Controlled Rectifiers

(Line Commutated AC to DC
converters)

Page 1
 +
AC Line DC Output
Input Commutated V0(dc )
Voltage Converter
-

• Type of input: Fixed voltage, fixed frequency

ac power supply.
• Type of output: Variable dc output voltage
• Type of commutation: Natural / AC line
commutation

Page 2
Different types of
Line Commutated Converters
• AC to DC Converters (Phase controlled
rectifiers)
• AC to AC converters (AC voltage controllers)
• AC to AC converters (Cyclo converters) at low
output frequency.

Page 3
 Differences Between
Diode Rectifiers
&
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Page 4
• The diode rectifiers are referred to as
uncontrolled rectifiers .
• The diode rectifiers give a fixed dc output
voltage .
• Each diode conducts for one half cycle.
• Diode conduction angle = 1800 or π radians.
• We can not control the dc output voltage or the
average dc load current in a diode rectifier
circuit.

Page 5
Single phase half wave diode rectifier gives an
Vm
Average dc output voltage VO( dc ) =
π
Single phase full wave diode rectifier gives an
2Vm
Average dc output voltage VO( dc ) =
π

Page 6
Applications of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers
• DC motor control in steel mills, paper and
textile mills employing dc motor drives.
• AC fed traction system using dc traction motor.
• Electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical
processes.
• Magnet power supplies.
• Portable hand tool drives.

Page 7
Classification of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

• Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers.

• Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers.

Page 8
Different types of Single
Phase Controlled Rectifiers.
• Half wave controlled rectifiers.
• Full wave controlled rectifiers.

Using a center tapped transformer.

Full wave bridge circuit.

Semi converter.

Full converter.

Page 9
Different Types of
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers
• Half wave controlled rectifiers.
• Full wave controlled rectifiers.
• Semi converter (half controlled
bridge converter).
• Full converter (fully controlled bridge
converter).

Page 10
Principle of Phase Controlled
Rectifier Operation

Page 11
Single Phase Half-Wave Thyristor
Converter with a Resistive Load

Page 12
Supply Voltage

Output Voltage

Output (load)
Current

Page 13
 Supply Voltage

Thyristor Voltage

Page 14
 Equations
vs = Vm sin ω t = i/p ac supply voltage
Vm = max. value of i/p ac supply voltage
Vm
VS = = RMS value of i/p ac supply voltage
2
vO = vL = output voltage across the load

Page 15
When the thyristor is triggered at ω t = α
vO = vL = Vm sin ω t ; ω t = α to π
vO
iO = iL = = Load current; ω t = α to π
R
Vm sin ω t
iO = iL = = I m sin ω t ; ω t = α to π
R
Vm
Where I m = = max. value of load current
R

Page 16
To Derive an Expression for the
Average (DC)
Output Voltage Across The Load

Page 17
 2π
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc =
2π ∫ v .d (ω t );
0
O

vO = Vm sin ω t for ω t = α to π
π
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t )
2π α
π
1
VO( dc ) = ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t )
2π α

Page 18
 π
Vm
VO( dc ) = ∫ sin ω t .d ( ω t )
2π α
π
Vm  
VO( dc ) =  − cos ω t 
2π  α

Vm
VO( dc ) = [ − cos π + cos α ] ; cos π = −1
2π
Vm
VO( dc ) = [1 + cos α ] ; Vm = 2VS
2π

Page 19
Maximum average (dc) o/p
voltage is obtained when α = 0
and the maximum dc output voltage
Vm
Vdc( max ) = Vdm = (1 + cos 0 ) ; cos ( 0 ) = 1
2π
Vm
∴Vdc( max ) = Vdm =
π

Page 20
 Vm
VO( dc ) = [1 + cos α ] ; Vm = 2VS
2π
The average dc output voltage can be varied
by varying the trigger angle α from 0 to a
maximum of 180 (π radians )
0

We can plot the control characteristic

(V (
O dc ) )
vs α by using the equation for VO( dc )

Page 21
 Control Characteristic
of
Single Phase Half Wave Phase
Controlled Rectifier
with
Resistive Load

Page 22
The average dc output voltage is given by the
expression
Vm
VO( dc ) = [1 + cos α ]
2π
We can obtain the control characteristic by
plotting the expression for the dc output
voltage as a function of trigger angleα

