune of 1871",
# "Russian Revolution of 1917: Causes and consequences",
# "Lenin and the Bolsheviks: October Revolution",
# "Civil War in Russia and establishment of the Soviet Union",
# "Impact of the Russian Revolution on the world",
# "Nazism and the Rise of Hitler: Adolf Hitler's rise to power",
# "Mein Kampf: Hitler's manifesto",
# "Nazi ideology: Aryan supremacy, anti-Semitism, militarism",
# "Hitler's appointment as Chancellor and Reichstag Fire",
# "Enabling Act and consolidation of power",
# "Gestapo: Nazi secret police",
# "Hitler's economic policies and public works projects",
# "Anti-Semitic laws and persecution of Jews",
# "Nuremberg Laws and Kristallnacht",
# "Hitler's expansionist policies and annexations",
# "Munich Agreement and appeasement",
# "Invasion of Poland and the start of World War II",
# "Blitzkrieg tactics and occupation of France",
# "Holocaust: Systematic genocide of Jews and others",
# "Concentration camps and extermination camps",
# "Wannsee Conference and the 'Final Solution'",
# "Allied forces' liberation of concentration camps",
# "Nazi propaganda and its impact",
# "Hitler's charisma and use of symbolism",
# "Hitler Youth and indoctrination",
# "Lebensraum: Hitler's territorial policy",
# "Invasion of the Soviet Union and Operation Barbarossa",
# "Stalingrad and turning point in the Eastern Front",
# "Allied forces' strategy and D-Day",
# "Battle of Berlin and Hitler's suicide",
# "Nuremberg Trials and prosecution of war criminals",
# "Denazification and reconstruction of Germany",
# "Impact of Nazism on Germany and Europe",
# "Forest Society and Colonialism: Impact of colonialism on forests and
indigenous societies",
# "Classification of forests: Reserved, protected, and village
forests",
# "Forest management under British colonial rule",
# "British Forest Policy of 1894 and control of forests",
# "Role of communities in forest management",
# "Impact of forest laws on tribal communities",
# "Forest Acts and regulations: Restrictions on forest access",
# "Forest rights and access to forest produce",
# "Impact of shifting cultivation on forests",
# "Deforestation and its consequences",
# "Role of the Forest Department in colonial India",
# "Environmental changes due to deforestation",
# "Chipko Movement: Women's protest for forest protection",
# "Bishnoi community and their conservation efforts",
# "Role of tribal and indigenous communities in forest conservation",
# "Impact of the Forest Satyagraha",
# "Forest conservation and modern challenges",
# "Community-based forest management initiatives",
# "Sacred groves and their significance",
# "Social and cultural practices related to forests",
# "Role of colonial authorities in exploiting forest resources",
# "Forest laws and their impact on tribal livelihoods",
# "Role of forest produce in local economies",
# "Impact of market forces on forest resources",
# "Sustainable forest management practices",
# "Role of forest-dwelling communities in preserving biodiversity",
# "Forest policies and their effects on tribal societies",
# "Role of colonial officials in forest management",
# "Forest conservation initiatives by local communities",
# "Impact of infrastructure development on forests",
# "Importance of traditional knowledge in forest management",
# "Role of women in forest-based economies",
# "Forest-based handicrafts and industries",
# "Role of non-governmental organizations in forest conservation",
# "Global perspectives on forest conservation",
# "Forest management practices in indigenous societies",
# "The role of forest produce in traditional medicine",
# "Conflict between conservation and economic development",
# "Forest management and climate change mitigation",
# "Role of government policies in post-independence India",
# "Forest tenure rights and land ownership",
# "Impact of dams and mining on forest ecosystems",
# "Forest degradation and its effects on water resources",
# "Role of forest officials in implementing conservation measures",
# "Forest management models in different regions",
# "Forest certification and sustainable practices",
# "Indigenous movements for forest rights",
# "Legal provisions for forest conservation",
# "Joint Forest Management (JFM) programs",
# "Impact of the Forest Rights Act of 2006",
# "Forest conservation in protected areas and national parks",
# "Eco-tourism and its impact on forests",
# "Forest fires and their prevention",
# "Traditional forest festivals and rituals",
# "Role of indigenous knowledge in biodiversity conservation",
# "Forest-based livelihoods and alternative income sources",
# "Role of research and scientific advancements in forestry",
# "Wildlife conservation and its relationship with forests",
# "Agroforestry and its benefits",
# "International agreements on forest conservation",
# "Pastoralists in the Modern World: Characteristics of pastoral
nomadism",
# "Global distribution of pastoral communities",
# "Types of animals reared by pastoralists",
# "Challenges faced by pastoral communities: Land encroachment and
climate change",
# "Impact of modernization and development on pastoralists",
# "Role of livestock in pastoral economies",
# "Barter and trade networks of pastoral communities",
# "Cultural diversity among pastoral groups",
# "Conflicts and resolutions within pastoral societies",
# "Government policies and pastoral land rights",
# "Community-based initiatives for sustainable pastoralism",
# "Preservation of traditional knowledge and practices",
# "Importance of pastoralism in modern food security",
# "Pastoralism's contribution to biodiversity conservation",
# "Future prospects and challenges for pastoralists",
# "Nomadic routes and migration patterns",
# "Traditional crafts and arts of pastoral communities",
# "Role of women in pastoral economies",
# "Social organization and leadership within pastoral societies",
# "Indigenous pastoralist strategies for coping with environmental
change",
# "Traditional healing practices among pastoral groups",
# "Role of oral traditions and storytelling",
# "Pastoralist diet and culinary traditions",
# "Impact of government interventions and resettlement programs",
# "Education and healthcare access for pastoral communities",
# "Role of non-governmental organizations in pastoral development",
# "Role of camel caravans in trade and transport",
# "Artifacts and artifacts produced by pastoral communities",
# "Folk music and dance in pastoral cultures",
# "Use of natural resources in pastoral economies",
# "Impact of climate variability on pastoral livelihoods",
# "Role of sacred sites and rituals in pastoralism",
# "Pastoralism and its connection to spiritual beliefs",
# "The significance of nomadic routes and migratory patterns",
# "Pastoralists' adaptation to changing ecosystems",
# "Role of government policies in recognizing pastoral rights",
# "Traditional conflict resolution mechanisms",
# "Pastoralist festivals and celebrations",
# "Role of youth in preserving pastoral traditions",
# "Seasonal migration and its economic importance",
# "Indigenous breeds of livestock and their resilience",
# "Global networks and partnerships for pastoral development",
# "Role of traditional leaders and elders",
# "Sustainable resource management in pastoral areas",
# "Impact of external influences on pastoral communities",
# "Role of women in decision-making and leadership",
# "Nomadic architecture and shelter designs",
# "Challenges faced by pastoralists in accessing education",
# "The role of storytelling in preserving history and culture",
# "Cultural exchange and interactions among pastoral groups",
# "Livestock diseases and healthcare practices",
# "Conflict resolution through indigenous councils",
# "The role of camel caravans in trade routes",
# "Traditional clothing and adornments",
# "Ethnobotanical knowledge of pastoralists",
# "Seasonal calendar and migration patterns",
# "Role of pastoralists in land stewardship",
# "Challenges posed by changing land use",
# "Revival of traditional handicrafts and arts",
# "Contemporary issues affecting pastoral communities"

