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1.1.3. Understand the terms domain, Uniform Resource Locator (URL), hyperlink,
web hosting, search engine.
The domain is a unique name on the Internet. We might say that what in real life the ID is
for a human, this is what the domain name is for a web page.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is another term for a web address. A URL has three
parts:
protocol name (e.g., HTTP)
domain name/ hostname (servers address that a user wants to connect with), for
example, www.google.com
file name is optional, implies the access to a file/directory into the principal
webpage. It is separated by slash
Therefore, when we enter http://www.google.com in the address bar in our web
browser, the browser is instructed to connect to a server with the domain
www.google.com by using the HTTP protocol.
Hyperlinks are separately marked words, images and other elements on a web page that
represent a direct link to additional information. Most often we open other web pages
when we click on hyperlinks. Furthermore, we also might be able to open other parts of a
web page, download content, and run applications.
The image below shows a hyperlink, which is usually marked blue in texts and sometimes
underlined to stand out.

Web hosting: after we create a website, it is necessary to store it in a place where it is

always available for users. We use Web hosting services/companies for this purpose. They
own web servers that have the ability to store content.
Search engine: Search engines allow us to search in the Internet for information, images
and other types of files stored in various locations available throughout the network.
Search engines work according to certain algorithms that show the user relevant,
requested search results. At first, information from the various websites is collected and
stored and then analyzed to organize and save them in the database for future use. When
a user enters an inquiry into the search engine, the database is organized by an index and
the user is presented with results that match best the entered search terms. Therefore, it

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is important to understand that by using the search engine one does not search the entire
In
Therefore, we might get different results each time we use different web engines. This
information is important from a website owner , who wants to make sure that the
website is represented in various search engines once he created it. Otherwise, it will only
be possible to access the website when a user enters the exact address in the web
browser address bar. Currently, the most known search engine is Google.

1.1.4. Understand the use of primary protocols: Transmission Control Protocol/

Internet Protocol (TCP/lP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer
Protocol (FTP)
TCP/IP protocol: TCP / IP: This protocol is the main protocol for Internet communication.
It defines the rules that computers need to follow to communicate with other computers
via a network.
TCP is responsible for separating messages. They are then send across the network in
smaller packets (packages). They reassemble again at the destination to present the
initially sent message. This means that a sent e mail, for example, does not travel
through the network in one piece. It breaks down into smaller parts that travel separately
through the network, not necessarily through the same channel, and then reassemble,
according to the information that each packets carries, at the destination. Each packet
includes information to which address it should travel (IP address). It is namely the IP
protocol that is responsible for each packet to arrive at their destination.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer protocol): is a network protocol that ensures the exchange of
almost all types of resources on the web. With resources, we mean files, pages, images,
search results, etc. It is basically, the web browsers language to send requests to the
server. There is also the HTTPS version, which is a secure and encrypted version for HTTP
communications.
FTP(File Transfer Protocol): is used to load (upload) or retrieve (download) files between
the client and server communication, or between two computers on the Internet. In
other words, this protocol is responsible for file transfer on the Internet.

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1.2. Web Publishing

1.2.1. Identify the main advantages of having a website: access to a global audience,
ease of updating, audience interactivity and cost savings.
Nowadays more and more people/ companies opt to own a website. Positive sides of
creating and having a website are:
It is possible to reach a broad audience in an easy way.
It is possible to change information from virtually anywhere in real time. If, for
example, a website offers some products, it is possible to update prices with just a
few clicks.
Web sites allow a much better relationship with customers compared to
conventional printed materials or advertisements on television or radio. The user
can receive information more easily, answer questions, share experiences on a
forum (if the page has one), etc.
Maintaining a website is far less expensive than advertising on other media.
Therefore, an online business can significantly reduce costs for staff, office space,
etc.
Obtain information of their constumers and create a specific target of their
promotion