Page 23
Page 24
Control Characteristic
VO(dc)
Vdm

0.6Vdm

0.2 Vdm

0 60 120 180
Trigger angle α in degrees

Page 25
Normalizing the dc output
voltage with respect to Vdm , the
Normalized output voltage
Vm
(1 + cos α )
= 2π
Vdc
Vn =
Vdm Vm
π
Vdc 1
Vn = = (1 + cos α ) = Vdcn
Vdm 2

Page 26
 To Derive An
Expression for the
RMS Value of Output Voltage
of a
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier With Resistive Load

Page 27
The RMS output voltage is given by
 1 2π 2 
VO( RMS ) =  ∫ vO .d (ω t ) 
 2π 0 
Output voltage vO = Vm sin ω t ; for ω t = α to π
1
 1 π 2 2  2
VO( RMS ) =  ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t ) 
 2π α 

Page 28
 1 − cos 2ω t
By substituting sin ω t = 2
, we get
2
1
 1 π 2 (1 − cos 2ω t )  2
VO( RMS ) =  ∫ Vm .d (ω t ) 
 2π α 2 
1
π
 Vm2  2
VO( RMS ) =
 4π
∫α (1 − cos 2ω t ) .d (ω t )
1
 Vm2 π π
 2
VO( RMS ) =   ∫ d (ω t ) − ∫ cos 2ω t.d (ω t ) 
 4π α α 

Page 29
 1

Vm  1  π
 sin 2ω t 
π
 2
VO( RMS ) =  (ω t ) −  
2  π  α  2  α 

1

Vm 1  ( sin 2π − sin 2α )   2
VO( RMS ) =   (π − α ) −   ;sin2π = 0
2  π  2  
1
Vm 1  sin 2α   2
VO( RMS ) =  π  (π − α ) + 2  
2   
1
Vm  sin 2α  2
VO( RMS ) =  (π − α ) + 
2 π  2 

Page 30
 Performance Parameters
Of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Page 31
Output dc power (avg. or dc o/p
power delivered to the load)
PO( dc ) = VO( dc ) × I O( dc ) ; i.e., Pdc = Vdc × I dc
Where
VO( dc ) = Vdc = avg./ dc value of o/p voltage.
I O( dc ) = I dc = avg./dc value of o/p current

Page 32
Output ac power
PO( ac ) = VO( RMS ) × I O( RMS )
Efficiency of Rectification (Rectification Ratio)
PO( dc ) PO( dc )
Efficiency η = ; % Efficiency η = × 100
PO( ac ) PO( ac )
The o/p voltage consists of two components
The dc component VO( dc )
The ac /ripple component Vac = Vr ( rms )

Page 33
The total RMS value of output voltage is given by
VO( RMS ) = V 2
O ( dc )
+V 2
r ( rms )

∴ Vac = Vr ( rms ) = V 2
O ( RMS )
−V 2
O ( dc )

Form Factor (FF) which is a measure of the

shape of the output voltage is given by
VO( RMS ) RMS output ( load ) voltage
FF = =
VO( dc ) DC load output ( load ) voltage

Page 34
The Ripple Factor (RF) w.r.t. o/p voltage w/f
Vr ( rms ) Vac
rv = RF = =
VO( dc ) Vdc
2
V2
O ( RMS )
−V 2
O ( dc ) VO( RMS ) 
rv = =   −1
VO( dc )  VO( dc ) 

∴ rv = FF − 12

Page 35
 I r ( rms ) I ac
Current Ripple Factor ri = =
I O( dc ) I dc

Where I r ( rms ) = I ac = I 2
O ( RMS )
−I 2
O ( dc )

Vr ( pp ) = peak to peak ac ripple output voltage

Vr ( pp ) = VO( max ) − VO( min )
I r ( pp ) = peak to peak ac ripple load current
I r ( pp ) = I O( max ) − I O( min )

Page 36
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
PO( dc )
TUF =
VS × I S
Where
VS = RMS supply (secondary) voltage
I S = RMS supply (secondary) current

Page 37
Page 38
Where
vS = Supply voltage at the transformer secondary side
iS = i/p supply current
(transformer secondary winding current)
iS 1 = Fundamental component of the i/p supply current
I P = Peak value of the input supply current
φ = Phase angle difference between (sine wave
components) the fundamental components of i/p
supply current & the input supply voltage.

