BIRD 2.

0 User’s Guide
Ondrej Filip <[email protected]>, Pavel Machek <[email protected]>, Martin Mares <[email protected]>, Maria
Matejka <[email protected]>, Ondrej Zajicek <[email protected]>

This document contains user documentation for the BIRD Internet Routing Daemon project.
Contents

1 Introduction 3
1.1 What is BIRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Installing BIRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Running BIRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Architecture 6
2.1 Routing tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Routes and network types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Protocols and channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Graceful restart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 Configuration 9
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Global options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Protocol options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4 Channel options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4 Remote control 16

5 Filters 19
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2 Data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.3 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.4 Control structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.5 Route attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.6 Other statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

6 Protocols 26
6.1 Babel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.2 BFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.3 BGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.4 Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.5 Direct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.6 Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.7 MRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.8 OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.9 Perf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.10 Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.11 RAdv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.12 RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.13 RPKI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.14 Static . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

7 Conclusions 74
7.1 Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.2 Getting more help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

2
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 What is BIRD
The name ‘BIRD’ is actually an acronym standing for ‘BIRD Internet Routing Daemon’. Let’s take a closer
look at the meaning of the name:
BIRD: Well, we think we have already explained that. It’s an acronym standing for ‘BIRD Internet Routing
Daemon’, you remember, don’t you? :-)
Internet Routing: It’s a program (well, a daemon, as you are going to discover in a moment) which works
as a dynamic router in an Internet type network (that is, in a network running either the IPv4 or the IPv6
protocol). Routers are devices which forward packets between interconnected networks in order to allow
hosts not connected directly to the same local area network to communicate with each other. They also
communicate with the other routers in the Internet to discover the topology of the network which allows
them to find optimal (in terms of some metric) rules for forwarding of packets (which are called routing
tables) and to adapt themselves to the changing conditions such as outages of network links, building of new
connections and so on. Most of these routers are costly dedicated devices running obscure firmware which
is hard to configure and not open to any changes (on the other hand, their special hardware design allows
them to keep up with lots of high-speed network interfaces, better than general-purpose computer does).
Fortunately, most operating systems of the UNIX family allow an ordinary computer to act as a router and
forward packets belonging to the other hosts, but only according to a statically configured table.
A Routing Daemon is in UNIX terminology a non-interactive program running on background which does
the dynamic part of Internet routing, that is it communicates with the other routers, calculates routing
tables and sends them to the OS kernel which does the actual packet forwarding. There already exist other
such routing daemons: routed (RIP only), GateD (non-free), Zebra and MRTD, but their capabilities are
limited and they are relatively hard to configure and maintain.
BIRD is an Internet Routing Daemon designed to avoid all of these shortcomings, to support all the routing
technology used in the today’s Internet or planned to be used in near future and to have a clean extensible
architecture allowing new routing protocols to be incorporated easily. Among other features, BIRD supports:

• both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols

• multiple routing tables
• the Border Gateway Protocol (BGPv4)
• the Routing Information Protocol (RIPv2, RIPng)
• the Open Shortest Path First protocol (OSPFv2, OSPFv3)
• the Babel Routing Protocol
• the Router Advertisements for IPv6 hosts
• a virtual protocol for exchange of routes between different routing tables on a single host
• a command-line interface allowing on-line control and inspection of status of the daemon
• soft reconfiguration (no need to use complex online commands to change the configuration, just edit
the configuration file and notify BIRD to re-read it and it will smoothly switch itself to the new
configuration, not disturbing routing protocols unless they are affected by the configuration changes)
• a powerful language for route filtering

BIRD has been developed at the Faculty of Math and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
as a student project. It can be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
BIRD has been designed to work on all UNIX-like systems. It has been developed and tested under Linux
2.0 to 2.6, and then ported to FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD, porting to other systems (even non-UNIX
ones) should be relatively easy due to its highly modular architecture.
BIRD 1.x supported either IPv4 or IPv6 protocol, but had to be compiled separately for each one. BIRD 2

3
1.2. Installing BIRD 4

supports both of them with a possibility of further extension. BIRD 2 supports Linux at least 3.16, FreeBSD
10, NetBSD 7.0, and OpenBSD 5.8. Anyway, it will probably work well also on older systems.

1.2 Installing BIRD

On a recent UNIX system with GNU development tools (GCC, binutils, m4, make) and Perl, installing
BIRD should be as easy as:

./configure
make
make install
vi /usr/local/etc/bird.conf
bird

You can use ./configure --help to get a list of configure options. The most important ones are:
--with-protocols= to produce a slightly smaller BIRD executable by configuring out routing protocols
you don’t use, and --prefix= to install BIRD to a place different from /usr/local.

1.3 Running BIRD

You can pass several command-line options to bird:

-c config name
use given configuration file instead of prefix /etc/bird.conf.
-d
enable debug messages to stderr, and run bird in foreground.
-D filename of debug log
enable debug messages to given file.
-f
run bird in foreground.
-g group
use that group ID, see the next section for details.
-h, --help
display command-line options to bird.
-l
look for a configuration file and a communication socket in the current working directory instead of in
default system locations. However, paths specified by options -c, -s have higher priority.
-p
just parse the config file and exit. Return value is zero if the config file is valid, nonzero if there are
some errors.

-P name of PID file

create a PID file with given filename.
-R
apply graceful restart recovery after start.
-s name of communication socket
use given filename for a socket for communications with the client, default is prefix /var/run/bird.ctl.
-u user
drop privileges and use that user ID, see the next section for details.
1.4. Privileges 5

--version
display bird version.

BIRD writes messages about its work to log files or syslog (according to config).

1.4 Privileges
BIRD, as a routing daemon, uses several privileged operations (like setting routing table and using raw
sockets). Traditionally, BIRD is executed and runs with root privileges, which may be prone to security
problems. The recommended way is to use a privilege restriction (options -u, -g). In that case BIRD is
executed with root privileges, but it changes its user and group ID to an unprivileged ones, while using
Linux capabilities to retain just required privileges (capabilities CAP NET *). Note that the control socket
is created before the privileges are dropped, but the config file is read after that. The privilege restriction is
not implemented in BSD port of BIRD.
An unprivileged user (as an argument to -u options) may be the user nobody, but it is suggested to use a
new dedicated user account (like bird). The similar considerations apply for the group option, but there is
one more condition – the users in the same group can use birdc to control BIRD.
Finally, there is a possibility to use external tools to run BIRD in an environment with restricted privileges.
This may need some configuration, but it is generally easy – BIRD needs just the standard library, privileges
to read the config file and create the control socket and the CAP NET * capabilities.
Chapter 2: Architecture
2.1 Routing tables
The heart of BIRD is a routing table. BIRD has several independent routing tables; each of them contains
routes of exactly one nettype (see below). There are two default tables – master4 for IPv4 routes and
master6 for IPv6 routes. Other tables must be explicitly configured.
These routing tables are not kernel forwarding tables. No forwarding is done by BIRD. If you want to forward
packets using the routes in BIRD tables, you may use the Kernel protocol (see below) to synchronize them
with kernel FIBs.
Every nettype defines a (kind of) primary key on routes. Every route source can supply one route for every
possible primary key; new route announcement replaces the old route from the same source, keeping other
routes intact. BIRD always chooses the best route for each primary key among the known routes and keeps
the others as suboptimal. When the best route is retracted, BIRD re-runs the best route selection algorithm
to find the current best route.
The global best route selection algorithm is (roughly) as follows:

• Preferences of the routes are compared.

• Source protocol instance preferences are compared.
• If source protocols are the same (e.g. BGP vs. BGP), the protocol’s route selection algorithm is
invoked.
• If source protocols are different (e.g. BGP vs. OSPF), result of the algorithm is undefined.

Usually, a routing table just chooses a selected route from a list of entries for one network. But if the
sorted option is activated, these lists of entries are kept completely sorted (according to preference or some
protocol-dependent metric). This is needed for some features of some protocols (e.g. secondary option of
BGP protocol, which allows to accept not just a selected route, but the first route (in the sorted list) that
is accepted by filters), but it is incompatible with some other features (e.g. deterministic med option of
BGP protocol, which activates a way of choosing selected route that cannot be described using comparison
and ordering). Minor advantage is that routes are shown sorted in show route, minor disadvantage is that
it is slightly more computationally expensive.

2.2 Routes and network types

BIRD works with several types of routes. Some of them are typical IP routes, others are better described as
forwarding rules. We call them all routes, regardless of this difference.
Every route consists of several attributes (read more about them in the Route attributes (p. 24) section);
the common for all routes are:

• IP address of router which told us about this route

• Source protocol instance
• Route preference
• Optional attributes defined by protocols

Other attributes depend on nettypes. Some of them are part of the primary key, these are marked (PK).

2.2.1 IPv4 and IPv6 routes

The traditional routes. Configuration keywords are ipv4 and ipv6.

• (PK) Route destination (IP prefix together with its length)

• Route next hops (see below)

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2.2. Routes and network types 7

2.2.2 IPv6 source-specific routes

The IPv6 routes containing both destination and source prefix. They are used for source-specific routing
(SSR), also called source-address dependent routing (SADR), see RFC 8043. Currently limited mostly to
the Babel protocol. Configuration keyword is ipv6 sadr.

• (PK) Route destination (IP prefix together with its length)

• (PK) Route source (IP prefix together with its length)

• Route next hops (see below)

2.2.3 VPN IPv4 and IPv6 routes

Routes for IPv4 and IPv6 with VPN Route Distinguisher (RFC 4364). Configuration keywords are vpn4
and vpn6.

• (PK) Route destination (IP prefix together with its length)

• (PK) Route distinguisher (according to RFC 4364)
• Route next hops

2.2.4 Route Origin Authorization for IPv4 and IPv6

These entries can be used to validate route origination of BGP routes. A ROA entry specifies prefixes which
could be originated by an AS number. Their keywords are roa4 and roa6.

• (PK) IP prefix together with its length

• (PK) Matching prefix maximal length

• (PK) AS number

2.2.5 Flowspec for IPv4 and IPv6

Flowspec rules are a form of firewall and traffic flow control rules distributed mostly via BGP. These rules
may help the operators stop various network attacks in the beginning before eating up the whole bandwidth.
Configuration keywords are flow4 and flow6.

• (PK) IP prefix together with its length

• (PK) Flow definition data
• Flow action (encoded internally as BGP communities according to RFC 5575)

2.2.6 MPLS switching rules

This nettype is currently a stub before implementing more support of RFC 3031. BIRD currently does not
support any label distribution protocol nor any label assignment method. Only the Kernel, Pipe and Static
protocols can use MPLS tables. Configuration keyword is mpls.

• (PK) MPLS label

• Route next hops

2.3. Protocols and channels 8

2.2.7 Route next hops

This is not a nettype. The route next hop is a complex attribute common for many nettypes as you can see
before. Every next hop has its assigned device (either assumed from its IP address or set explicitly). It may
have also an IP address and an MPLS stack (one or both independently). Maximal MPLS stack depth is
set (in compile time) to 8 labels.
Every route (when eligible to have a next hop) can have more than one next hop. In that case, every next
hop has also its weight.

2.3 Protocols and channels

BIRD protocol is an abstract class of producers and consumers of the routes. Each protocol may run in
multiple instances and bind on one side to route tables via channels, on the other side to specified listen
sockets (BGP), interfaces (Babel, OSPF, RIP), APIs (Kernel, Direct), or nothing (Static, Pipe).
There are also two protocols that do not have any channels – BFD and Device. Both of them are kind of
service for other protocols.
Each protocol is connected to a routing table through a channel. Some protocols support only one channel
(OSPF, RIP), some protocols support more channels (BGP, Direct). Each channel has two filters which can
accept, reject and modify the routes. An export filter is applied to routes passed from the routing table to
the protocol, an import filter is applied to routes in the opposite direction.

