COST ESTIMATION FOR SCAFFOLDING AND

FORMWORKS

Module No. 2 of 2 module

Construction Cost Engineering

CLETO P. DALMACIO
CP# 09293948896
Email Add: [email protected]

School of Engineering

First Semester, School Year 2025-2026

INTRODUCTION
Cost estimation for scaffolding and formworks is essential in construction projects to
ensure accurate budgeting and cost control. This module provides a structured
approach to calculating costs, considering materials, labor, equipment, and other
factors.

The number of hours allotted for this module shall be 3 hours. You are expected to
finish the module in one week.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the module, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the key components involved in scaffolding and formwork cost
estimation.
2. Calculate material, labor, and equipment costs accurately.
3. Apply unit cost and rate analysis methodologies in cost estimation.
4. Develop a structured cost estimation template for scaffolding and formworks.
5. Implement cost optimization strategies to reduce expenses without compromising
quality and safety.

PRETEST

Let us test your knowledge in this module. Multiple-choice Test. Select your best
answer from the options for each question or statement and write your answer on a
separate sheet of short bond paper. Take note of your answers that you are not sure of,
so you can discover their answers as you go through the module.

1. What is the main purpose of cost estimation in scaffolding and formworks?

a) To increase labor costs b) To ensure accurate budgeting and cost control
c) To avoid using safety equipment d) To reduce project quality

2. Which of the following is NOT a common scaffolding material?

a) Steel tubes b) Couplers c) Base plates d) Concrete blocks

3. What is the primary factor considered in labor cost calculation?

a) Number of workers and hours worked b) Type of material used
c) Number of scaffolding tubes d) Total project budget

4. Which cost component includes rental fees for scaffolding?

a) Material costs b) Labor costs
c) Equipment and rental costs d) Overhead costs

5. What is one way to optimize cost estimation for formworks?

a) Using new materials for each project b) Ignoring maintenance costs
c) Reusing and recycling formwork materials d) Avoiding safety measures

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6. In cost calculation, how is total cost estimation determined?
a) By multiplying the labor cost by equipment cost b) By summing up all cost
components c) By calculating only material costs d) By estimating based on
previous projects

7. Which of the following is an essential part of scaffolding safety?

a) Ignoring PPE requirements b) Using unstable platforms c) Installing
guardrails and netting d) Reducing the number of couplers used

8. What does rate analysis help with in cost estimation?

a) Reducing the workforce b) Comparing cost per unit area and materials
c) Avoiding the use of scaffolding d) Increasing the project duration

9. Which of the following is included in equipment and rental costs?

a) Timber and plywood sheets b) Tie rods and spacers
c) Hoisting equipment rental fees d) Labor wages

10. What is the importance of contingency costs in scaffolding and formwork

estimation?
a) To cover unexpected expenses b) To increase the total project cost
c) To eliminate the need for budgeting d) To reduce material usage

Lesson 1: Components of Cost Estimation

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the key components involved in scaffolding and formwork cost
estimation.
2. Understand the significance of material, labor, equipment, and other expenses
in the estimation process.
3. Apply cost estimation principles in real-world construction projects.
4. Develop strategies to optimize costs without compromising safety and quality.

LET’S ENGAGE
Scaffolding and formworks play an important role in construction, providing structural
support and safety during construction. Accurately estimating their costs is essential
for project budgeting and financial planning. Consider the following questions before
diving into the module:
• Why is cost estimation important in construction projects?
• What factors contribute to the overall cost of scaffolding and formworks?
• How can proper estimation help in project efficiency and cost savings?