Page 39
 φ = Displacement angle (phase angle)
For an RL load
φ = Displacement angle = Load impedance angle
ωL 
−1
∴ φ = tan   for an RL load
 R 
Displacement Factor (DF) or
Fundamental Power Factor
DF = Cosφ

Page 40
Harmonic Factor (HF) or
Total Harmonic Distortion Factor ; THD
1 1

I − I 
2 2   IS 
2
2
 2

HF =   =   − 1
S S1
2
 I S1   I S 1  
Where
I S = RMS value of input supply current.
I S 1 = RMS value of fundamental component of
the i/p supply current.

Page 41
Input Power Factor (PF)
VS I S 1 I S1
PF = cos φ = cos φ
VS I S IS
The Crest Factor (CF)
I S ( peak ) Peak input supply current
CF = =
IS RMS input supply current
For an Ideal Controlled Rectifier
FF = 1; η = 100% ; Vac = Vr ( rms ) = 0 ; TUF = 1;
RF = rv = 0 ; HF = THD = 0; PF = DPF = 1

Page 42
Single Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier
With
An
RL Load

Page 43
Page 44
Input Supply Voltage (Vs)
&
Thyristor (Output) Current
Waveforms

Page 45
Page 46
Output (Load)
Voltage Waveform

Page 47
 To Derive An Expression
For
Average (DC) Load Voltage of a
Single Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier with
RL Load

Page 48
 2π
1
VO( dc ) = VL =
2π ∫ v .d (ω t )
0
O

1  α β 2π 
VO( dc ) = VL =  ∫ vO .d (ω t ) + ∫ vO .d (ω t ) + ∫ vO .d (ω t ) 
2π  0 α β 
vO = 0 for ω t = 0 to α & for ω t = β to 2π
β
1  
∴VO( dc ) = VL =  ∫ vO .d (ω t )  ;
2π α 
vO = Vm sin ω t for ω t = α to β

Page 49
 β
1  
VO( dc ) = VL =  ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t ) 
2π α 
β
Vm  
VO( dc ) = VL =  − cos ω t 
2π  α

Vm
VO( dc ) = VL = ( cos α − cos β )
2π
Vm
∴VO( dc ) = VL = ( cos α − cos β )
2π

Page 50
Effect of Load
Inductance on the Output

During the period ω t = π to β the

instantaneous o/p voltage is negative and
this reduces the average or the dc output
voltage when compared to a purely
resistive load.

Page 51
 Average DC Load Current

VO( dc ) Vm
I O( dc ) = I L( Avg ) = = ( cos α − cos β )
RL 2π RL

Page 52
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier
With RL Load
&
Free Wheeling Diode

Page 53
 T
i0
+
V0
+ R
Vs
−
~ FWD

L
−

Page 54
vS
Supply voltage

0 π 2π 3π ωt
α

iG
Gate pulses

0 ωt
α

iO Load current
α

ωt=β

0 ωt
α β 2π+α
β
vO
Load voltage

0 π 2π 3π ωt
α

Page 55
The average output voltage
Vm
Vdc = [1 + cos α ] which is the same as that
2π
of a purely resistive load.
The following points are to be noted
For low value of inductance, the load current
tends to become discontinuous.

Page 56
During the period α to π
the load current is carried by the SCR.
During the period π to β load current is
carried by the free wheeling diode.
The value of β depends on the value of
R and L and the forward resistance
of the FWD.

Page 57
 For Large Load Inductance
the load current does not reach zero, &
we obtain continuous load current
i0
t1 t2 t3 t4

SCR FWD SCR FWD

0
π ωt
α 2π 2π+α 3π

Page 58
 Single Phase
Full Wave Controlled Rectifier
Using A
Center Tapped Transformer

Page 59
 T1
A
+
vO
R L
AC O
Supply

T2

Page 60
To Derive An Expression For The DC
Output Voltage Of
A Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier With RL Load
(Without FWD)

Page 61
vO Vm

ωt
0
α

iO
α
β
ωt
0 πβ
α 2π 3π
(π+α) (π+β)

Page 62
 β
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ∫ vO .d (ω t )
πω α t=
β
1  
VO( dc ) = Vdc =  ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t ) 
π α 
β
Vm  
VO( dc ) = Vdc =  − cos ω t 
π  α

Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ( cos α − cos β )
π

Page 63
When the load inductance is negligible ( i.e., L ≈ 0 )
Extinction angle β = π radians
Hence the average or dc output voltage for R load
Vm
VO( dc ) = ( cos α − cos π )
π
Vm
VO( dc ) =
π
( cos α − ( −1) )
Vm
VO( dc ) = (1 + cos α ) ; for R load, when β = π
π