2.4 Graceful restart

When BIRD is started after restart or crash, it repopulates routing tables in an uncoordinated manner, like
after clean start. This may be impractical in some cases, because if the forwarding plane (i.e. kernel routing
tables) remains intact, then its synchronization with BIRD would temporarily disrupt packet forwarding
until protocols converge. Graceful restart is a mechanism that could help with this issue. Generally, it
works by starting protocols and letting them repopulate routing tables while deferring route propagation
until protocols acknowledge their convergence. Note that graceful restart behavior have to be configured
for all relevant protocols and requires protocol-specific support (currently implemented for Kernel and BGP
protocols), it is activated for particular boot by option -R.
Some protocols (e.g. BGP) could be restarted gracefully after both intentional outage and crash, while
others (e.g. OSPF) after intentional outage only. For planned graceful restart, BIRD must be shut down by
graceful restart (p. 18) command instead of regular down (p. 18) command. In this way routing neighbors
are notified about planned graceful restart and routes are kept in kernel table after shutdown.
Chapter 3: Configuration
3.1 Introduction
BIRD is configured using a text configuration file. Upon startup, BIRD reads prefix /etc/bird.conf (unless
the -c command line option is given). Configuration may be changed at user’s request: if you modify the
config file and then signal BIRD with SIGHUP, it will adjust to the new config. Then there’s the client which
allows you to talk with BIRD in an extensive way.
In the config, everything on a line after # or inside /* */ is a comment, whitespace characters are treated
as a single space. If there’s a variable number of options, they are grouped using the { } brackets. Each
option is terminated by a ;. Configuration is case sensitive. There are two ways how to name symbols (like
protocol names, filter names, constants etc.). You can either use a simple string starting with a letter (or
underscore) followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores (e.g. R123, my filter, bgp5)
or you can enclose the name into apostrophes (’) and than you can use any combination of numbers, letters,
underscores, hyphens, dots and colons (e.g. ’1:strange-name’, ’-NAME-’, ’cool::name’).
Here is an example of a simple config file. It enables synchronization of routing tables with OS kernel, learns
network interfaces and runs RIP on all network interfaces found.

protocol kernel {
ipv4 {
export all; # Default is export none
};
persist; # Don’t remove routes on BIRD shutdown
}

protocol device {
}

protocol rip {
ipv4 {
import all;
export all;
};
interface "*";
}

3.2 Global options

include "filename";
This statement causes inclusion of a new file. The filename could also be a wildcard, in that case
matching files are included in alphabetic order. The maximal depth is 8. Note that this statement can
be used anywhere in the config file, even inside other options, but always on the beginning of line. In
the following example, the first semicolon belongs to the include, the second to ipv6 table. If the
tablename.conf contains exactly one token (the name of the table), this construction is correct:

ipv6 table
include "tablename.conf";;

log "filename" [limit "backup"] | syslog [name name] | stderr all|{ list of classes }
Set logging of messages having the given class (either all or { error|trace [, ...] } etc.) into
selected destination - a file specified as a filename string (with optional log rotation information),
syslog (with optional name argument), or the stderr output.
Classes are: info, warning, error and fatal for messages about local problems, debug for debugging
messages, trace when you want to know what happens in the network, remote for messages about

9
3.2. Global options 10

misbehavior of remote machines, auth about authentication failures, bug for internal BIRD bugs.
Logging directly to file supports basic log rotation – there is an optional log file limit and a backup
filename, when log file reaches the limit, the current log file is renamed to the backup filename and a
new log file is created.
You may specify more than one log line to establish logging to multiple destinations. Default: log
everything to the system log, or to the debug output if debugging is enabled by -d/-D command-line
option.
debug protocols all|off|{ states|routes|filters|interfaces|events|packets [, ...] }
Set global defaults of protocol debugging options. See debug (p. 12) in the following section. Default:
off.
debug channels all|off|{ states|routes|filters|events [, ...] }
Set global defaults of channel debugging options. See debug (p. 14) in the channel section. Default:
off.
debug commands number
Control logging of client connections (0 for no logging, 1 for logging of connects and disconnects, 2 and
higher for logging of all client commands). Default: 0.
debug latency switch
Activate tracking of elapsed time for internal events. Recent events could be examined using dump
events command. Default: off.
debug latency limit time
If debug latency is enabled, this option allows to specify a limit for elapsed time. Events exceeding
the limit are logged. Default: 1 s.
watchdog warning time
Set time limit for I/O loop cycle. If one iteration took more time to complete, a warning is logged.
Default: 5 s.
watchdog timeout time
Set time limit for I/O loop cycle. If the limit is breached, BIRD is killed by abort signal. The timeout
has effective granularity of seconds, zero means disabled. Default: disabled (0).
mrtdump "filename"
Set MRTdump file name. This option must be specified to allow MRTdump feature. Default: no dump
file.
mrtdump protocols all|off|{ states|messages [, ...] }
Set global defaults of MRTdump options. See mrtdump in the following section. Default: off.
filter name local variables{ commands }
Define a filter. You can learn more about filters in the following chapter.
function name (parameters) local variables { commands }
Define a function. You can learn more about functions in the following chapter.
protocol rip|ospf|bgp|... [name [from name2 ]] { protocol options }
Define a protocol instance called name (or with a name like ”rip5” generated automatically if you
don’t specify any name). You can learn more about configuring protocols in their own chapters. When
from name2 expression is used, initial protocol options are taken from protocol or template name2
You can run more than one instance of most protocols (like RIP or BGP). By default, no instances are
configured.
template rip|ospf|bgp|... [name [from name2 ]] { protocol options }
Define a protocol template instance called name (or with a name like ”bgp1” generated automatically
if you don’t specify any name). Protocol templates can be used to group common options when many
similarly configured protocol instances are to be defined. Protocol instances (and other templates) can
use templates by using from expression and the name of the template. At the moment templates (and
from expression) are not implemented for OSPF protocol.
3.3. Protocol options 11

define constant = expression

Define a constant. You can use it later in every place you could use a value of the same type. Be-
sides, there are some predefined numeric constants based on /etc/iproute2/rt * files. A list of defined
constants can be seen (together with other symbols) using ’show symbols’ command.
attribute type name
Declare a custom route attribute. You can set and get it in filters like any other route attribute. This
feature is intended for marking routes in import filters for export filtering purposes instead of locally
assigned BGP communities which have to be deleted in export filters.
router id IPv4 address
Set BIRD’s router ID. It’s a world-wide unique identification of your router, usually one of router’s
IPv4 addresses. Default: the lowest IPv4 address of a non-loopback interface.
router id from [-] [ "mask " ] [ prefix ] [, ...]
Set BIRD’s router ID based on an IPv4 address of an interface specified by an interface pattern. See
interface (p. 12) section for detailed description of interface patterns with extended clauses.
hostname "name"
Set hostname. Default: node name as returned by ‘uname -n’.
graceful restart wait number
During graceful restart recovery, BIRD waits for convergence of routing protocols. This option allows
to specify a timeout for the recovery to prevent waiting indefinitely if some protocols cannot converge.
Default: 240 seconds.
timeformat route|protocol|base|log "format1 " [limit "format2 "]
This option allows to specify a format of date/time used by BIRD. The first argument specifies for
which purpose such format is used. route is a format used in ’show route’ command output, protocol
is used in ’show protocols’ command output, base is used for other commands and log is used in a log
file.
”format1 ” is a format string using strftime(3) notation (see man strftime for details). It is extended
to support sub-second time part with variable precision (up to microseconds) using ”%f” conversion
code (e.g., ”%T.%3f” is hh:mm:ss.sss time). limit and ”format2 ” allow to specify the second format
string for times in past deeper than limit seconds.
There are several shorthands: iso long is a ISO 8601 date/time format (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss)
that can be also specified using "%F %T". Similarly, iso long ms and iso long us are ISO 8601
date/time formats with millisecond or microsecond precision. iso short is a variant of ISO 8601 that
uses just the time format (hh:mm:ss) for near times (up to 20 hours in the past) and the date format
(YYYY-MM-DD) for far times. This is a shorthand for "%T" 72000 "%F". And there are also iso
short ms and iso short us high-precision variants of that.
By default, BIRD uses the iso short ms format for route and protocol times, and the iso long
ms format for base and log times.
nettype table name [sorted]
Create a new routing table. The default routing tables master4 and master6 are created implicitly,
other routing tables have to be added by this command. Option sorted can be used to enable sorting
of routes, see sorted table (p. 6) description for details.
eval expr
Evaluates given filter expression. It is used by the developers for testing of filters.

3.3 Protocol options

For each protocol instance, you can configure a bunch of options. Some of them (those described in this
section) are generic, some are specific to the protocol (see sections talking about the protocols).
Several options use a switch argument. It can be either on, yes or a numeric expression with a non-zero
value for the option to be enabled or off, no or a numeric expression evaluating to zero to disable it. An
empty switch is equivalent to on (”silence means agreement”).
3.3. Protocol options 12

disabled switch
Disables the protocol. You can change the disable/enable status from the command line interface
without needing to touch the configuration. Disabled protocols are not activated. Default: protocol is
enabled.
debug all|off|{ states|routes|filters|interfaces|events|packets [, ...] }
Set protocol debugging options. If asked, each protocol is capable of writing trace messages about its
work to the log (with category trace). You can either request printing of all trace messages or only of
the selected types: states for protocol state changes (protocol going up, down, starting, stopping etc.),
routes for routes exchanged with the routing table, filters for details on route filtering, interfaces
for interface change events sent to the protocol, events for events internal to the protocol and packets
for packets sent and received by the protocol. Classes routes and filters can be also set per-channel
using channel debugging option (p. 14)) Default: off.
mrtdump all|off|{ states|messages [, ...] }
Set protocol MRTdump flags. MRTdump is a standard binary format for logging information from
routing protocols and daemons. These flags control what kind of information is logged from the protocol
to the MRTdump file (which must be specified by global mrtdump option, see the previous section).
Although these flags are similar to flags of debug option, their meaning is different and protocol-specific.
For BGP protocol, states logs BGP state changes and messages logs received BGP messages. Other
protocols does not support MRTdump yet.

router id IPv4 address

This option can be used to override global router id for a given protocol. Default: uses global router
id.
description "text"
This is an optional description of the protocol. It is displayed as a part of the output of ’show protocols
all’ command.
vrf "text"|default
Associate the protocol with specific VRF. The protocol will be restricted to interfaces assigned to the
VRF and will use sockets bound to the VRF. A corresponding VRF interface must exist on OS level.
For kernel protocol, an appropriate table still must be explicitly selected by table option.
By selecting default, the protocol is associated with the default VRF; i.e., it will be restricted to
interfaces not assigned to any regular VRF. That is different from not specifying vrf at all, in which
case the protocol may use any interface regardless of its VRF status.
Note that for proper VRF support it is necessary to use Linux kernel version at least 4.14, older versions
have limited VRF implementation. Before Linux kernel 5.0, a socket bound to a port in default VRF
collide with others in regular VRFs. In BGP, this can be avoided by using strict bind (p. 34) option.
channel name [{channel config}]
Every channel must be explicitly stated. See the protocol-specific configuration for the list of supported
channel names. See the channel configuration section (p. 14) for channel definition.

There are several options that give sense only with certain protocols:

interface [-] [ "mask " ] [ prefix ] [, ...] [ { option; [...] } ]

Specifies a set of interfaces on which the protocol is activated with given interface-specific options. A
set of interfaces specified by one interface option is described using an interface pattern. The interface
pattern consists of a sequence of clauses (separated by commas), each clause is a mask specified as a
shell-like pattern. Interfaces are matched by their name.
An interface matches the pattern if it matches any of its clauses. If the clause begins with -, matching
interfaces are excluded. Patterns are processed left-to-right, thus interface "eth0", -"eth*", "*";
means eth0 and all non-ethernets.
Some protocols (namely OSPFv2 and Direct) support extended clauses that may contain a mask, a
prefix, or both of them. An interface matches such clause if its name matches the mask (if specified)
3.3. Protocol options 13

and its address matches the prefix (if specified). Extended clauses are used when the protocol handles
multiple addresses on an interface independently.
An interface option can be used more times with different interface-specific options, in that case for
given interface the first matching interface option is used.
This option is allowed in Babel, BFD, Device, Direct, OSPF, RAdv and RIP protocols. In OSPF
protocol it is used in the area subsection.
Default: none.
Examples:
interface "*" { type broadcast; }; - start the protocol on all interfaces with type broadcast
option.
interface "eth1", "eth4", "eth5" { type ptp; }; - start the protocol on enumerated interfaces
with type ptp option.
interface -192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.0.0/16; - start the protocol on all interfaces that have ad-
dress from 192.168.0.0/16, but not from 192.168.1.0/24.
interface "eth*" 192.168.1.0/24; - start the protocol on all ethernet interfaces that have address
from 192.168.1.0/24.
tx class|dscp num
This option specifies the value of ToS/DS/Class field in IP headers of the outgoing protocol packets.
This may affect how the protocol packets are processed by the network relative to the other network
traffic. With class keyword, the value (0-255) is used for the whole ToS/Class octet (but two bits
reserved for ECN are ignored). With dscp keyword, the value (0-63) is used just for the DS field in
the octet. Default value is 0xc0 (DSCP 0x30 - CS6).
tx priority num
This option specifies the local packet priority. This may affect how the protocol packets are processed
in the local TX queues. This option is Linux specific. Default value is 7 (highest priority, privileged
traffic).
password "password " [ { password options } ]
Specifies a password that can be used by the protocol as a shared secret key. Password option can be
used more times to specify more passwords. If more passwords are specified, it is a protocol-dependent
decision which one is really used. Specifying passwords does not mean that authentication is enabled,
authentication can be enabled by separate, protocol-dependent authentication option.
This option is allowed in BFD, OSPF and RIP protocols. BGP has also password option, but it is
slightly different and described separately. Default: none.