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LET’S TALK ABOUT IT
1. Key Components of Cost Estimation
Cost estimation for scaffolding and formwork consists of several critical components.
These include:
a) Material Costs
Materials form the foundation of scaffolding and formwork structures. Key materials
include:
• Scaffolding Materials: Tubes, couplers, boards, prefabricated scaffold systems,
base plates, and sole boards.
• Formwork Materials: Timber, plywood, steel panels, tie rods, spacers, and
release agents.
• Reusability Factor: Some materials, such as steel formwork, can be reused
multiple times, reducing long-term costs.
b) Labor Costs
Labor is a significant factor in cost estimation, covering:
• Skilled and unskilled workers for erection and dismantling.
• Safety personnel ensuring proper installation.
• Formwork carpenters and scaffolders handling setup and removal.
c) Equipment and Rental Costs
Construction projects often require specialized equipment, which can be owned or
rented. These costs include:
• Crane or hoisting equipment for lifting materials.
• Rental fees for scaffolding and formwork systems.
• Transportation and handling costs.
d) Other Expenses
Beyond direct material and labor costs, additional expenses must be accounted for,
such as:
• Safety measures (PPE, netting, guardrails) to prevent accidents.
• Depreciation and maintenance of reusable scaffolding and formwork materials.
• Overhead costs, including administrative expenses and contingency funds for
unexpected situations.

2. Applying Cost Estimation Principles in Real-World Projects

To effectively apply cost estimation in real projects, professionals use structured
methodologies such as:
• Unit Cost Approach: Calculating costs based on the unit price of materials,
labor hours, and equipment usage.
• Rate Analysis: Comparing costs per square meter or cubic meter for scaffolding
and formwork systems to optimize efficiency.

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 • Budget Forecasting: Predicting total expenses by considering all components
and potential risks.

3. Strategies to Optimize Costs without Compromising Safety and Quality

While reducing costs is crucial, maintaining safety and quality is non-negotiable. Here
are some strategies:
• Material Reuse and Recycling: Using steel formwork multiple times or
repurposing timber to reduce waste.
• Efficient Labor Management: Proper scheduling and workforce allocation to
prevent unnecessary labor costs.
• Bulk Procurement: Buying materials in bulk to secure discounts and reduce
procurement expenses.
• Regular Maintenance: Keeping scaffolding and formwork in good condition to
extend their lifespan and reduce replacement costs.

Lesson 2: Cost Calculation Methodology

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Understand the importance of cost calculation in scaffolding and formwork
estimation.
2. Apply different cost calculation methodologies in construction projects.
3. Accurately compute material, labor, and equipment costs using structured
approaches.
4. Develop a comprehensive cost estimate considering all project expenses.

LET’S ENGAGE
Cost calculation is a crucial aspect of construction project planning. It ensures that
the budget aligns with project requirements and prevents financial overruns. Imagine
a construction project where the cost estimate was incorrect—what could be the
possible consequences?
Consider these scenarios:
• A project manager underestimates labor costs, leading to a shortage of skilled
workers.
• Rental equipment costs are not included in the budget, causing unexpected
financial strain.
• Material costs fluctuate due to market changes, affecting the total project cost.
Think about these questions:
• Why is it essential to calculate costs accurately in scaffolding and formwork?
• What are the major factors that contribute to overall cost estimation?

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 • How can miscalculations impact a project’s efficiency and success?
• Take a moment to reflect and discuss these points before exploring the
methodology.

LET’S TALK ABOUT IT

1. UNIT COST APPROACH
The unit cost approach involves calculating the cost of each component separately and
summing them to get the total estimate. It includes:
a) Material Cost Calculation
Formula: Unit Price × Quantity Required
Example: If one scaffolding tube costs P700 and 200 tubes are needed, the total
material cost is P700 × 200 = P140,000.

b) Labor Cost Calculation

Formula: Labor Rate × Number of Workers × Hours Worked
Example: If the hourly rate of a scaffolder is P93 and 5 scaffolders work for 8 hours a
day for 10 days, the labor cost is P93 × 5 × 8 × 10 = 37,200.

c) Equipment & Rental Cost Calculation

Equipment Rental for Scaffoldings (For two to five-storey building)

d) Total Cost Estimation

Formula: Material Cost + Labor Cost + Equipment Cost + Other Expenses

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2. RATE ANALYSIS METHOD
Rate analysis helps determine the cost per unit area (square meter or cubic meter) for
scaffolding and formworks. It involves:
• Breaking down costs per square meter/cubic meter.
• Comparing different material costs and productivity rates.
• Assessing cost efficiency based on alternative construction methods.
Example: If the cost of setting up scaffolding for 100 square meters is P100,000, then
the cost per square meter is:
P100,000 ÷ 100 = P1000 per square meter.