1.2.2. Understand the process of putting a website online: domain registration, selecting
a web hosting service.
The process of putting a website online consists of several steps:
Once we create a web page, it is necessary to register a domain, register a unique
name that will represent the web page on the Internet. When choosing a domain
name one should preferably take into account that the domain should not be too
long, it should be constructed well, and customers should be able to remember it
easily.
We did not reserve a spot for the webpage on the Internet by registering a
domain, but we have only defined address. The next step is selecting
a web hosting service or finding a company that offers servers to host a web page.
There is a wide range of hosting providers and it is the website owner to
choose a service that suits him the best.
1.2.3 Recognize search engine optimization techniques e.g. including relevant
metadata, including a sitemap and website links, registering with a search
engine.
Search engine optimization techniques serve to increase the probability that exactly your
website ranks at a higher position among existing search results. In fact, it is the web
results on the first few pages that will be visited the most during a web search. The
further we look so decreases the results credibility, and thus the attendance of such
websites decreases.
Some of the available techniques are:

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Including relevant metadata: metadata is used to list website s relevant data. This data is
not visible on the webpage, and their task is to provide relevant data to help search
engines index web pages easier, which means they help search engines in ranking web
pages.
The basic syntax is:

Meta element names, then contain the author's name, website description, and
keywords linked to the web page content.
Including site maps and web links: a sitemap is a list of all the pages that a web page
contains. By including site maps, we make sure that all web pages are registered to the
search engine.
Registering to a search engine: as stated above, it is not enough to simply develop and
publish a page, but it is necessary to inform search engines that the web page exists.
Some of the options that Google offers are for example:
Add your URL - URL adding
App crawling - indexing
Search Console- registering site maps

1.2.4 Recognize the factors that impact web page download speed: audio, video,
graphical objects, animation content, and file compression
If the page contains, in addition to the text, a variety of other components such as video,
sound, animation, etc. it affects the web page uploading speed. If we select these
components in the wrong format, or if the page is overloaded with content it can lead to
a slower web page download. The web page download speed is crucial to ensure a
positive user experience, and it becomes even more important with the increasing mobile
device use.
When selecting the size recommendations are as follows:
Audio - .mp3 format
Video - .flv format
Graphic formats - .jpg picture in general, GIF, and PNG for images with few colors
such as background images.
Data compression also affects the web page download speed. The recommendation is to
compress HTML and CSS files before putting them on a web server, in order to reduce
their size, and thus increase the webpage download speed.

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1.3 Legal Issues

1.3.1. Understand the term copyright and its implications for text, images, audio,
and video available on websites

It is a fact that we can easily download many contents from various websites. However,
this does not mean that we can further use all website content. Quite contrary, in most
cases content is under certain copyright rules. It is only possible to use content from
another website freely if the website explicitly states it ,
). Otherwise, it should be verified under which circumstances it
is allowed to download and use them.

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HTML

2.1. Basics of HTML

2.1.1. Understand the term Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).

HTML is a presentational language that we use for the purpose of developing web pages.
It is a descriptive language used to describe a document's layout, image position, font
size, font color, etc. HTML is not a programming language, and it cannot complete tasks
regarding programming (aritmetic or the use of variables), not even the simplest
program logic such as, for example, the operation of addition.
HTML pages are nothing but plain text files with HTML. Extension or .htm with
instructions on how to display a page. Since they are ordinary text files, we can create
them in any text editor such as, for example, Notepad. There are, of course, more
advanced versions of visual editors also known as WYSIWYG editors - "What you see is
what you get." These editors have the ability to display the page layout during the web
page development.
To describe a web page we use marked tags, that are written between < i >. Every tag is a
command that tells the browser how and what to do, or how it should display the
content.

2.1.2 Understand the role of W3C consortium in making HTML recommendations.

W3C Consortium is an international organization with the aim of setting standards for
HTML use.
Some of the recommendations are:
Websites internal operability on search engines: recommendations on how to use
HTML to show equally websites in different browsers
Consistent document types declarations: Since international standards are
applied, it means that we can use any HTML editor to develop a web page.
Enhanced availability: W3C develops recommendations also taking the visually
impaired into consideration.

2.2. Using HTML

2.2.1. Using browser to view the website source code

All browsers have the possibility to view a website source code. The image below shows
how Internet Explorer displays the code.
Go to View - > Source or right click on the page and select View Source.

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