Password option can contain section with some (not necessary all) password sub-options:

id num
ID of the password, (0-255). If it is not specified, BIRD will choose ID based on an order of the
password item in the interface, starting from 1. For example, second password item in one interface
will have default ID 2. ID 0 is allowed by BIRD, but some other implementations may not allow it.
ID is used by some routing protocols to identify which password was used to authenticate protocol
packets.
generate from "time"
The start time of the usage of the password for packet signing. The format of time is dd-mm-yyyy
HH:MM:SS.
generate to "time"
The last time of the usage of the password for packet signing.
accept from "time"
The start time of the usage of the password for packet verification.
accept to "time"
The last time of the usage of the password for packet verification.
3.4. Channel options 14

from "time"
Shorthand for setting both generate from and accept from.
to "time"
Shorthand for setting both generate to and accept to.
algorithm ( keyed md5 | keyed sha1 | hmac sha1 | hmac sha256 | hmac sha384 | hmac sha512 )
The message authentication algorithm for the password when cryptographic authentication is enabled.
The default value depends on the protocol. For RIP and OSPFv2 it is Keyed-MD5 (for compatibility),
for OSPFv3 protocol it is HMAC-SHA-256.

3.4 Channel options

Every channel belongs to a protocol and is configured inside its block. The minimal channel config is empty,
then it uses default values. The name of the channel implies its nettype. Channel definitions can be inherited
from protocol templates. Multiple definitions of the same channel are forbidden, but channels inherited from
templates can be updated by new definitions.

debug all|off|{ states|routes|filters [, ...] }

Set channel debugging options. Like in protocol debugging (p. 12), channels are capable of writing
trace messages about its work to the log (with category trace). You can either request printing of
all trace messages or only of the selected types: states for channel state changes (channel going up,
down, feeding, reloading etc.), routes for routes propagated through the channel, filters for details
on route filtering, remaining debug flags are not used in channel debug. Default: off.
table name
Specify a table to which the channel is connected. Default: the first table of given nettype.
preference expr
Sets the preference of routes generated by the protocol and imported through this channel. Default:
protocol dependent.
import all | none | filter name | filter { filter commands } | where boolean filter expression
Specify a filter to be used for filtering routes coming from the protocol to the routing table. all is for
keeping all routes, none is for dropping all routes. Default: all (except for EBGP).
export filter
This is similar to the import keyword, except that it works in the direction from the routing table to
the protocol. Default: none (except for EBGP).
import keep filtered switch
Usually, if an import filter rejects a route, the route is forgotten. When this option is active, these
routes are kept in the routing table, but they are hidden and not propagated to other protocols. But
it is possible to show them using show route filtered. Note that this option does not work for the
pipe protocol. Default: off.
rpki reload switch
Import or export filters may depend on route RPKI status (using roa check() operator). In contrast
to to other filter operators, this status for the same route may change as the content of ROA tables
changes. When this option is active, BIRD activates automatic reload of affected channels whenever
ROA tables are updated (after a short settle time). When disabled, route reloads have to be requested
manually. The option is ignored if roa check() is not used in channel filters. Note that for BGP
channels, automatic reload requires import table (p. 39) or export table (p. 40) (for respective direction).
Default: on.
import limit [number | off ] [action warn | block | restart | disable]
Specify an import route limit (a maximum number of routes imported from the protocol) and optionally
the action to be taken when the limit is hit. Warn action just prints warning log message. Block action
discards new routes coming from the protocol. Restart and disable actions shut the protocol down like
appropriate commands. Disable is the default action if an action is not explicitly specified. Note that
limits are reset during protocol reconfigure, reload or restart. Default: off.
3.4. Channel options 15

receive limit [number | off ] [action warn | block | restart | disable]

Specify an receive route limit (a maximum number of routes received from the protocol and remem-
bered). It works almost identically to import limit option, the only difference is that if import keep
filtered option is active, filtered routes are counted towards the limit and blocked routes are forgot-
ten, as the main purpose of the receive limit is to protect routing tables from overflow. Import limit,
on the contrary, counts accepted routes only and routes blocked by the limit are handled like filtered
routes. Default: off.
export limit [ number | off ] [action warn | block | restart | disable]
Specify an export route limit, works similarly to the import limit option, but for the routes exported
to the protocol. This option is experimental, there are some problems in details of its behavior –
the number of exported routes can temporarily exceed the limit without triggering it during protocol
reload, exported routes counter ignores route blocking and block action also blocks route updates of
already accepted routes – and these details will probably change in the future. Default: off.
This is a trivial example of RIP configured for IPv6 on all interfaces:
protocol rip ng {
ipv6;
interface "*";
}
This is a non-trivial example.
protocol rip ng {
ipv6 {
table mytable6;
import filter { ... };
export filter { ... };
import limit 50;
};
interface "*";
}
And this is even more complicated example using templates.
template bgp {
local 198.51.100.14 as 65000;

ipv4 {
table mytable4;
import filter { ... };
export none;
};
ipv6 {
table mytable6;
import filter { ... };
export none;
};
}

protocol bgp from {

neighbor 198.51.100.130 as 64496;

# IPv4 channel is inherited as-is, while IPv6

# channel is adjusted by export filter option
ipv6 {
export filter { ... };
};
}
Chapter 4: Remote control
You can use the command-line client birdc to talk with a running BIRD. Communication is done using a
bird.ctl UNIX domain socket (unless changed with the -s option given to both the server and the client).
The commands can perform simple actions such as enabling/disabling of protocols, telling BIRD to show
various information, telling it to show routing table filtered by filter, or asking BIRD to reconfigure. Press
? at any time to get online help. Option -r can be used to enable a restricted mode of BIRD client, which
allows just read-only commands (show ...). Option -v can be passed to the client, to make it dump numeric
return codes along with the messages. You do not necessarily need to use birdc to talk to BIRD, your own
applications could do that, too – the format of communication between BIRD and birdc is stable (see the
programmer’s documentation).
There is also lightweight variant of BIRD client called birdcl, which does not support command line
editing and history and has minimal dependencies. This is useful for running BIRD in resource constrained
environments, where Readline library (required for regular BIRD client) is not available.
Many commands have the name of the protocol instance as an argument. This argument can be omitted if
there exists only a single instance.
Here is a brief list of supported functions:

show status
Show router status, that is BIRD version, uptime and time from last reconfiguration.
show interfaces [summary]
Show the list of interfaces. For each interface, print its type, state, MTU and addresses assigned.
show protocols [all]
Show list of protocol instances along with tables they are connected to and protocol status, possibly
giving verbose information, if all is specified.
show ospf interface [name] ["interface"]
Show detailed information about OSPF interfaces.
show ospf neighbors [name] ["interface"]
Show a list of OSPF neighbors and a state of adjacency to them.
show ospf state [all] [name]
Show detailed information about OSPF areas based on a content of the link-state database. It shows
network topology, stub networks, aggregated networks and routers from other areas and external routes.
The command shows information about reachable network nodes, use option all to show information
about all network nodes in the link-state database.
show ospf topology [all] [name]
Show a topology of OSPF areas based on a content of the link-state database. It is just a stripped-down
version of ’show ospf state’.
show ospf lsadb [global | area id | link] [type num] [lsid id ] [self | router id ] [name]
Show contents of an OSPF LSA database. Options could be used to filter entries.
show rip interfaces [name] ["interface"]
Show detailed information about RIP interfaces.
show rip neighbors [name] ["interface"]
Show a list of RIP neighbors and associated state.
show static [name]
Show detailed information about static routes.
show bfd sessions [name]
Show information about BFD sessions.
show symbols [table|filter|function|protocol|template|roa|symbol ]
Show the list of symbols defined in the configuration (names of protocols, routing tables etc.).

16
 17

show route [[for] prefix |IP ] [table (t | all)] [filter f |where c] [(export|preexport|noexport)
p] [protocol p] [(stats|count)] [options]
Show contents of specified routing tables, that is routes, their metrics and (in case the all switch is
given) all their attributes.
You can specify a prefix if you want to print routes for a specific network. If you use for prefix or IP ,
you’ll get the entry which will be used for forwarding of packets to the given destination. By default,
all routes for each network are printed with the selected one at the top, unless primary is given in
which case only the selected route is shown.
The show route command can process one or multiple routing tables. The set of selected tables is
determined on three levels: First, tables can be explicitly selected by table switch, which could be
used multiple times, all tables are specified by table all. Second, tables can be implicitly selected
by channels or protocols that are arguments of several other switches (e.g., export, protocol). Last,
the set of default tables is used: master4, master6 and each first table of any other network type.
You can also ask for printing only routes processed and accepted by a given filter (filter name or
filter { filter } or matching a given condition (where condition).
The export, preexport and noexport switches ask for printing of routes that are exported to the
specified protocol or channel. With preexport, the export filter of the channel is skipped. With
noexport, routes rejected by the export filter are printed instead. Note that routes not exported for
other reasons (e.g. secondary routes or routes imported from that protocol) are not printed even with
noexport. These switches also imply that associated routing tables are selected instead of default ones.
You can also select just routes added by a specific protocol. protocol p. This switch also implies that
associated routing tables are selected instead of default ones.
If BIRD is configured to keep filtered routes (see import keep filtered option), you can show them
instead of routes by using filtered switch.
The stats switch requests showing of route statistics (the number of networks, number of routes before
and after filtering). If you use count instead, only the statistics will be printed.
mrt dump table name|"pattern" to "filename" [filter f |where c]
Dump content of a routing table to a specified file in MRT table dump format. See MRT protocol
(p. 46) for details.

configure [soft] ["config file"] [timeout [num]]

Reload configuration from a given file. BIRD will smoothly switch itself to the new configuration,
protocols are reconfigured if possible, restarted otherwise. Changes in filters usually lead to restart of
affected protocols.
If soft option is used, changes in filters does not cause BIRD to restart affected protocols, therefore
already accepted routes (according to old filters) would be still propagated, but new routes would be
processed according to the new filters.
If timeout option is used, config timer is activated. The new configuration could be either confirmed
using configure confirm command, or it will be reverted to the old one when the config timer expires.
This is useful for cases when reconfiguration breaks current routing and a router becomes inaccessible
for an administrator. The config timeout expiration is equivalent to configure undo command. The
timeout duration could be specified, default is 300 s.
configure confirm
Deactivate the config undo timer and therefore confirm the current configuration.
configure undo
Undo the last configuration change and smoothly switch back to the previous (stored) configuration.
If the last configuration change was soft, the undo change is also soft. There is only one level of undo,
but in some specific cases when several reconfiguration requests are given immediately in a row and
the intermediate ones are skipped then the undo also skips them back.
configure check ["config file"]
Read and parse given config file, but do not use it. useful for checking syntactic and some semantic
validity of an config file.
 18

enable|disable|restart name|"pattern"|all
Enable, disable or restart a given protocol instance, instances matching the pattern or all instances.
reload [in|out] name|"pattern"|all
Reload a given protocol instance, that means re-import routes from the protocol instance and re-
export preferred routes to the instance. If in or out options are used, the command is restricted to
one direction (re-import or re-export).
This command is useful if appropriate filters have changed but the protocol instance was not restarted
(or reloaded), therefore it still propagates the old set of routes. For example when configure soft
command was used to change filters.
Re-export always succeeds, but re-import is protocol-dependent and might fail (for example, if BGP
neighbor does not support route-refresh extension). In that case, re-export is also skipped. Note that
for the pipe protocol, both directions are always reloaded together (in or out options are ignored in
that case).

down
Shut BIRD down.
graceful restart
Shut BIRD down for graceful restart. See graceful restart (p. 8) section for details.
debug protocol |pattern|all all|off|{ states|routes|filters|events|packets [, ...] }
Control protocol debugging.
dump resources|sockets|interfaces|neighbors|attributes|routes|protocols
Dump contents of internal data structures to the debugging output.
echo all|off|{ list of log classes } [ buffer-size ]
Control echoing of log messages to the command-line output. See log option (p. 9) for a list of log
classes.
eval expr
Evaluate given expression.
Chapter 5: Filters
5.1 Introduction
BIRD contains a simple programming language. (No, it can’t yet read mail :-). There are two objects in this
language: filters and functions. Filters are interpreted by BIRD core when a route is being passed between
protocols and routing tables. The filter language contains control structures such as if’s and switches, but
it allows no loops. An example of a filter using many features can be found in filter/test.conf.
Filter gets the route, looks at its attributes and modifies some of them if it wishes. At the end, it decides
whether to pass the changed route through (using accept) or whether to reject it. A simple filter looks
like this:

filter not_too_far
int var;
{
if defined( rip_metric ) then
var = rip_metric;
else {
var = 1;
rip_metric = 1;
}
if rip_metric > 10 then
reject "RIP metric is too big";
else
accept "ok";
}

As you can see, a filter has a header, a list of local variables, and a body. The header consists of the filter
keyword followed by a (unique) name of filter. The list of local variables consists of type name; pairs where
each pair declares one local variable. The body consists of { statements }. Each statement is terminated
by a ;. You can group several statements to a single compound statement by using braces ({ statements })
which is useful if you want to make a bigger block of code conditional.
BIRD supports functions, so that you don’t have to repeat the same blocks of code over and over. Functions
can have zero or more parameters and they can have local variables. Recursion is not allowed. Function
definitions look like this:

function name ()
int local_variable;
{
local_variable = 5;
}

function with_parameters (int parameter)