Page 64
To calculate the RMS output voltage we use
the expression
β
1 2 2 
VO( RMS ) =  ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t ) 
π α 

Page 65
Discontinuous Load Current
Operation with FWD

Page 66
vO Vm

ωt
0
α

iO
α
β
ωt
0 πβ
α 2π 3π
(π+α) (π+β)

Page 67
Thyristor T1 is triggered at ω t = α ;
T1 conducts from ω t = α to π
Thyristor T2 is triggered at ω t = (π + α ) ;
T2 conducts from ω t = (π + α ) to 2π
FWD conducts from ω t = π to β &
vO ≈ 0 during discontinuous load current.

Page 68
 To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage For
A
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier
With RL Load & FWD

Page 69
 π
1
vO .d (ω t )
π ω∫
VO( dc ) = Vdc =
t =0
π
1
∴ VO( dc ) = Vdc = ∫ V sin ω t.d (ω t )
πα m

π
Vm  
VO( dc ) = Vdc =  − cos ω t 
π  α

Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = [ − cos π + cos α ] ; cos π = −1
π
Vm
∴ VO( dc ) = Vdc = (1 + cos α )
π

Page 70
• The load current is discontinuous for low values
of load inductance and for large values of
trigger angles.
• For large values of load inductance the load
current flows continuously without falling to
zero.
• Generally the load current is continuous for
large load inductance and for low trigger angles.

Page 71
Continuous Load Current
Operation
(Without FWD)

Page 72
vO Vm

ωt
0

iO
α α α α

ωt
0
α π 2π 3π
(π+α) (2π+α)

Page 73
 To Derive
An Expression For
Average / DC Output Voltage
Of
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier For Continuous Current
Operation without FWD

Page 74
vO Vm

ωt
0

iO
α α α α

ωt
0
α π 2π 3π
(π+α) (2π+α)

Page 75
 (π +α )
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ∫ vO .d (ω t )
π ω α t=

 ( π +α )

1
VO( dc ) = Vdc =  ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t ) 
π  α 
( π +α )
Vm  
VO( dc ) = Vdc =  − cos ω t 
π  α 

Page 76
VO( dc ) = Vdc
Vm
= cos α − cos (π + α )  ;
π
cos (π + α ) = − cos α
Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = [cos α + cos α ]
π
2Vm
∴ VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos α
π

Page 77
• By plotting VO(dc) versus α,
we obtain the control characteristic of a single
phase full wave controlled rectifier with RL
load for continuous load current operation
without FWD

Page 78
Vdc = Vdm × cos α

Page 79
 VO(dc)
Vdc = Vdm × cos α
Vdm

0.6Vdm

0.2 Vdm
α
0
30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm

-0.6 Vdm

-Vdm
Trigger angle α in degrees

Page 80
By varying the trigger angle we can vary the
output dc voltage across the load. Hence we can
control the dc output power flow to the load.
For trigger a ngle α , 0 to 90 0
( i.e., 0 ≤ α ≤ 90 ) ;
0

cos α is positive and hence Vdc is positive

Vdc & I dc are positive ; Pdc = (Vdc × I dc ) is positive
Converter operates as a Controlled Rectifier.
Power flow is from the ac source to the loa d.

Page 81
For trigger angle α , 90 0 to 180 0
( i .e., 90 0
≤ α ≤ 180 0
),
cosα is negative and hence
Vdc is negative; I dc is positive ;
Pdc = (Vdc × I dc ) is negative.
In this case the converter operates
as a Line Co mmutated In verter.
Power flows from the load ckt. to the i/p ac source.
The inductive load energy is fed back to the
i/p sou rce.

Page 82
Drawbacks Of Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier
With Centre Tapped Transformer
• We require a centre tapped transformer which
is quite heavier and bulky.
• Cost of the transformer is higher for the
required dc output voltage & output power.
• Hence full wave bridge converters are
preferred.