3. COST OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES

To ensure cost efficiency without compromising quality, consider:
• Using reusable formwork materials to reduce expenses.
• Negotiating bulk discounts with suppliers.
• Efficiently managing labor schedules to prevent downtime.
• Monitoring market prices to anticipate cost fluctuations.

Lesson 3: Sample Cost Estimation using DPWH Template

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Understand the importance of using the DPWH cost estimation template for
scaffolding and formwork.
2. Apply the DPWH template in computing material, labor, and equipment rental
costs.
3. Accurately estimate the total project cost following DPWH guidelines.
4. Develop cost-efficient strategies while ensuring compliance with DPWH
standards.
LET’S ENGAGE
Cost estimation plays a crucial role in construction project planning and budgeting.
The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) provides a standardized
template to ensure consistency and accuracy in cost estimation.
Consider these scenarios:
• A project manager needs to estimate scaffolding costs for a government-funded
project but is unsure how to structure the calculations.
• The budget is tight, and an accurate estimation is required to avoid financial
overruns.
• A contractor wants to ensure that all cost components—materials, labor, and
equipment—are included in the estimate.
Think about these questions:
• Why is it essential to follow a standardized cost estimation method?

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 • What are the benefits of using the DPWH cost estimation template?
• How can errors in estimation impact the overall project budget?

LET’S TALK ABOUT IT

1. Understanding the DPWH Cost Estimation Template
The DPWH template is structured to provide an organized approach to cost estimation.
It includes the following key sections:
• Material Cost Calculation: Identifies all materials needed, their unit costs, and
total expenses.
• Labor Cost Estimation: Computes labor requirements based on work hours,
rates, and project duration.
• Equipment Rental Cost: Includes rental rates based on DPWH standards and
usage duration.
• Overhead and Contingency Costs: Accounts for indirect costs such as
administration, permits, and unforeseen expenses.
DPWH Cost Estimation Templates:

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2. Sample Cost Estimation Process
The Detailed Unit Price Analysis (DUPA) format used by the Department of Public
Works and Highways (DPWH) systematically breaks down the cost estimation for
formworks and falseworks. It computes the total cost by considering Labor,
Equipment, and Materials, as follows:

1. Labor Cost Computation (Section A)

• Labor cost is computed based on:
o Number of workers assigned per task.
o Number of hours worked per worker.
o Hourly rate (as per DPWH and DOLE wage standards).

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The cost per worker is determined by multiplying the number of workers × hours
worked × hourly rate.
Example:
Installation:
4 skilled laborers × 1 hour × (hourly rate)
6 unskilled laborers × 1 hour × (hourly rate)
Stripping:
1 construction foreman × 0.56 hour × (hourly rate)
6 unskilled laborers × 0.56 hours × (hourly rate)
The total labor cost is then summed under Sub-total for A.
2. Equipment Cost Computation (Section B)
Equipment rental cost is calculated using:
Quantity of equipment needed (e.g., scaffolding H-Frames, braces, pipes, jacks, etc.).
Number of days the equipment is used.
Daily rental rate per unit.
Formula: Quantity × Days Used × Daily Rental Rate
Example:
H-Frame scaffolding (40 units × 14 days × rental rate)
Shoring Jack (62 units × 14 days × rental rate)
Adjustable U-Head Jack (80 units × 14 days × rental rate)
The total equipment cost is computed and recorded as Sub-total for B.
3. Material Cost Computation (Section F)
Material costs are calculated using:
Type of materials required (e.g., phenolic board, lumber, consumables).
Unit of measurement (e.g., pieces, board feet).
Quantity required.
Unit cost per material.
Formula:
Quantity × Unit Cost
Example:
Phenolic board: 0.347 pcs (per sq.m.) × unit price
Lumber: 4.727 bd ft (per sq.m.) × unit price
Consumables: 5% of the total material cost
Allocating 5% of the total material cost for consumables to ensure that all small items which
are not considered in the detailed estimates are accounted for in the budget.