{
print parameter;
}

Unlike in C, variables are declared after the function line, but before the first {. You can’t declare variables
in nested blocks. Functions are called like in C: name(); with parameters(5);. Function may return values
using the return [expr] command. Returning a value exits from current function (this is similar to C).
Filters are defined in a way similar to functions except they can’t have explicit parameters. They get a route
table entry as an implicit parameter, it is also passed automatically to any functions called. The filter must
terminate with either accept or reject statement. If there’s a runtime error in filter, the route is rejected.
A nice trick to debug filters is to use show route filter name from the command line client. An example
session might look like:

19
5.2. Data types 20

pavel@bug:~/bird$ ./birdc -s bird.ctl

BIRD 0.0.0 ready.
bird> show route
10.0.0.0/8 dev eth0 [direct1 23:21] (240)
195.113.30.2/32 dev tunl1 [direct1 23:21] (240)
127.0.0.0/8 dev lo [direct1 23:21] (240)
bird> show route ?
show route [<prefix>] [table <t>] [filter <f>] [all] [primary]...
bird> show route filter { if 127.0.0.5 ~ net then accept; }
127.0.0.0/8 dev lo [direct1 23:21] (240)
bird>

5.2 Data types

Each variable and each value has certain type. Booleans, integers and enums are incompatible with each
other (that is to prevent you from shooting oneself in the foot).

bool
This is a boolean type, it can have only two values, true and false. Boolean is the only type you can
use in if statements.
int
This is a general integer type. It is an unsigned 32bit type; i.e., you can expect it to store values from
0 to 4294967295. Overflows are not checked. You can use 0x1234 syntax to write hexadecimal values.
pair
This is a pair of two short integers. Each component can have values from 0 to 65535. Literals of
this type are written as (1234,5678). The same syntax can also be used to construct a pair from two
arbitrary integer expressions (for example (1+2,a)).
quad
This is a dotted quad of numbers used to represent router IDs (and others). Each component can have
a value from 0 to 255. Literals of this type are written like IPv4 addresses.
string
This is a string of characters. There are no ways to modify strings in filters. You can pass them between
functions, assign them to variables of type string, print such variables, use standard string comparison
operations (e.g. =, !=, <, >, <=, >=), but you can’t concatenate two strings. String literals are
written as "This is a string constant". Additionally matching (~, !~) operators could be used
to match a string value against a shell pattern (represented also as a string).
ip
This type can hold a single IP address. The IPv4 addresses are stored as IPv4-Mapped IPv6 addresses
so one data type for both of them is used. Whether the address is IPv4 or not may be checked by
.is v4 which returns a bool. IP addresses are written in the standard notation (10.20.30.40 or
fec0:3:4::1). You can apply special operator .mask(num) on values of type ip. It masks out all but
first num bits from the IP address. So 1.2.3.4.mask(8) = 1.0.0.0 is true.
prefix
This type can hold a network prefix consisting of IP address, prefix length and several other values.
This is the key in route tables.
Prefixes may be of several types, which can be determined by the special operator .type. The type
may be:
NET IP4 and NET IP6 prefixes hold an IP prefix. The literals are written as ipaddress/pxlen. There
are two special operators on these: .ip which extracts the IP address from the pair, and .len, which
separates prefix length from the pair. So 1.2.0.0/16.len = 16 is true.
NET IP6 SADR nettype holds both destination and source IPv6 prefix. The literals are written as
ipaddress/pxlen from ipaddress/pxlen, where the first part is the destination prefix and the second
5.2. Data types 21

art is the source prefix. They support the same operators as IP prefixes, but just for the destination
part. They also support .src and .dst operators to get respective parts of the address as separate
NET IP6 values.
NET VPN4 and NET VPN6 prefixes hold an IP prefix with VPN Route Distinguisher (RFC 4364). They
support the same special operators as IP prefixes, and also .rd which extracts the Route Distinguisher.
Their literals are written as vpnrd ipprefix
NET ROA4 and NET ROA6 prefixes hold an IP prefix range together with an ASN. They support the same
special operators as IP prefixes, and also .maxlen which extracts maximal prefix length, and .asn
which extracts the ASN.
NET FLOW4 and NET FLOW6 hold an IP prefix together with a flowspec rule. Filters currently do not
support much flowspec parsing, only .src and .dst operators to get source and destination parts of
the flowspec as separate NET IP4 / NET IP6 values.
NET MPLS holds a single MPLS label and its handling is currently not implemented.

vpnrd
This is a route distinguisher according to RFC 4364. There are three kinds of RD’s: asn:32bit int,
asn4 :16bit int and IPv4 address:32bit int
ec
This is a specialized type used to represent BGP extended community values. It is essentially a 64bit
value, literals of this type are usually written as (kind , key, value), where kind is a kind of extended
community (e.g. rt / ro for a route target / route origin communities), the format and possible values
of key and value are usually integers, but it depends on the used kind. Similarly to pairs, ECs can
be constructed using expressions for key and value parts, (e.g. (ro, myas, 3*10), where myas is an
integer variable).

lc
This is a specialized type used to represent BGP large community values. It is essentially a triplet
of 32bit values, where the first value is reserved for the AS number of the issuer, while meaning of
remaining parts is defined by the issuer. Literals of this type are written as (123, 456, 789), with
any integer values. Similarly to pairs, LCs can be constructed using expressions for its parts, (e.g.
(myas, 10+20, 3*10), where myas is an integer variable).

int|pair|quad|ip|prefix|ec|lc|enum set
Filters recognize four types of sets. Sets are similar to strings: you can pass them around but you can’t
modify them. Literals of type int set look like [ 1, 2, 5..7 ]. As you can see, both simple values
and ranges are permitted in sets.
For pair sets, expressions like (123,*) can be used to denote ranges (in that case
(123,0)..(123,65535)). You can also use (123,5..100) for range (123,5)..(123,100). You can
also use * and a..b expressions in the first part of a pair, note that such expressions are translated
to a set of intervals, which may be memory intensive. E.g. (*,4..20) is translated to (0,4..20),
(1,4..20), (2,4..20), ... (65535, 4..20).
EC sets use similar expressions like pair sets, e.g. (rt, 123, 10..20) or (ro, 123, *). Expressions
requiring the translation (like (rt, *, 3)) are not allowed (as they usually have 4B range for ASNs).
Also LC sets use similar expressions like pair sets. You can use ranges and wildcards, but if one field
uses that, more specific (later) fields must be wildcards. E.g., (10, 20..30, *) or (10, 20, 30..40)
is valid, while (10, *, 20..30) or (10, 20..30, 40) is not valid.
You can also use expressions for int, pair, EC and LC set values. However, it must be possible to
evaluate these expressions before daemon boots. So you can use only constants inside them. E.g.

define one=1;
define myas=64500;
int set odds;
pair set ps;
ec set es;
5.2. Data types 22

odds = [ one, 2+1, 6-one, 2*2*2-1, 9, 11 ];

ps = [ (1,one+one), (3,4)..(4,8), (5,*), (6,3..6), (7..9,*) ];
es = [ (rt, myas, 3*10), (rt, myas+one, 0..16*16*16-1), (ro, myas+2, *) ];

Sets of prefixes are special: their literals does not allow ranges, but allows prefix patterns that are
written as ipaddress/pxlen{low ,high}. Prefix ip1 /len1 matches prefix pattern ip2 /len2 {l ,h} if the
first min(len1, len2) bits of ip1 and ip2 are identical and len1 <= ip1 <= len2. A valid prefix
pattern has to satisfy low <= high, but pxlen is not constrained by low or high. Obviously, a prefix
matches a prefix set literal if it matches any prefix pattern in the prefix set literal.
There are also two shorthands for prefix patterns: address/len+ is a shorthand for ad-
dress/len{len,maxlen} (where maxlen is 32 for IPv4 and 128 for IPv6), that means network pre-
fix address/len and all its subnets. address/len- is a shorthand for address/len{0,len}, that means
network prefix address/len and all its supernets (network prefixes that contain it).
For example, [ 1.0.0.0/8, 2.0.0.0/8+, 3.0.0.0/8-, 4.0.0.0/8{16,24} ] matches prefix
1.0.0.0/8, all subprefixes of 2.0.0.0/8, all superprefixes of 3.0.0.0/8 and prefixes 4.X.X.X whose
prefix length is 16 to 24. [ 0.0.0.0/0{20,24} ] matches all prefixes (regardless of IP address) whose
prefix length is 20 to 24, [ 1.2.3.4/32- ] matches any prefix that contains IP address 1.2.3.4.
1.2.0.0/16 ~ [ 1.0.0.0/8{15,17} ] is true, but 1.0.0.0/16 ~ [ 1.0.0.0/8- ] is false.
Cisco-style patterns like 10.0.0.0/8 ge 16 le 24 can be expressed in BIRD as 10.0.0.0/8{16,24},
192.168.0.0/16 le 24 as 192.168.0.0/16{16,24} and 192.168.0.0/16 ge 24 as
192.168.0.0/16{24,32}.
It is not possible to mix IPv4 and IPv6 prefixes in a prefix set. It is currently possible to mix IPv4
and IPv6 addresses in an ip set, but that behavior may change between versions without any warning;
don’t do it unless you are more than sure what you are doing. (Really, don’t do it.)
enum
Enumeration types are fixed sets of possibilities. You can’t define your own variables of such type, but
some route attributes are of enumeration type. Enumeration types are incompatible with each other.
bgppath
BGP path is a list of autonomous system numbers. You can’t write literals of this type. There are
several special operators on bgppaths:
P .first returns the first ASN (the neighbor ASN) in path P .
P .last returns the last ASN (the source ASN) in path P .
P .last nonaggregated returns the last ASN in the non-aggregated part of the path P .
Both first and last return zero if there is no appropriate ASN, for example if the path contains an
AS set element as the first (or the last) part. If the path ends with an AS set, last nonaggregated
may be used to get last ASN before any AS set.
P .len returns the length of path P .
P .empty makes the path P empty.
prepend(P ,A) prepends ASN A to path P and returns the result.
delete(P ,A) deletes all instances of ASN A from from path P and returns the result. A may also be
an integer set, in that case the operator deletes all ASNs from path P that are also members of set A.
filter(P ,A) deletes all ASNs from path P that are not members of integer set A. I.e., filter do
the same as delete with inverted set A.
Statement P = prepend(P , A); can be shortened to P .prepend(A); if P is appropriate route
attribute (for example bgp path). Similarly for delete and filter.
bgpmask
BGP masks are patterns used for BGP path matching (using path ~ [= 2 3 5 * =] syntax). The
masks resemble wildcard patterns as used by UNIX shells. Autonomous system numbers match them-
selves, * matches any (even empty) sequence of arbitrary AS numbers and ? matches one arbitrary AS
number. For example, if bgp path is 4 3 2 1, then: bgp path ~ [= * 4 3 * =] is true, but bgp path
5.3. Operators 23

~ [= * 4 5 * =] is false. There is also + operator which matches one or multiple instances of previous
expression, e.g. [= 1 2+ 3 =] matches both path 1 2 3 and path 1 2 2 2 3, but not 1 3 nor 1 2 4 3.
Note that while * and ? are wildcard-style operators, + is regex-style operator.
BGP mask expressions can also contain integer expressions enclosed in parenthesis and integer variables,
for example [= * 4 (1+2) a =]. You can also use ranges (e.g. [= * 3..5 2 100..200 * =]) and
sets (e.g. [= 1 2 [3, 5, 7] * =]).
clist
Clist is similar to a set, except that unlike other sets, it can be modified. The type is used for community
list (a set of pairs) and for cluster list (a set of quads). There exist no literals of this type. There are
three special operators on clists:
C .len returns the length of clist C .
C .empty makes the list C empty.
add(C ,P ) adds pair (or quad) P to clist C and returns the result. If item P is already in clist C , it
does nothing. P may also be a clist, in that case all its members are added; i.e., it works as clist union.
delete(C ,P ) deletes pair (or quad) P from clist C and returns the result. If clist C does not contain
item P , it does nothing. P may also be a pair (or quad) set, in that case the operator deletes all items
from clist C that are also members of set P . Moreover, P may also be a clist, which works analogously;
i.e., it works as clist difference.
filter(C ,P ) deletes all items from clist C that are not members of pair (or quad) set P . I.e., filter
do the same as delete with inverted set P . P may also be a clist, which works analogously; i.e., it
works as clist intersection.
Statement C = add(C , P ); can be shortened to C .add(P ); if C is appropriate route attribute (for
example bgp community). Similarly for delete and filter.

eclist
Eclist is a data type used for BGP extended community lists. Eclists are very similar to clists, but
they are sets of ECs instead of pairs. The same operations (like add, delete or ~ and !~ membership
operators) can be used to modify or test eclists, with ECs instead of pairs as arguments.
lclist
Lclist is a data type used for BGP large community lists. Like eclists, lclists are very similar to
clists, but they are sets of LCs instead of pairs. The same operations (like add, delete or ~ and !~
membership operators) can be used to modify or test lclists, with LCs instead of pairs as arguments.

