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Lab 5

The document discusses signal analysis and data processing with a focus on filtering techniques, including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters. It outlines the mathematical representation of periodic signals, the effects of different filters on signal characteristics, and includes practical tasks for analyzing filtering impacts. Additionally, it describes a LabView project for signal generation and filtering, along with sample problems related to filter types and their effects on signals.

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suleymanlisabir2
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4 views8 pages

Lab 5

The document discusses signal analysis and data processing with a focus on filtering techniques, including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters. It outlines the mathematical representation of periodic signals, the effects of different filters on signal characteristics, and includes practical tasks for analyzing filtering impacts. Additionally, it describes a LabView project for signal generation and filtering, along with sample problems related to filter types and their effects on signals.

Uploaded by

suleymanlisabir2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signal analysis & data processing – Filtering

Exercise 5
Filtering

Periodic signal expressed by infinite Fourier series


k  k
 2k 
x( t )   ak cos t  k   a k cos2kft  k 
k 0  T  k 0

where:
ak - Fourier series coefficients
T - period
f = 1/T - fundamental frequency
k - phase angle
Filtering means removing some harmonics (corresponding to a
certain frequency range/band) from original signal x(t) leading
to filtered signal xf(t)
k k 2 k k 2
x f (t)  a k cos( 2kft  k )  a k cos( 2fk t  k )
k k 1 k k 1

f1  k1  f
f2  k 2  f

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Signal analysis & data processing – Filtering

Filter characteristic

A out
R( f )  ( f )  0,1
A in
conservation of frequency
fout = fin
phase angle may change in unpredictable wy
out  in
Low-pass filter

i  i lp
x lp ( t )   ai cos(2fit  i )
i0

Low-pass filtering removes (filters out):


- high-frequency oscillations.

2
Signal analysis & data processing – Filtering

High-pass filter

i
x hp ( t )   ai cos(2fi t  i )
i  i hp

High-pass filtering removes (filters out):


- mean value (harmonic corresponding to 0Hz),
- low-frequency oscillations.
Band-pass filter

i  i lp
x bp ( t )   a cos(2f t   )
i  i hp
i i i

Band-pass filtering removes (filters out):


- mean value,
- low-frequency oscillations,
- high-frequency oscillations.

3
Signal analysis & data processing – Filtering

Band-stop filter

i  i lp i
x bs ( t )   a cos(2f t   )   a cos(2f t   )
i0
i i i
i  i hp
i i i

Band-stop filtering removes (filters out):


- oscillations of selected frequencies.

4
Signal analysis & data processing – Filtering

Compulsory tasks

a) determine the characteristic(s) of:


 either band-pass filter,

 or low-pass and high-pass filters,

b) analyse the influence of filtering (its type and settings) on


polyharmonic signal composed of 3 sine waves,
c) analyse the influence of the setting of a low-pass filter on
the square wave filtering,
d) apply the band-pass filter to noise and mean removal.

Optional tasks

- determine the spectrum of the polyharmonic signal (e.g.


square or triangle wave) using band-pass filtering,
- analyse the influence of the filter type and order on the
quality of filtering,
- analyse the influence of filter parameters and signal
properties on the filtered signal distortion at its beginning,
- check the influence of filtering on the signal phase,

5
Signal analysis & data processing – Filtering

project "Filtering" in LabView environment

The project is composed of the following elements:


 3-channel signal generator (left part of the screen) enabling
the selection of signal type (sine, square, triangular waves
and noise) and its parameters (amplitude, frequency, offset,
phase for deterministic signals and standard deviation for
noise)
 oscilloscope presenting the generated signal (right upper
corner of the screen)
 filter settings panel (in the centre) enabling to choose the
filter type, order and cutoff frequencies,
 oscilloscope presenting the filtered signal (right bottom
corner of the screen)

6
Signal analysis & data processing – Filtering

Sample problems

1. What kind of filtering was applied to signal xA if signal xB


has appeared at the filter output ? What were the filter
settings ?

2. List the filter types and describe their characteristics.

3. Describe the impact of a particular filter type on a signal.

4. What is the influence of low-pass filtering on the statistical


moments ?

5. What is the influence of the high-pass filter on the


statistical moments?

6. What is the influence of low- and high-pass filtering on


signal variance ?

7. Describe the way the filter characteristic is determined.

8. Which type of filter removes the mean value from the


signal ? Explain your answer.

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Signal analysis & data processing – Filtering

9. What kind of filtering was applied to signal xA if signal xB


has appeared at the filter output ? What were the filter
settings ?

10. What kind of filtering was applied to signal xA if signal xB


has appeared at the filter output ? What were the filter
settings ?

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