The total material cost is listed as Sub-total for F.

4. Computation of Direct and Total Unit Costs
Direct Unit Cost (E + F)
Sum of labor (A), equipment cost (E) and material cost (F).
Overhead, Contingencies & Miscellaneous (OCM) Expenses
o 15%, 12%, or 8% of the Direct Unit Cost (G).

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Contractor’s Profit - 10% or 8% of Direct Unit Cost (G).
Value Added Tax (VAT) - 5% of (G + H + I).
Total Unit Cost (K);
Computed as: G+H+I+J
Note: The Total Unit Cost will be the unit cost of this item per sq.m. of scaffoldings
and formworks
3. Benefits of using DPWH Template
• Standardization: Ensures uniformity in government and private sector cost
estimations.
• Accuracy: Minimizes miscalculations and overlooked expenses.
• Compliance: Aligns with DPWH-approved rates and regulations.

Lesson 4: Area Computation for Scaffoldings and Formworks

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define scaffoldings and formworks and their importance in construction.
2. Identify the key components and materials used in scaffoldings and formworks.
3. Apply mathematical formulas for computing areas related to scaffoldings and
formworks.
4. Solve real-world problems involving area computation in construction projects.

LET’S ENGAGE
Activity: Observing Construction Sites
• Observe an ongoing construction site or refer to images of construction projects.
• Identify where scaffoldings and formworks are used.
• Discuss why accurate area computation is essential for safety, cost estimation,
and material efficiency.
Guiding Questions:
1. What do scaffoldings and formworks do in construction?
2. How do you think their sizes and areas impact project costs and efficiency?
3. Why do engineers and builders need to compute their areas accurately?

LET’S TALK ABOUT IT

1. Understanding Scaffoldings and Formworks
• Scaffoldings: Temporary structures used to support workers and materials
during construction.
• Formworks: Molds used to shape concrete until it hardens.
• Both are crucial for construction safety and efficiency.

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2. Components and Materials Used
• Scaffoldings: Frames, braces, planks, platforms, and connectors.
• Formworks: Plywood, steel, aluminum, or plastic molds.
3. Mathematical Formulas for Area Computation
• Rectangular Surface Area: A = L x W, Where:
o A = Area
o L = Length
o W = Width
• Surface Area of Cylindrical or Circular Formworks:
Where:
o r = Radius
o h = Height
• Complex Shapes:
o Break down into simpler shapes (rectangles, triangles, circles) and sum
their areas.
• Scaffoldings
In computing the area of scaffoldings, it is computed per platform multiplied to
the number of platforms.
Aplatform = L x W

4. Real-World Application Problems

Problem 1: A contractor needs to estimate the plywood required for a rectangular
column formwork measuring 0.5m x 0.5m x 3m. Compute the total area needed.
Solution:
• Compute the four side panels: Asides = 2(LH + WH)
Asides = 2(0.5 x 3 + 0.5 x 3)
= 2(1.5 + 1.5) = 6m²
Problem 2: Calculate the surface area of a cylindrical column formwork with a radius
of 0.3m and a height of 2.5m.
Solution:
• Using the formula: A = 2ꙥrh + 2ꙥr²
A = 2(3.1416) (0.3) (2.5) + 2(3.1416) (0.3²)
A = 4.7124 + 0.5652
A = 5.2776m²
Problem 3: A scaffolding system consists of three rectangular platforms, each
measuring 2m in length and 1m in width. Compute the total surface area of the
platforms.
Solution:
• Compute the area of one platform: Aplatform = L x W
Aplatform = 2 x 1 = 2m²

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Since the scaffolding system consists of three identical platforms, the total surface
area is obtained by multiplying the area of one platform by the number of platforms:
Atotal = 3(platform) x 2(area of 1-platform)
Atotal = 6m²
Thus, the total surface area covered by the scaffolding platforms is 6 square meters.