5.3 Operators
The filter language supports common integer operators (+,-,*,/), parentheses (a*(b+c)), comparison
(a=b, a!=b, a<b, a>=b). Logical operations include unary not (!), and (&&), and or (||). Special operators
include (~, !~) for ”is (not) element of a set” operation - it can be used on element and set of elements of
the same type (returning true if element is contained in the given set), or on two strings (returning true if
first string matches a shell-like pattern stored in second string) or on IP and prefix (returning true if IP is
within the range defined by that prefix), or on prefix and prefix (returning true if first prefix is more specific
than second one) or on bgppath and bgpmask (returning true if the path matches the mask) or on number
and bgppath (returning true if the number is in the path) or on bgppath and int (number) set (returning
true if any ASN from the path is in the set) or on pair/quad and clist (returning true if the pair/quad is
element of the clist) or on clist and pair/quad set (returning true if there is an element of the clist that is
also a member of the pair/quad set).
There is one operator related to ROA infrastructure - roa check(). It examines a ROA table and does
RFC 6483 route origin validation for a given network prefix. The basic usage is roa check(table), which
checks the current route (which should be from BGP to have AS PATH argument) in the specified ROA
table and returns ROA UNKNOWN if there is no relevant ROA, ROA VALID if there is a matching ROA,
or ROA INVALID if there are some relevant ROAs but none of them match. There is also an extended
variant roa check(table, prefix , asn), which allows to specify a prefix and an ASN as arguments.
5.4. Control structures 24

5.4 Control structures

Filters support two control structures: conditions and case switches.
Syntax of a condition is: if boolean expression then commandT ; else commandF ; and you can use {
command1 ; command2 ; ... } instead of either command. The else clause may be omitted. If the boolean
expression is true, commandT is executed, otherwise commandF is executed.
The case is similar to case from Pascal. Syntax is case expr { else: | num or prefix [ .. num or prefix] :
statement ; [ ... ] }. The expression after case can be of any type which can be on the left side of the
˜ operator and anything that could be a member of a set is allowed before :. Multiple commands are allowed
without {} grouping. If expr matches one of the : clauses, statements between it and next : statement are
executed. If expr matches neither of the : clauses, the statements after else: are executed.
Here is example that uses if and case structures:

case arg1 {
2: print "two"; print "I can do more commands without {}";
3 .. 5: print "three to five";
else: print "something else";
}

if 1234 = i then printn "."; else {

print "not 1234";
print "You need {} around multiple commands";
}

5.5 Route attributes

A filter is implicitly passed a route, and it can access its attributes just like it accesses variables. There
are common route attributes, protocol-specific route attributes and custom route attributes. Most common
attributes are mandatory (always defined), while remaining are optional. Attempts to access undefined
attribute result in a runtime error; you can check if an attribute is defined by using the defined( attribute
) operator. One notable exception to this rule are attributes of bgppath and *clist types, where undefined
value is regarded as empty bgppath/*clist for most purposes.
Attributes can be defined by just setting them in filters. Custom attributes have to be first declared by
attribute (p. 11) global option. You can also undefine optional attribute back to non-existence by using the
unset( attribute ) operator.
Common route attributes are:

prefix net
The network prefix or anything else the route is talking about. The primary key of the routing table.
Read-only. (See the chapter about routes (p. 6).)
enum scope
The scope of the route. Possible values: SCOPE HOST for routes local to this host, SCOPE LINK
for those specific for a physical link, SCOPE SITE and SCOPE ORGANIZATION for private routes and
SCOPE UNIVERSE for globally visible routes. This attribute is not interpreted by BIRD and can be used
to mark routes in filters. The default value for new routes is SCOPE UNIVERSE.
int preference
Preference of the route. Valid values are 0-65535. (See the chapter about routing tables.)
ip from
The router which the route has originated from.
ip gw
Next hop packets routed using this route should be forwarded to.
string proto
The name of the protocol which the route has been imported from. Read-only.
5.6. Other statements 25

enum source
what protocol has told me about this route. Possible values: RTS DUMMY, RTS STATIC, RTS INHERIT,
RTS DEVICE, RTS RIP, RTS OSPF, RTS OSPF IA, RTS OSPF EXT1, RTS OSPF EXT2, RTS BGP, RTS PIPE,
RTS BABEL.
enum dest
Type of destination the packets should be sent to (RTD ROUTER for forwarding to a neighboring router,
RTD DEVICE for routing to a directly-connected network, RTD MULTIPATH for multipath destinations,
RTD BLACKHOLE for packets to be silently discarded, RTD UNREACHABLE, RTD PROHIBIT for packets that
should be returned with ICMP host unreachable / ICMP administratively prohibited messages). Can
be changed, but only to RTD BLACKHOLE, RTD UNREACHABLE or RTD PROHIBIT.
string ifname
Name of the outgoing interface. Sink routes (like blackhole, unreachable or prohibit) and multipath
routes have no interface associated with them, so ifname returns an empty string for such routes.
Setting it would also change route to a direct one (remove gateway).

int ifindex
Index of the outgoing interface. System wide index of the interface. May be used for interface matching,
however indexes might change on interface creation/removal. Zero is returned for routes with undefined
outgoing interfaces. Read-only.

int weight
Multipath weight of route next hops. Valid values are 1-256. Reading returns the weight of the first
next hop, setting it sets weights of all next hops to the specified value. Therefore, this attribute is
not much useful for manipulating individual next hops of an ECMP route, but can be used in BGP
multipath setup to set weights of individual routes that are merged to one ECMP route during export
to the Kernel protocol (with active marge paths (p. 45) option).

int igp metric

The optional attribute that can be used to specify a distance to the network for routes that do not
have a native protocol metric attribute (like ospf metric1 for OSPF routes). It is used mainly by
BGP to compare internal distances to boundary routers (see below).

Protocol-specific route attributes are described in the corresponding protocol sections.

5.6 Other statements

The following statements are available:

variable = expr
Set variable (or route attribute) to a given value.
accept|reject [ expr ]
Accept or reject the route, possibly printing expr .
return expr
Return expr from the current function, the function ends at this point.
print|printn expr [, expr...]
Prints given expressions; useful mainly while debugging filters. The printn variant does not terminate
the line.
Chapter 6: Protocols
6.1 Babel
6.1.1 Introduction
The Babel protocol (RFC 6126) is a loop-avoiding distance-vector routing protocol that is robust and efficient
both in ordinary wired networks and in wireless mesh networks. Babel is conceptually very simple in its
operation and ”just works” in its default configuration, though some configuration is possible and in some
cases desirable.
The Babel protocol is dual stack; i.e., it can carry both IPv4 and IPv6 routes over the same IPv6 transport.
For sending and receiving Babel packets, only a link-local IPv6 address is needed.
BIRD implements an extension for IPv6 source-specific routing (SSR or SADR), but must be configured
accordingly to use it. SADR-enabled Babel router can interoperate with non-SADR Babel router, but the
later would ignore routes with specific (non-zero) source prefix.

6.1.2 Configuration
The Babel protocol support both IPv4 and IPv6 channels; both can be configured simultaneously. It can also
be configured with IPv6 SADR (p. 7) channel instead of regular IPv6 channel, in such case SADR support
is enabled. Babel supports no global configuration options apart from those common to all other protocols,
but supports the following per-interface configuration options:

protocol babel [<name>] {

ipv4 { <channel config> };
ipv6 [sadr] { <channel config> };
randomize router id <switch>;
interface <interface pattern> {
type <wired|wireless>;
rxcost <number>;
limit <number>;
hello interval <time>;
update interval <time>;
port <number>;
tx class|dscp <number>;
tx priority <number>;
rx buffer <number>;
tx length <number>;
check link <switch>;
next hop ipv4 <address>;
next hop ipv6 <address>;
};
}

ipv4 | ipv6 [sadr] channel config

The supported channels are IPv4, IPv6, and IPv6 SADR.
randomize router id switch
If enabled, Bird will randomize the top 32 bits of its router ID whenever the protocol instance starts
up. If a Babel node restarts, it loses its sequence number, which can cause its routes to be rejected
by peers until the state is cleared out by other nodes in the network (which can take on the order of
minutes). Enabling this option causes Bird to pick a random router ID every time it starts up, which
avoids this problem at the cost of not having stable router IDs in the network. Default: no.
type wired|wireless
This option specifies the interface type: Wired or wireless. On wired interfaces a neighbor is considered

26
6.1. Babel 27

unreachable after a small number of Hello packets are lost, as described by limit option. On wireless
interfaces the ETX link quality estimation technique is used to compute the metrics of routes discovered
over this interface. This technique will gradually degrade the metric of routes when packets are lost
rather than the more binary up/down mechanism of wired type links. Default: wired.
rxcost num
This option specifies the nominal RX cost of the interface. The effective neighbor costs for route
metrics will be computed from this value with a mechanism determined by the interface type. Note
that in contrast to other routing protocols like RIP or OSPF, the rxcost specifies the cost of RX
instead of TX, so it affects primarily neighbors’ route selection and not local route selection. Default:
96 for wired interfaces, 256 for wireless.
limit num
BIRD keeps track of received Hello messages from each neighbor to establish neighbor reachability.
For wired type interfaces, this option specifies how many of last 16 hellos have to be correctly received
in order to neighbor is assumed to be up. The option is ignored on wireless type interfaces, where
gradual cost degradation is used instead of sharp limit. Default: 12.
hello interval time s|ms
Interval at which periodic Hello messages are sent on this interface, with time units. Default: 4 seconds.
update interval time s|ms
Interval at which periodic (full) updates are sent, with time units. Default: 4 times the hello interval.
port number
This option selects an UDP port to operate on. The default is to operate on port 6696 as specified in
the Babel RFC.
tx class|dscp|priority number
These options specify the ToS/DiffServ/Traffic class/Priority of the outgoing Babel packets. See tx
class (p. 13) common option for detailed description.
rx buffer number
This option specifies the size of buffers used for packet processing. The buffer size should be bigger
than maximal size of received packets. The default value is the interface MTU, and the value will be
clamped to a minimum of 512 bytes + IP packet overhead.
tx length number
This option specifies the maximum length of generated Babel packets. To avoid IP fragmentation, it
should not exceed the interface MTU value. The default value is the interface MTU value, and the
value will be clamped to a minimum of 512 bytes + IP packet overhead.

check link switch

If set, the hardware link state (as reported by OS) is taken into consideration. When the link disappears
(e.g. an ethernet cable is unplugged), neighbors are immediately considered unreachable and all routes
received from them are withdrawn. It is possible that some hardware drivers or platforms do not
implement this feature. Default: yes.

next hop ipv4 address

Set the next hop address advertised for IPv4 routes advertised on this interface. Default: the preferred
IPv4 address of the interface.
next hop ipv6 address
Set the next hop address advertised for IPv6 routes advertised on this interface. If not set, the same
link-local address that is used as the source for Babel packets will be used. In normal operation, it
should not be necessary to set this option.

6.1.3 Attributes
Babel defines just one attribute: the internal babel metric of the route. It is exposed as the babel metric
attribute and has range from 1 to infinity (65535).
6.2. BFD 28

6.1.4 Example
protocol babel {
interface "eth*" {
type wired;
};
interface "wlan0", "wlan1" {
type wireless;
hello interval 1;
rxcost 512;
};
interface "tap0";

# This matches the default of babeld: redistribute all addresses

# configured on local interfaces, plus re-distribute all routes received
# from other babel peers.

ipv4 {
export where (source = RTS_DEVICE) || (source = RTS_BABEL);
};
ipv6 {
export where (source = RTS_DEVICE) || (source = RTS_BABEL);
};
}

6.1.5 Known issues

When retracting a route, Babel generates an unreachable route for a little while (according to RFC). The
interaction of this behavior with other protocols is not well tested and strange things may happen.

6.2 BFD
6.2.1 Introduction
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) is not a routing protocol itself, it is an independent tool providing
liveness and failure detection. Routing protocols like OSPF and BGP use integrated periodic ”hello” messages
to monitor liveness of neighbors, but detection times of these mechanisms are high (e.g. 40 seconds by default
in OSPF, could be set down to several seconds). BFD offers universal, fast and low-overhead mechanism for
failure detection, which could be attached to any routing protocol in an advisory role.
BFD consists of mostly independent BFD sessions. Each session monitors an unicast bidirectional path
between two BFD-enabled routers. This is done by periodically sending control packets in both directions.
BFD does not handle neighbor discovery, BFD sessions are created on demand by request of other protocols
(like OSPF or BGP), which supply appropriate information like IP addresses and associated interfaces.
When a session changes its state, these protocols are notified and act accordingly (e.g. break an OSPF
adjacency when the BFD session went down).
BIRD implements basic BFD behavior as defined in RFC 5880 (some advanced features like the echo mode
or authentication are not implemented), IP transport for BFD as defined in RFC 5881 and RFC 5883 and
interaction with client protocols as defined in RFC 5882.
BFD packets are sent with a dynamic source port number. Linux systems use by default a bit different dy-
namic port range than the IANA approved one (49152-65535). If you experience problems with compatibility,
please adjust /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip local port range.