Page 83
Single Phase Full Wave
Full Converter
(Fully Controlled Bridge
Converter)
With R,L, & E Load

Page 84
Page 85
 Waveforms of
Single Phase Full Converter
Assuming Continuous (Constant
Load Current)
&
Ripple Free Load Current

Page 86
Page 87
Page 88
 iO Constant Load Current
iO=Ia
Ia
ωt
α π+α
iT1 Ia Ia
& iT2 ωt
α π+α 2π+α
iT3 Ia
& iT4 ωt
π+α 2π+α 3π+α

Page 89
 To Derive
An Expression For
The Average DC Output Voltage of a
Single Phase Full Converter
assuming
Continuous & Constant Load Current

Page 90
The average dc output voltage
can be determined by using the expression
2π
1  
VO( dc ) = Vdc =  ∫ vO .d (ω t )  ;
2π  0 
The o/p voltage waveform consists of two o/p
pulses during the input supply time period of
0 to 2π radians. Hence the Average or dc
o/p voltage can be calculated as

Page 91
 π +α
2  
VO( dc ) = Vdc =  ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t ) 
2π  α 
2Vm
[ − cos ω t ]α
π +α
VO( dc ) = Vdc =
2π
2Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos α
π

Page 92
Maximum average dc output voltage is
calculated for a trigger angle α = 0 0

and is obtained as

Vdc( max ) = Vdm = m

× cos ( 0 ) = m

π π
2Vm
∴Vdc( max ) = Vdm =

Page 93
The normalized average output voltage is given by
VO( dc ) Vdc
Vdcn = Vn = =
Vdc( max ) Vdm
2Vm
cos α
∴Vdcn = Vn = π = cos α
2Vm
π

Page 94
 By plotting VO(dc) versus α,
we obtain the control characteristic of a
single phase full wave fully controlled
bridge converter
(single phase full converter)
for constant & continuous
load current operation.

Page 95
To plot the control characteristic of a
Single Phase Full Converter for constant
& continuous load current operation.
We use the equation for the average/ dc
output voltage
2Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos α
π

Page 96
Page 97
 VO(dc)
Vdc = Vdm × cos α
Vdm

0.6Vdm

0.2 Vdm
α
0
30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm

-0.6 Vdm

-Vdm
Trigger angle α in degrees

Page 98
• During the period from ωt = α to π the input
voltage vS and the input current iS are both
positive and the power flows from the supply
to the load.
• The converter is said to be operated in the
rectification mode
Controlled Rectifier Operation
for 0 < α < 900

Page 99
• During the period from ωt = π to (π+α), the
input voltage vS is negative and the input
current iS is positive and the output power
becomes negative and there will be reverse
power flow from the load circuit to the supply.
• The converter is said to be operated in the
inversion mode.
Line Commutated Inverter Operation
for 900 < α < 1800

Page 100
Two Quadrant Operation
of a Single Phase Full Converter
0<α < 900
Controlled Rectifier
Operation

900<α <1800
Line Commutated
Inverter Operation

Page 101
To Derive An
Expression For The
RMS Value Of The Output Voltage
The rms value of the output voltage
is calculated as
2π
1  2 
VO( RMS ) =  ∫ vO .d (ω t ) 
2π  0 

Page 102
The single phase full converter gives two
output voltage pulses during the input supply
time period and hence the single phase full
converter is referred to as a two pulse converter.
The rms output voltage can be calculated as
π +α
2  
=  ∫ vO .d (ω t ) 
2
VO( RMS )
2π  α 

Page 103
 π +α
1  
=  ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t ) 
2 2
VO( RMS )
πα 
π +α
V  2

=  ∫ sin ω t.d (ω t ) 
m 2
VO( RMS )
π α 
V  π +α
2
(1 − cos 2ω t ) 
.d (ω t ) 
=  ∫
m
VO( RMS )
π α 2 
π +α π +α
V  2

=  ∫ d (ω t ) − ∫ cos 2ω t.d (ω t ) 
m
VO( RMS )
2π  α α 

Page 104
 π +α π +α
V  2
 sin 2ω t  
=  (ω t ) −
m
VO( RMS )  
2π  α  2  α 
V 2
  sin 2 (π + α ) − sin 2α  
=  (π + α − α ) − 
m
VO( RMS ) 
2π   2  

V 2
  sin ( 2π + 2α ) − sin 2α  
=  (π ) − 
m
VO( RMS )  ;
2π   2  
sin ( 2π + 2α ) = sin 2α

Page 105
 V   sin 2α − sin 2α  
2
VO( RMS ) = m
 (π ) −  
2π   2 
2 2
V V Vm
VO( RMS ) = (π ) − 0 =
m
= m

2π 2 2
Vm
∴VO( RMS ) = = VS
2
Hence the rms output voltage is same as the
rms input supply voltage

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