IT’S YOUR TURN:

Answer the following question below. Use clean sheet of bond paper for your answer
sheet to be submitted.

Problem 1: Cost Estimation Using Unit Cost Approach

A construction project requires scaffolding materials, labor, and equipment rental. The
following data is available:
• Scaffolding Materials: 150 tubes at P750 each.
• Labor: 4 scaffolders working for 8 hours per day for 5 days. The labor rate is P95
per hour.
• Equipment Rental: Scaffolding rental costs P500 per unit per day for 10 units,
used for 5 days.

➢ Task: Compute the total cost of scaffolding using the Unit Cost Approach.

Problem 2: Rate Analysis for Formworks

A project requires formwork installation for a 200-square-meter wall. The total
estimated cost of the formwork, including materials, labor, and equipment, is P160,000.

➢ Task: Determine the cost per square meter of formwork installation.

Problem 3: Area Computation for Scaffoldings

A scaffolding system consists of 4 platforms, each measuring 2.5m in length and 1.2m
in width.

➢ Task: Compute the total surface area covered by the scaffolding platforms.

Rubric:
Points Criteria
5 (100%) - completeness
- organization
- cleanliness
- correctness of answer
- consistency
4 (80%) - four of the elements listed for 5 pts are evident
3 (60%) - three of the elements listed for 5 pts are evident
2 (40%) - two of the elements listed for 5 pts are evident
1 (20%) - only one element listed for 5 pts is evident
0 - no attempt

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POST ASSESMENT
Multiple-choice Test. Select your best answer from the options for each question or
statement and write your answer on a separate sheet of short bond paper. Submit
your answers thru my email address.
1. What is the primary purpose of scaffolding in construction?
a) To store construction materials b) To provide temporary support and access
c) To enhance the building's appearance d) To reduce material costs

2. Which of the following is NOT a key component of cost estimation?

a) Material costs b) Labor costs c) Transportation fees d) Building permits

3. What factor affects the material cost of formworks the most?

a) The type of concrete used b) The reusability of materials
c) The shape of the structure d) The location of the site

4. Which of the following best describes labor costs in scaffolding and formwork
estimation?
a) The cost of construction equipment b) The wages paid to workers involved in setup
and dismantling c) The cost of transportation of materials
d) The administrative expenses of the project

5. What is the benefit of using steel formworks over timber formworks?

a) Steel formworks are lighter than timber b) Steel formworks are non-reusable
c) Steel formworks can be reused multiple times d) Steel formworks are cheaper
than timber

6. Which cost category includes safety measures such as PPE, guardrails, and netting?
a) Material costs b) Labor costs c) Equipment costs d) Other expenses

7. What is one strategy to optimize cost estimation without compromising safety?

a) Hiring fewer workers to save on labor costs
b) Using cheaper materials regardless of durability
c) Buying materials in bulk to get discounts
d) Skipping safety inspections to save time

8. Which method is commonly used to estimate costs based on the unit price of
materials and labor hours?
a) Rate analysis b) Unit cost approach c) Budget forecasting d) Cost
depreciation analysis

9. How is material cost calculated using the unit cost approach?

a) Material Cost = Unit Price × Quantity Required
b) Material Cost = Quantity Required ÷ Unit Price
c) Material Cost = Unit Price + Labor Cost
d) Material Cost = Quantity Required × Equipment Cost

10. A scaffolder earns P100 per hour, working for 6 hours a day for 5 days. What is the
total labor cost?
a) P3,000 b) P2,500 c) P2,000 d) P3,500

11. Which of the following best describes rate analysis?

a) It determines the total cost based on direct and indirect costs.
b) It calculates cost per unit area of scaffolding and formworks.
c) It excludes labor and equipment costs.
d) It is only applicable to small-scale projects.