6.2.2 Configuration
BFD configuration consists mainly of multiple definitions of interfaces. Most BFD config options are session
specific. When a new session is requested and dynamically created, it is configured from one of these
6.2. BFD 29

definitions. For sessions to directly connected neighbors, interface definitions are chosen based on the
interface associated with the session, while multihop definition is used for multihop sessions. If no definition
is relevant, the session is just created with the default configuration. Therefore, an empty BFD configuration
is often sufficient.
Note that to use BFD for other protocols like OSPF or BGP, these protocols also have to be configured
to request BFD sessions, usually by bfd option. In BGP case, it is also possible to specify per-peer BFD
session options (e.g. rx/tx intervals) as a part of the bfd option.
A BFD instance not associated with any VRF handles session requests from all other protocols, even ones
associated with a VRF. Such setup would work for single-hop BFD sessions if net.ipv4.udp l3mdev accept
sysctl is enabled, but does not currently work for multihop sessions. Another approach is to configure multiple
BFD instances, one for each VRF (including the default VRF). Each BFD instance associated with a VRF
(regular or default) only handles session requests from protocols in the same VRF.
Some of BFD session options require time value, which has to be specified with the appropriate unit: num
s|ms|us. Although microseconds are allowed as units, practical minimum values are usually in order of tens
of milliseconds.

protocol bfd [<name>] {

accept [ipv4|ipv6] [direct|multihop];
interface <interface pattern> {
interval <time>;
min rx interval <time>;
min tx interval <time>;
idle tx interval <time>;
multiplier <num>;
passive <switch>;
authentication none;
authentication simple;
authentication [meticulous] keyed md5|sha1;
password "<text>";
password "<text>" {
id <num>;
generate from "<date>";
generate to "<date>";
accept from "<date>";
accept to "<date>";
from "<date>";
to "<date>";
};
};
multihop {
interval <time>;
min rx interval <time>;
min tx interval <time>;
idle tx interval <time>;
multiplier <num>;
passive <switch>;
};
neighbor <ip> [dev "<interface>"] [local <ip>] [multihop <switch>];
}

accept [ipv4|ipv6] [direct|multihop]

A BFD protocol instance accepts (by default) all BFD session requests (with regard to VRF restrictions,
see above). This option controls whether IPv4 / IPv6 and direct / multihop session requests are
accepted (and which listening sockets are opened). It can be used, for example, to configure separate
BFD protocol instances for IPv4 and for IPv6 sessions.
interface pattern [, ...] { options }
Interface definitions allow to specify options for sessions associated with such interfaces and also may
6.2. BFD 30

contain interface specific options. See interface (p. 12) common option for a detailed description of
interface patterns. Note that contrary to the behavior of interface definitions of other protocols,
BFD protocol would accept sessions (in default configuration) even on interfaces not covered by such
definitions.
multihop { options }
Multihop definitions allow to specify options for multihop BFD sessions, in the same manner as
interface definitions are used for directly connected sessions. Currently only one such definition
(for all multihop sessions) could be used.

neighbor ip [dev "interface"] [local ip] [multihop switch]

BFD sessions are usually created on demand as requested by other protocols (like OSPF or BGP). This
option allows to explicitly add a BFD session to the specified neighbor regardless of such requests.
The session is identified by the IP address of the neighbor, with optional specification of used interface
and local IP. By default the neighbor must be directly connected, unless the session is configured as
multihop. Note that local IP must be specified for multihop sessions.

Session specific options (part of interface and multihop definitions):

interval time
BFD ensures availability of the forwarding path associated with the session by periodically sending
BFD control packets in both directions. The rate of such packets is controlled by two options, min
rx interval and min tx interval (see below). This option is just a shorthand to set both of these
options together.

min rx interval time

This option specifies the minimum RX interval, which is announced to the neighbor and used there to
limit the neighbor’s rate of generated BFD control packets. Default: 10 ms.
min tx interval time
This option specifies the desired TX interval, which controls the rate of generated BFD control packets
(together with min rx interval announced by the neighbor). Note that this value is used only if the
BFD session is up, otherwise the value of idle tx interval is used instead. Default: 100 ms.
idle tx interval time
In order to limit unnecessary traffic in cases where a neighbor is not available or not running BFD, the
rate of generated BFD control packets is lower when the BFD session is not up. This option specifies
the desired TX interval in such cases instead of min tx interval. Default: 1 s.
multiplier num
Failure detection time for BFD sessions is based on established rate of BFD control packets (min rx/tx
interval) multiplied by this multiplier, which is essentially (ignoring jitter) a number of missed packets
after which the session is declared down. Note that rates and multipliers could be different in each
direction of a BFD session. Default: 5.
passive switch
Generally, both BFD session endpoints try to establish the session by sending control packets to the
other side. This option allows to enable passive mode, which means that the router does not send BFD
packets until it has received one from the other side. Default: disabled.

authentication none
No passwords are sent in BFD packets. This is the default value.
authentication simple
Every packet carries 16 bytes of password. Received packets lacking this password are ignored. This
authentication mechanism is very weak.

authentication [meticulous] keyed md5|sha1

An authentication code is appended to each packet. The cryptographic algorithm is keyed MD5 or
6.3. BGP 31

keyed SHA-1. Note that the algorithm is common for all keys (on one interface), in contrast to OSPF
or RIP, where it is a per-key option. Passwords (keys) are not sent open via network.
The meticulous variant means that cryptographic sequence numbers are increased for each sent packet,
while in the basic variant they are increased about once per second. Generally, the meticulous variant
offers better resistance to replay attacks but may require more computation.
password "text"
Specifies a password used for authentication. See password (p. 13) common option for detailed de-
scription. Note that password option algorithm is not available in BFD protocol. The algorithm is
selected by authentication option for all passwords.

6.2.3 Example
protocol bfd {
interface "eth*" {
min rx interval 20 ms;
min tx interval 50 ms;
idle tx interval 300 ms;
};
interface "gre*" {
interval 200 ms;
multiplier 10;
passive;
};
multihop {
interval 200 ms;
multiplier 10;
};

neighbor 192.168.1.10;
neighbor 192.168.2.2 dev "eth2";
neighbor 192.168.10.1 local 192.168.1.1 multihop;
}

6.3 BGP
The Border Gateway Protocol is the routing protocol used for backbone level routing in the today’s Internet.
Contrary to other protocols, its convergence does not rely on all routers following the same rules for route
selection, making it possible to implement any routing policy at any router in the network, the only restriction
being that if a router advertises a route, it must accept and forward packets according to it.
BGP works in terms of autonomous systems (often abbreviated as AS). Each AS is a part of the network
with common management and common routing policy. It is identified by a unique 16-bit number (ASN).
Routers within each AS usually exchange AS-internal routing information with each other using an interior
gateway protocol (IGP, such as OSPF or RIP). Boundary routers at the border of the AS communicate
global (inter-AS) network reachability information with their neighbors in the neighboring AS’es via exterior
BGP (eBGP) and redistribute received information to other routers in the AS via interior BGP (iBGP).
Each BGP router sends to its neighbors updates of the parts of its routing table it wishes to export along
with complete path information (a list of AS’es the packet will travel through if it uses the particular route)
in order to avoid routing loops.

6.3.1 Supported standards

• RFC 4271 - Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP)
• RFC 1997 - BGP Communities Attribute
• RFC 2385 - Protection of BGP Sessions via TCP MD5 Signature
6.3. BGP 32

• RFC 2545 - Use of BGP Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6

• RFC 2918 - Route Refresh Capability

• RFC 3107 - Carrying Label Information in BGP

• RFC 4360 - BGP Extended Communities Attribute
• RFC 4364 - BGP/MPLS IPv4 Virtual Private Networks
• RFC 4456 - BGP Route Reflection

• RFC 4486 - Subcodes for BGP Cease Notification Message

• RFC 4659 - BGP/MPLS IPv6 Virtual Private Networks
• RFC 4724 - Graceful Restart Mechanism for BGP

• RFC 4760 - Multiprotocol extensions for BGP

• RFC 4798 - Connecting IPv6 Islands over IPv4 MPLS
• RFC 5065 - AS confederations for BGP
• RFC 5082 - Generalized TTL Security Mechanism

• RFC 5492 - Capabilities Advertisement with BGP

• RFC 5549 - Advertising IPv4 NLRI with an IPv6 Next Hop
• RFC 5575 - Dissemination of Flow Specification Rules

• RFC 5668 - 4-Octet AS Specific BGP Extended Community

• RFC 6286 - AS-Wide Unique BGP Identifier
• RFC 6608 - Subcodes for BGP Finite State Machine Error
• RFC 6793 - BGP Support for 4-Octet AS Numbers

• RFC 7311 - Accumulated IGP Metric Attribute for BGP

• RFC 7313 - Enhanced Route Refresh Capability for BGP
• RFC 7606 - Revised Error Handling for BGP UPDATE Messages
• RFC 7911 - Advertisement of Multiple Paths in BGP

• RFC 7947 - Internet Exchange BGP Route Server

• RFC 8092 - BGP Large Communities Attribute
• RFC 8203 - BGP Administrative Shutdown Communication

• RFC 8212 - Default EBGP Route Propagation Behavior without Policies

6.3. BGP 33

6.3.2 Route selection rules

BGP doesn’t have any simple metric, so the rules for selection of an optimal route among multiple BGP
routes with the same preference are a bit more complex and they are implemented according to the following
algorithm. It starts the first rule, if there are more ”best” routes, then it uses the second rule to choose
among them and so on.

• Prefer route with the highest Local Preference attribute.

• Prefer route with the shortest AS path.
• Prefer IGP origin over EGP and EGP origin over incomplete.
• Prefer the lowest value of the Multiple Exit Discriminator.
• Prefer routes received via eBGP over ones received via iBGP.
• Prefer routes with lower internal distance to a boundary router.
• Prefer the route with the lowest value of router ID of the advertising router.

6.3.3 IGP routing table

BGP is mainly concerned with global network reachability and with routes to other autonomous systems.
When such routes are redistributed to routers in the AS via BGP, they contain IP addresses of a boundary
routers (in route attribute NEXT HOP). BGP depends on existing IGP routing table with AS-internal routes
to determine immediate next hops for routes and to know their internal distances to boundary routers for
the purpose of BGP route selection. In BIRD, there is usually one routing table used for both IGP routes
and BGP routes.

6.3.4 Protocol configuration

Each instance of the BGP corresponds to one neighboring router. This allows to set routing policy and all
the other parameters differently for each neighbor using the following configuration parameters:

local [ip] [port number ] [as number ]

Define which AS we are part of. (Note that contrary to other IP routers, BIRD is able to act as a router
located in multiple AS’es simultaneously, but in such cases you need to tweak the BGP paths manually
in the filters to get consistent behavior.) Optional ip argument specifies a source address, equivalent to
the source address option (see below). Optional port argument specifies the local BGP port instead
of standard port 179. The parameter may be used multiple times with different sub-options (e.g., both
local 10.0.0.1 as 65000; and local 10.0.0.1; local as 65000; are valid). This parameter is
mandatory.
neighbor [ip | range prefix ] [port number ] [as number ] [internal|external]
Define neighboring router this instance will be talking to and what AS it is located in. In case the
neighbor is in the same AS as we are, we automatically switch to IBGP. Alternatively, it is possible
to specify just internal or external instead of AS number, in that case either local AS number, or
any external AS number is accepted. Optionally, the remote port may also be specified. Like local
parameter, this parameter may also be used multiple times with different sub-options. This parameter
is mandatory.
It is possible to specify network prefix (with range keyword) instead of explicit neighbor IP address.
This enables dynamic BGP behavior, where the BGP instance listens on BGP port, but new BGP
instances are spawned for incoming BGP connections (if source address matches the network prefix).
It is possible to mix regular BGP instances with dynamic BGP instances and have multiple dynamic
BGP instances with different ranges.
interface string
Define interface we should use for link-local BGP IPv6 sessions. Interface can also be specified as a
part of neighbor address (e.g., neighbor fe80::1234%eth0 as 65000;). The option may also be
6.3. BGP 34