5. adaptive_widget.py
from kivy.properties import BooleanProperty
from kivy.uix.floatlayout import FloatLayout
from kivy.uix.label import Label
from kivy.uix.screenmanager import Screen

class AdaptiveWidget:
adaptive_height = BooleanProperty(False)

adaptive_width = BooleanProperty(False)

adaptive_size = BooleanProperty(False)

def on_adaptive_height(self, instance, value):

self.size_hint_y = None
if issubclass(self.__class__, Label):
self.bind(
texture_size=lambda *x: self.setter("height")(
self, self.texture_size[1]
)
 )
else:
if not isinstance(self, (FloatLayout, Screen)):
self.bind(minimum_height=self.setter("height"))

def on_adaptive_width(self, instance, value):

self.size_hint_x = None
if issubclass(self.__class__, Label):
self.bind(
texture_size=lambda *x: self.setter("width")(
self, self.texture_size[0]
)
)
else:
if not isinstance(self, (FloatLayout, Screen)):
self.bind(minimum_width=self.setter("width"))

def on_adaptive_size(self, instance, value):

self.size_hint = (None, None)
if issubclass(self.__class__, Label):
self.text_size = (None, None)
self.bind(
texture_size=lambda *x: self.setter("size")(
self, self.texture_size
)
)
else:
if not isinstance(self, (FloatLayout, Screen)):
self.bind(minimum_size=self.setter("size"))

6. chat_bubble.py
from kivy.lang import Builder
from kivy.properties import BooleanProperty

from label import PLabel

Builder.load_string(
"""
<ChatBubble>
adaptive_height: True
padding: [dp(8), dp(8)]
text_color: 1, 1, 1, 1
text_size: self.width, None
canvas.before:
Color:
rgba:
self.theme_cls.primary_dark if self.send_by_user \
else self.theme_cls.primary_color
RoundedRectangle:
size: self.size
pos: self.pos
radius:
[dp(20), dp(20), (dp(-10), dp(15)), dp(20)] if
self.send_by_user \
else [(dp(-10), dp(15)), dp(20), dp(20), dp(20)]
"""
)

class ChatBubble(PLabel):
send_by_user = BooleanProperty()