12. If the total cost of scaffolding for 150m² is P180,000, what is the cost per square
meter?
a) P1,000/m² b) P1,200/m² c) P900/m² d) P1,500/m²

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13. What is an advantage of using the rate analysis method?
a) It simplifies cost estimation by breaking it down per square meter or cubic meter.
b) It reduces labor wages significantly.
c) It excludes material costs to focus on labor.
d) It is only useful for small projects.

14. How can project managers prevent financial overruns?

a) Ignoring fluctuating material prices
b) Excluding equipment rental from the budget
c) Accurately calculating labor, material, and rental costs
d) Reducing the number of safety personnel

15. What is one way to optimize scaffolding costs?

a) Purchasing new materials for every project
b) Using reusable scaffolding materials
c) Renting more equipment than necessary
d) Reducing the workforce without proper scheduling

16. What is the main advantage of using the DPWH cost estimation template?
a) It provides a standardized method for calculating project costs.
b) It increases material costs for government projects.
c) It reduces the need for project supervision.
d) It allows unlimited adjustments after project completion.

17. What does the DUPA format in DPWH cost estimation stand for?
a) Direct Unit Pricing Analysis b) Detailed Unit Price Analysis
c) Department of Public Works Assessment d) Dynamic Unit Price Accounting

18. In the DPWH template, how is equipment rental cost calculated?

a) Quantity × Days Used × Daily Rental Rate b) Daily Rental Rate ÷ Number of
Workers
c) Labor Cost × Equipment Depreciation d) Unit Price × Total Square Meters

19. Which cost is NOT included in the DPWH cost estimation template?
a) Labor costs b) Material costs c) Project delays penalties
d) Equipment rental costs

20. What percentage is typically allocated for Overhead, Contingencies, and

Miscellaneous (OCM) expenses?
a) 10% - 20% b) 8% - 15% c) 5% - 10% d) 12% - 25%

21. Why is it important to include Value Added Tax (VAT) in cost estimation?
a) It reduces the total project cost.
b) It ensures compliance with government tax regulations.
c) It is only necessary for private construction projects.
d) It is deducted from labor wages.

22. Which of the following is not an advantage of using the DPWH cost estimation
template?
a) Standardized calculations b) Compliance with government rates
c) Increased chances of underestimating costs d) More accurate budgeting

23. What is the formula for computing the area of a rectangular formwork?
a) A = L × W b) A = 2πrh + 2πr² c) A = πr²h d) A = ½bh

24. What is the area of a scaffolding platform measuring 3m × 1.5m?

a) 4.5m² b) 5m² c) 3m² d) 6m²

25. How do you compute the surface area of a cylindrical column formwork?
a) A = 2πrh + 2πr² b) A = L × W c) A = ½bh d) A = 4πr²
26. Why is accurate area computation essential for scaffolding and formworks?

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a) To reduce the number of materials used
b) To avoid overspending on construction materials
c) To eliminate the need for cost estimation
d) To increase construction costs

27. If 5 scaffolding platforms each have an area of 2m², what is the total surface area?
a) 8m² b) 10m² c) 15m² d) 20m²

28. What is the main function of formworks in construction?

a) To support workers b) To shape and mold concrete
c) To reduce labor costs d) To enhance building aesthetics

29. What is the first step in computing scaffolding area?

a) Identify the number of platforms b) Estimate material cost
c) Compute the VAT d) Calculate the OCM expenses

30. Which of the following materials is commonly used in scaffolding?

a) Phenolic board b) Steel pipes c) Cement bags d) PVC sheets

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REFERENCES
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). (2017). Cost Estimation Manual
for Low Rise Buildings (D.O 137)
Peurifoy, R. L., Schexnayder, C. J., Schmitt, R. G., & Shapira, A. (2019). Construction
Planning, Equipment, and Methods (9th ed.). McGraw Hill.
Hendrickson, C. (2008). Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts
for Owners, Engineers, Architects, and Builders. Carnegie Mellon University.
Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2016). Building Construction Handbook (11th ed.).
Routledge.
Dutta, B. N. (2016). Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering. UBS Publishers.

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