used for non link-local sessions when it is necessary to explicitly specify an interface, but only for direct
(not multihop) sessions.
direct
Specify that the neighbor is directly connected. The IP address of the neighbor must be from a directly
reachable IP range (i.e. associated with one of your router’s interfaces), otherwise the BGP session
wouldn’t start but it would wait for such interface to appear. The alternative is the multihop option.
Default: enabled for eBGP.
multihop [number ]
Configure multihop BGP session to a neighbor that isn’t directly connected. Accurately, this option
should be used if the configured neighbor IP address does not match with any local network subnets.
Such IP address have to be reachable through system routing table. The alternative is the direct
option. For multihop BGP it is recommended to explicitly configure the source address to have it
stable. Optional number argument can be used to specify the number of hops (used for TTL). Note
that the number of networks (edges) in a path is counted; i.e., if two BGP speakers are separated by
one router, the number of hops is 2. Default: enabled for iBGP.
source address ip
Define local address we should use as a source address for the BGP session. Default: the address of
the local end of the interface our neighbor is connected to.
dynamic name "text"
Define common prefix of names used for new BGP instances spawned when dynamic BGP behavior
is active. Actual names also contain numeric index to distinguish individual instances. Default:
”dynbgp”.
dynamic name digits number
Define minimum number of digits for index in names of spawned dynamic BGP instances. E.g., if set
to 2, then the first name would be ”dynbgp01”. Default: 0.
strict bind switch
Specify whether BGP listening socket should be bound to a specific local address (the same as the
source address) and associated interface, or to all addresses. Binding to a specific address could be
useful in cases like running multiple BIRD instances on a machine, each using its IP address. Note
that listening sockets bound to a specific address and to all addresses collide, therefore either all BGP
protocols (of the same address family and using the same local port) should have set strict bind, or
none of them. Default: disabled.
check link switch
BGP could use hardware link state into consideration. If enabled, BIRD tracks the link state of the
associated interface and when link disappears (e.g. an ethernet cable is unplugged), the BGP session
is immediately shut down. Note that this option cannot be used with multihop BGP. Default: enabled
for direct BGP, disabled otherwise.
bfd switch|graceful| { options }
BGP could use BFD protocol as an advisory mechanism for neighbor liveness and failure detection. If
enabled, BIRD setups a BFD session for the BGP neighbor and tracks its liveness by it. This has an
advantage of an order of magnitude lower detection times in case of failure. When a neighbor failure
is detected, the BGP session is restarted. Optionally, it can be configured (by graceful argument) to
trigger graceful restart instead of regular restart. It is also possible to specify section with per-peer BFD
session options instead of just switch argument. Most BFD session specific options are allowed here
with the exception of authentication options. here Note that BFD protocol also has to be configured,
see BFD (p. 28) section for details. Default: disabled.
ttl security switch
Use GTSM (RFC 5082 - the generalized TTL security mechanism). GTSM protects against spoofed
packets by ignoring received packets with a smaller than expected TTL. To work properly, GTSM
have to be enabled on both sides of a BGP session. If both ttl security and multihop options are
enabled, multihop option should specify proper hop value to compute expected TTL. Kernel support
required: Linux: 2.6.34+ (IPv4), 2.6.35+ (IPv6), BSD: since long ago, IPv4 only. Note that full (ICMP
protection, for example) RFC 5082 support is provided by Linux only. Default: disabled.
6.3. BGP 35

password string
Use this password for MD5 authentication of BGP sessions (RFC 2385). When used on BSD systems,
see also setkey option below. Default: no authentication.

setkey switch
On BSD systems, keys for TCP MD5 authentication are stored in the global SA/SP database, which
can be accessed by external utilities (e.g. setkey(8)). BIRD configures security associations in the
SA/SP database automatically based on password options (see above), this option allows to disable
automatic updates by BIRD when manual configuration by external utilities is preferred. Note that
automatic SA/SP database updates are currently implemented only for FreeBSD. Passwords have
to be set manually by an external utility on NetBSD and OpenBSD. Default: enabled (ignored on
non-FreeBSD).
passive switch
Standard BGP behavior is both initiating outgoing connections and accepting incoming connections.
In passive mode, outgoing connections are not initiated. Default: off.

confederation number
BGP confederations (RFC 5065) are collections of autonomous systems that act as one entity to
external systems, represented by one confederation identifier (instead of AS numbers). This option
allows to enable BGP confederation behavior and to specify the local confederation identifier. When
BGP confederations are used, all BGP speakers that are members of the BGP confederation should
have the same confederation identifier configured. Default: 0 (no confederation).
confederation member switch
When BGP confederations are used, this option allows to specify whether the BGP neighbor is a
member of the same confederation as the local BGP speaker. The option is unnecessary (and ignored)
for IBGP sessions, as the same AS number implies the same confederation. Default: no.

rr client
Be a route reflector and treat the neighbor as a route reflection client. Default: disabled.
rr cluster id IPv4 address
Route reflectors use cluster id to avoid route reflection loops. When there is one route reflector in a
cluster it usually uses its router id as a cluster id, but when there are more route reflectors in a cluster,
these need to be configured (using this option) to use a common cluster id. Clients in a cluster need
not know their cluster id and this option is not allowed for them. Default: the same as router id.
rs client
Be a route server and treat the neighbor as a route server client. A route server is used as a replacement
for full mesh EBGP routing in Internet exchange points in a similar way to route reflectors used in
IBGP routing. BIRD does not implement obsoleted RFC 1863, but uses ad-hoc implementation, which
behaves like plain EBGP but reduces modifications to advertised route attributes to be transparent (for
example does not prepend its AS number to AS PATH attribute and keeps MED attribute). Default:
disabled.
allow bgp local pref switch
A standard BGP implementation do not send the Local Preference attribute to eBGP neighbors and
ignore this attribute if received from eBGP neighbors, as per RFC 4271. When this option is enabled
on an eBGP session, this attribute will be sent to and accepted from the peer, which is useful for
example if you have a setup like in RFC 7938. The option does not affect iBGP sessions. Default: off.
allow local as [number ]
BGP prevents routing loops by rejecting received routes with the local AS number in the AS path.
This option allows to loose or disable the check. Optional number argument can be used to specify the
maximum number of local ASNs in the AS path that is allowed for received routes. When the option is
used without the argument, the check is completely disabled and you should ensure loop-free behavior
by some other means. Default: 0 (no local AS number allowed).
allow as sets [switch]
AS path attribute received with BGP routes may contain not only sequences of AS numbers, but also
6.3. BGP 36

sets of AS numbers. These rarely used artifacts are results of inter-AS route aggregation. AS sets are
deprecated (RFC 6472), and likely to be rejected in the future, as they complicate security features
like RPKI validation. When this option is disabled, then received AS paths with AS sets are rejected
as malformed and corresponding BGP updates are treated as withdraws. Default: on.
enforce first as [switch]
Routes received from an EBGP neighbor are generally expected to have the first (leftmost) AS number
in their AS path equal to the neighbor AS number. This is not enforced by default as there are legitimate
cases where it is not true, e.g. connections to route servers. When this option is enabled, routes with
non-matching first AS number are rejected and corresponding updates are treated as withdraws. The
option is valid on EBGP sessions only. Default: off.
enable route refresh switch
After the initial route exchange, BGP protocol uses incremental updates to keep BGP speakers synchro-
nized. Sometimes (e.g., if BGP speaker changes its import filter, or if there is suspicion of inconsistency)
it is necessary to do a new complete route exchange. BGP protocol extension Route Refresh (RFC
2918) allows BGP speaker to request re-advertisement of all routes from its neighbor. BGP protocol
extension Enhanced Route Refresh (RFC 7313) specifies explicit begin and end for such exchanges,
therefore the receiver can remove stale routes that were not advertised during the exchange. This op-
tion specifies whether BIRD advertises these capabilities and supports related procedures. Note that
even when disabled, BIRD can send route refresh requests. Default: on.

graceful restart switch|aware

When a BGP speaker restarts or crashes, neighbors will discard all received paths from the speaker,
which disrupts packet forwarding even when the forwarding plane of the speaker remains intact. RFC
4724 specifies an optional graceful restart mechanism to alleviate this issue. This option controls the
mechanism. It has three states: Disabled, when no support is provided. Aware, when the graceful
restart support is announced and the support for restarting neighbors is provided, but no local graceful
restart is allowed (i.e. receiving-only role). Enabled, when the full graceful restart support is provided
(i.e. both restarting and receiving role). Restarting role could be also configured per-channel. Note
that proper support for local graceful restart requires also configuration of other protocols. Default:
aware.
graceful restart time number
The restart time is announced in the BGP graceful restart capability and specifies how long the neighbor
would wait for the BGP session to re-establish after a restart before deleting stale routes. Default: 120
seconds.
long lived graceful restart switch|aware
The long-lived graceful restart is an extension of the traditional BGP graceful restart (p. 36), where
stale routes are kept even after the restart time (p. 36) expires for additional long-lived stale time, but
they are marked with the LLGR STALE community, depreferenced, and withdrawn from routers not
supporting LLGR. Like traditional BGP graceful restart, it has three states: disabled, aware (receiving-
only), and enabled. Note that long-lived graceful restart requires at least aware level of traditional
BGP graceful restart. Default: aware, unless graceful restart is disabled.
long lived stale time number
The long-lived stale time is announced in the BGP long-lived graceful restart capability and specifies
how long the neighbor would keep stale routes depreferenced during long-lived graceful restart until
either the session is re-stablished and synchronized or the stale time expires and routes are removed.
Default: 3600 seconds.
interpret communities switch
RFC 1997 demands that BGP speaker should process well-known communities like no-export (65535,
65281) or no-advertise (65535, 65282). For example, received route carrying a no-adverise community
should not be advertised to any of its neighbors. If this option is enabled (which is by default), BIRD
has such behavior automatically (it is evaluated when a route is exported to the BGP protocol just
before the export filter). Otherwise, this integrated processing of well-known communities is disabled.
In that case, similar behavior can be implemented in the export filter. Default: on.
6.3. BGP 37

enable as4 switch

BGP protocol was designed to use 2B AS numbers and was extended later to allow 4B AS number.
BIRD supports 4B AS extension, but by disabling this option it can be persuaded not to advertise it
and to maintain old-style sessions with its neighbors. This might be useful for circumventing bugs in
neighbor’s implementation of 4B AS extension. Even when disabled (off), BIRD behaves internally as
AS4-aware BGP router. Default: on.
enable extended messages switch
The BGP protocol uses maximum message length of 4096 bytes. This option provides an extension
(RFC 8654) to allow extended messages with length up to 65535 bytes. Default: off.
capabilities switch
Use capability advertisement to advertise optional capabilities. This is standard behavior for newer
BGP implementations, but there might be some older BGP implementations that reject such connection
attempts. When disabled (off), features that request it (4B AS support) are also disabled. Default:
on, with automatic fallback to off when received capability-related error.
advertise ipv4 switch
Advertise IPv4 multiprotocol capability. This is not a correct behavior according to the strict inter-
pretation of RFC 4760, but it is widespread and required by some BGP implementations (Cisco and
Quagga). This option is relevant to IPv4 mode with enabled capability advertisement only. Default:
on.
advertise hostname switch
Advertise hostname capability along with the hostname. Default: off.
disable after error switch
When an error is encountered (either locally or by the other side), disable the instance automatically
and wait for an administrator to fix the problem manually. Default: off.
disable after cease switch|set-of-flags
When a Cease notification is received, disable the instance automatically and wait for an administrator
to fix the problem manually. When used with switch argument, it means handle every Cease subtype
with the exception of connection collision. Default: off.
The set-of-flags allows to narrow down relevant Cease subtypes. The syntax is {flag [, ...]
}, where flags are: cease, prefix limit hit, administrative shutdown, peer deconfigured,
administrative reset, connection rejected, configuration change, connection collision,
out of resources.
hold time number
Time in seconds to wait for a Keepalive message from the other side before considering the connection
stale. Default: depends on agreement with the neighboring router, we prefer 240 seconds if the other
side is willing to accept it.
startup hold time number
Value of the hold timer used before the routers have a chance to exchange open messages and agree
on the real value. Default: 240 seconds.
keepalive time number
Delay in seconds between sending of two consecutive Keepalive messages. Default: One third of the
hold time.
connect delay time number
Delay in seconds between protocol startup and the first attempt to connect. Default: 5 seconds.
connect retry time number
Time in seconds to wait before retrying a failed attempt to connect. Default: 120 seconds.
error wait time number ,number
Minimum and maximum delay in seconds between a protocol failure (either local or reported by the
peer) and automatic restart. Doesn’t apply when disable after error is configured. If consecutive
errors happen, the delay is increased exponentially until it reaches the maximum. Default: 60, 300.
6.3. BGP 38

error forget time number

Maximum time in seconds between two protocol failures to treat them as a error sequence which makes
error wait time increase exponentially. Default: 300 seconds.
path metric switch
Enable comparison of path lengths when deciding which BGP route is the best one. Default: on.
med metric switch
Enable comparison of MED attributes (during best route selection) even between routes received from
different ASes. This may be useful if all MED attributes contain some consistent metric, perhaps
enforced in import filters of AS boundary routers. If this option is disabled, MED attributes are
compared only if routes are received from the same AS (which is the standard behavior). Default: off.
deterministic med switch
BGP route selection algorithm is often viewed as a comparison between individual routes (e.g. if a
new route appears and is better than the current best one, it is chosen as the new best one). But
the proper route selection, as specified by RFC 4271, cannot be fully implemented in that way. The
problem is mainly in handling the MED attribute. BIRD, by default, uses an simplification based on
individual route comparison, which in some cases may lead to temporally dependent behavior (i.e. the
selection is dependent on the order in which routes appeared). This option enables a different (and
slower) algorithm implementing proper RFC 4271 route selection, which is deterministic. Alternative
way how to get deterministic behavior is to use med metric option. This option is incompatible with
sorted tables (p. 6). Default: off.
igp metric switch
Enable comparison of internal distances to boundary routers during best route selection. Default: on.
prefer older switch
Standard route selection algorithm breaks ties by comparing router IDs. This changes the behavior
to prefer older routes (when both are external and from different peer). For details, see RFC 5004.
Default: off.
default bgp med number
Value of the Multiple Exit Discriminator to be used during route selection when the MED attribute is
missing. Default: 0.
default bgp local pref number
A default value for the Local Preference attribute. It is used when a new Local Preference attribute is
attached to a route by the BGP protocol itself (for example, if a route is received through eBGP and
therefore does not have such attribute). Default: 100 (0 in pre-1.2.0 versions of BIRD).