7. font_definitions.py
from kivy.core.text import LabelBase

fonts_path = "assets/fonts/"

fonts = [
{
"name": "Lexend",
"fn_regular": fonts_path + "Lexend-Regular.ttf",
"fn_bold": fonts_path + "Lexend-Bold.ttf",
},
{
"name": "LexendThin",
"fn_regular": fonts_path + "Lexend-Thin.ttf",
},
{
"name": "LexendLight",
"fn_regular": fonts_path + "Lexend-Light.ttf",
},
{
"name": "LexendMedium",
"fn_regular": fonts_path + "Lexend-Medium.ttf",
},
{
"name": "Icons",
"fn_regular": fonts_path + "Feather.ttf",
},
]

def register_fonts():
for font in fonts:
LabelBase.register(**font)

8. icon_definitions.py
icons = {
"search": "\U0000F1D0",
"arrow-left": "\U0000F110",
"chevron-down": "\U0000F12E",
"user": "\U0000F204",
"corner-right-up": "\U0000F14D",
"tool": "\U0000F1F3",
"sun": "\U0000F1E7",
"moon": "\U0000F1A7",
"plus": "\U0000F1C0",
"more-vertical": "\U0000F1A9",
"more-horizontal": "\U0000F1A8",
"youtube": "\U0000F219",
"alert-circle": "\U0000F102",
 "chevrons-down": "\U0000F132",
}

9. label.py
from kivy.lang import Builder
from kivy.properties import ColorProperty, StringProperty
from kivy.uix.label import Label

from adaptive_widget import AdaptiveWidget

from theming import ThemableBehavior

Builder.load_string(
"""
#: import icons icon_definitions.icons

<PLabel>
font_name: 'Lexend-Bold'
color:
self.text_color if self.text_color \
else self.theme_cls.text_color

<PIcon>
text: u'{}'.format(icons[self.icon]) if self.icon in icons else ''
font_name: 'Icons'
font_size: sp(40)
"""
)

class PLabel(ThemableBehavior, AdaptiveWidget, Label):

text_color = ColorProperty(None)

class PIcon(PLabel):
icon = StringProperty()

10. textfield.py
from kivy.lang import Builder
from kivy.uix.textinput import TextInput

from theming import ThemableBehavior

Builder.load_string(
"""

<PTextField>
multiline: False
password_mask: '•'
font_name: 'Lexend'
background_active: 'assets/images/transparent.png'
background_normal: 'assets/images/transparent.png'
cursor_color: self.theme_cls.primary_color
 padding: [0, dp(10), 0, 0]

canvas.before:
Color:
rgba: 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5
Ellipse:
angle_start: 180
angle_end: 360
pos: self.pos[0] - self.size[1] / 2, self.pos[1]
size: self.size[1], self.size[1]
Ellipse:
angle_start: 360
angle_end: 540
pos: self.size[0] + self.pos[0] - self.size[1]/2.0, self.pos[1]
size: self.size[1], self.size[1]
Rectangle:
pos: self.pos
size: self.size
Color:
rgba:
root.foreground_color if self.text \
else (0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5)
"""
)

class PTextField(ThemableBehavior, TextInput):

pass

11. theming.py
from kivy.app import App
from kivy.clock import Clock
from kivy.core.window import Window
from kivy.event import EventDispatcher
from kivy.properties import ColorProperty, OptionProperty
from kivy.utils import get_color_from_hex as gch
import font_definitions

class ThemeManager(EventDispatcher):
primary_color = ColorProperty("684bbf")

primary_light = ColorProperty("9b78f2")

primary_dark = ColorProperty("34218e")

bg_normal = ColorProperty()

bg_light = ColorProperty()

bg_dark = ColorProperty()

text_color = ColorProperty()

theme_style = OptionProperty("Light", options=["Light", "Dark"])

 def on_theme_style(self, instance, value):
Window.clearcolor = gch("FAFAFA" if value == "Light" else "121212")
if value == "Light":
self.text_color = "000000"
self.bg_light = "ffffff"
self.bg_dark = "c7c7c7"
self.bg_normal = "FAFAFA"
else:
self.text_color = "FFFFFF"
self.bg_light = "383838"
self.bg_dark = "000000"
self.bg_normal = "121212"

def __init__(self, **kwargs):

super().__init__(**kwargs)
font_definitions.register_fonts()
Clock.schedule_once(
lambda x: self.on_theme_style(None, self.theme_style)
)

class ThemableBehavior(EventDispatcher):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
self.theme_cls = App.get_running_app().theme_cls
super().__init__(**kwargs)

CONCLUSION
KnowledgeKnight is an innovative and versatile chatbot
designed to interact with users through text or voice,
emulating human-like conversations. Using artificial
intelligence and natural language processing
technologies, KnowledgeKnight serves as a virtual
tutor, offering explanations, answering questions, and
guiding students through a wide range of academic
subjects. With its user-friendly interface and
interactive approach, KnowledgeKnight aims to
enhance the learning experience and promote
accessible and engaging education for all.