6.3.5 Channel configuration

BGP supports several AFIs and SAFIs over one connection. Every AFI/SAFI announced to the peer
corresponds to one channel. The table of supported AFI/SAFIs together with their appropriate channels
follows.
Due to RFC 8212, external BGP protocol requires explicit configuration of import and export policies (in
contrast to other protocols, where default policies of import all and export none are used in absence of
explicit configuration). Note that blanket policies like all or none can still be used in explicit configuration.
BGP channels have additional config options (together with the common ones):

mandatory switch
When local and neighbor sets of configured AFI/SAFI pairs differ, capability negotiation ensures that a
common subset is used. For mandatory channels their associated AFI/SAFI must be negotiated (i.e.,
also announced by the neighbor), otherwise BGP session negotiation fails with ’Required capability
missing’ error. Regardless, at least one AFI/SAFI must be negotiated in order to BGP session be
successfully established. Default: off.
next hop keep switch|ibgp|ebgp
Do not modify the Next Hop attribute and advertise the current one unchanged even in cases where
6.3. BGP 39

Channel name Table nettype IGP table allowed AFI SAFI

ipv4 ipv4 ipv4 and ipv6 1 1
ipv6 ipv6 ipv4 and ipv6 2 1
ipv4 multicast ipv4 ipv4 and ipv6 1 2
ipv6 multicast ipv6 ipv4 and ipv6 2 2
ipv4 mpls ipv4 ipv4 and ipv6 1 4
ipv6 mpls ipv6 ipv4 and ipv6 2 4
vpn4 mpls vpn4 ipv4 and ipv6 1 128
vpn6 mpls vpn6 ipv4 and ipv6 2 128
vpn4 multicast vpn4 ipv4 and ipv6 1 129
vpn6 multicast vpn6 ipv4 and ipv6 2 129
flow4 flow4 — 1 133
flow6 flow6 — 2 133

our own local address should be used instead. This is necessary when the BGP speaker does not
forward network traffic (route servers and some route reflectors) and also can be useful in some other
cases (e.g. multihop EBGP sessions). Can be enabled for all routes, or just for routes received from
IBGP / EBGP neighbors. Default: disabled for regular BGP, enabled for route servers, ibgp for route
reflectors.

next hop self switch|ibgp|ebgp

Always advertise our own local address as a next hop, even in cases where the current Next Hop
attribute should be used unchanged. This is sometimes used for routes propagated from EBGP to
IBGP when IGP routing does not cover inter-AS links, therefore IP addreses of EBGP neighbors are
not resolvable through IGP. Can be enabled for all routes, or just for routes received from IBGP /
EBGP neighbors. Default: disabled.

next hop address ip

Specify which address to use when our own local address should be announced in the Next Hop
attribute. Default: the source address of the BGP session (if acceptable), or the preferred address of
an associated interface.

gateway direct|recursive
For received routes, their gw (immediate next hop) attribute is computed from received bgp next hop
attribute. This option specifies how it is computed. Direct mode means that the IP address from
bgp next hop is used and must be directly reachable. Recursive mode means that the gateway is
computed by an IGP routing table lookup for the IP address from bgp next hop. Note that there is
just one level of indirection in recursive mode - the route obtained by the lookup must not be recursive
itself, to prevent mutually recursive routes.
Recursive mode is the behavior specified by the BGP standard. Direct mode is simpler, does not
require any routes in a routing table, and was used in older versions of BIRD, but does not handle
well nontrivial iBGP setups and multihop. Recursive mode is incompatible with sorted tables (p. 6).
Default: direct for direct sessions, recursive for multihop sessions.

igp table name

Specifies a table that is used as an IGP routing table. The type of this table must be as allowed in the
table above. This option is allowed once for every allowed table type. Default: the same as the main
table the channel is connected to (if eligible).
import table switch
A BGP import table contains all received routes from given BGP neighbor, before application of import
filters. It is also called Adj-RIB-In in BGP terminology. BIRD BGP by default operates without import
tables, in which case received routes are just processed by import filters, accepted ones are stored in
the master table, and the rest is forgotten. Enabling import table allows to store unprocessed routes,
which can be examined later by show route, and can be used to reconfigure import filters without full
route refresh. Default: off.
6.3. BGP 40

export table switch

A BGP export table contains all routes sent to given BGP neighbor, after application of export filters.
It is also called Adj-RIB-Out in BGP terminology. BIRD BGP by default operates without export
tables, in which case routes from master table are just processed by export filters and then announced
by BGP. Enabling export table allows to store routes after export filter processing, so they can
be examined later by show route, and can be used to eliminate unnecessary updates or withdraws.
Default: off.
secondary switch
Usually, if an export filter rejects a selected route, no other route is propagated for that network. This
option allows to try the next route in order until one that is accepted is found or all routes for that
network are rejected. This can be used for route servers that need to propagate different tables to each
client but do not want to have these tables explicitly (to conserve memory). This option requires that
the connected routing table is sorted (p. 6). Default: off.
extended next hop switch
BGP expects that announced next hops have the same address family as associated network prefixes.
This option provides an extension to use IPv4 next hops with IPv6 prefixes and vice versa. For IPv4
/ VPNv4 channels, the behavior is controlled by the Extended Next Hop Encoding capability, as
described in RFC 5549. For IPv6 / VPNv6 channels, just IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses are used, as
described in RFC 4798 and RFC 4659. Default: off.

add paths switch|rx|tx

Standard BGP can propagate only one path (route) per destination network (usually the selected one).
This option controls the add-path protocol extension, which allows to advertise any number of paths
to a destination. Note that to be active, add-path has to be enabled on both sides of the BGP session,
but it could be enabled separately for RX and TX direction. When active, all available routes accepted
by the export filter are advertised to the neighbor. Default: off.
aigp switch|originate
The BGP protocol does not use a common metric like other routing protocols, instead it uses a set
of criteria for route selection consisting both overall AS path length and a distance to the nearest AS
boundary router. Assuming that metrics of different autonomous systems are incomparable, once a
route is propagated from an AS to a next one, the distance in the old AS does not matter.
The AIGP extension (RFC 7311) allows to propagate accumulated IGP metric (in the AIGP attribute)
through both IBGP and EBGP links, computing total distance through multiple autonomous systems
(assuming they use comparable IGP metric). The total AIGP metric is compared in the route selection
process just after Local Preference comparison (and before AS path length comparison).
This option controls whether AIGP attribute propagation is allowed on the session. Optionally, it can
be set to originate, which not only allows AIGP attribute propagation, but also new AIGP attributes
are automatically attached to non-BGP routes with valid IGP metric (e.g. ospf metric1) as they are
exported to the BGP session. Default: enabled for IBGP (and intra-confederation EBGP), disabled
for regular EBGP.
cost number
When BGP gateway mode (p. 39) is recursive (mainly multihop IBGP sessions), then the distance
to BGP next hop is based on underlying IGP metric. This option specifies the distance to BGP next
hop for BGP sessions in direct gateway mode (mainly direct EBGP sessions).
graceful restart switch
Although BGP graceful restart is configured mainly by protocol-wide options (p. 36), it is possible to
configure restarting role per AFI/SAFI pair by this channel option. The option is ignored if graceful
restart is disabled by protocol-wide option. Default: off in aware mode, on in full mode.
long lived graceful restart switch
BGP long-lived graceful restart is configured mainly by protocol-wide options (p. 36), but the restarting
role can be set per AFI/SAFI pair by this channel option. The option is ignored if long-lived graceful
restart is disabled by protocol-wide option. Default: off in aware mode, on in full mode.
6.3. BGP 41

long lived stale time number

Like previous graceful restart channel options, this option allows to set long lived stale time (p. 36) per
AFI/SAFI pair instead of per protocol. Default: set by protocol-wide option.

6.3.6 Attributes
BGP defines several route attributes. Some of them (those marked with ‘I’ in the table below) are available
on internal BGP connections only, some of them (marked with ‘O’) are optional.

bgppath bgp path

Sequence of AS numbers describing the AS path the packet will travel through when forwarded ac-
cording to the particular route. In case of internal BGP it doesn’t contain the number of the local
AS.
int bgp local pref [I]
Local preference value used for selection among multiple BGP routes (see the selection rules above).
It’s used as an additional metric which is propagated through the whole local AS.

int bgp med [O]

The Multiple Exit Discriminator of the route is an optional attribute which is used on external (inter-
AS) links to convey to an adjacent AS the optimal entry point into the local AS. The received attribute
is also propagated over internal BGP links. The attribute value is zeroed when a route is exported to an
external BGP instance to ensure that the attribute received from a neighboring AS is not propagated
to other neighboring ASes. A new value might be set in the export filter of an external BGP instance.
See RFC 4451 for further discussion of BGP MED attribute.
enum bgp origin
Origin of the route: either ORIGIN IGP if the route has originated in an interior routing protocol
or ORIGIN EGP if it’s been imported from the EGP protocol (nowadays it seems to be obsolete) or
ORIGIN INCOMPLETE if the origin is unknown.
ip bgp next hop
Next hop to be used for forwarding of packets to this destination. On internal BGP connections, it’s
an address of the originating router if it’s inside the local AS or a boundary router the packet will leave
the AS through if it’s an exterior route, so each BGP speaker within the AS has a chance to use the
shortest interior path possible to this point.

void bgp atomic aggr [O]

This is an optional attribute which carries no value, but the sole presence of which indicates that the
route has been aggregated from multiple routes by some router on the path from the originator.
void bgp aggregator [O]
This is an optional attribute specifying AS number and IP address of the BGP router that created the
route by aggregating multiple BGP routes. Currently, the attribute is not accessible from filters.
clist bgp community [O]
List of community values associated with the route. Each such value is a pair (represented as a pair
data type inside the filters) of 16-bit integers, the first of them containing the number of the AS which
defines the community and the second one being a per-AS identifier. There are lots of uses of the
community mechanism, but generally they are used to carry policy information like ”don’t export to
USA peers”. As each AS can define its own routing policy, it also has a complete freedom about which
community attributes it defines and what will their semantics be.
eclist bgp ext community [O]
List of extended community values associated with the route. Extended communities have similar
usage as plain communities, but they have an extended range (to allow 4B ASNs) and a nontrivial
structure with a type field. Individual community values are represented using an ec data type inside
the filters.
6.3. BGP 42

lclist bgp large community [O]

List of large community values associated with the route. Large BGP communities is another variant
of communities, but contrary to extended communities they behave very much the same way as regular
communities, just larger – they are uniform untyped triplets of 32bit numbers. Individual community
values are represented using an lc data type inside the filters.
quad bgp originator id [I, O]
This attribute is created by the route reflector when reflecting the route and contains the router ID of
the originator of the route in the local AS.

clist bgp cluster list [I, O]

This attribute contains a list of cluster IDs of route reflectors. Each route reflector prepends its cluster
ID when reflecting the route.
void bgp aigp [O]
This attribute contains accumulated IGP metric, which is a total distance to the destination through
multiple autonomous systems. Currently, the attribute is not accessible from filters.

6.3.7 Example
protocol bgp {
local 198.51.100.14 as 65000; # Use a private AS number
neighbor 198.51.100.130 as 64496; # Our neighbor ...
multihop; # ... which is connected indirectly
ipv4 {
export filter { # We use non-trivial export rules
if source = RTS_STATIC then { # Export only static routes
# Assign our community
bgp_community.add((65000,64501));
# Artificially increase path length
# by advertising local AS number twice
if bgp_path ~ [= 65000 =] then
bgp_path.prepend(65000);
accept;
}
reject;
};
import all;
next hop self; # advertise this router as next hop
igp table myigptable4; # IGP table for routes with IPv4 nexthops
igp table myigptable6; # IGP table for routes with IPv6 nexthops
};
ipv6 {
export filter mylargefilter; # We use a named filter
import all;
missing lladdr self;
igp table myigptable4; # IGP table for routes with IPv4 nexthops
igp table myigptable6; # IGP table for routes with IPv6 nexthops
};
ipv4 multicast {
import all;
export filter someotherfilter;
table mymulticasttable4; # Another IPv4 table, dedicated for multicast
igp table myigptable4;
};
}
6.4. Device 43

6.4 Device
The Device protocol is not a real routing protocol. It doesn’t generate any routes and it only serves as a
module for getting information about network interfaces from the kernel. This protocol supports no channel.
Except for very unusual circumstances, you probably should include this protocol in the configuration since
almost all other protocols require network interfaces to be defined for them to work with.

6.4.1 Configuration
scan time number
Time in seconds between two scans of the network interface list. On systems where we are notified
about interface status changes asynchronously (such as newer versions of Linux), we need to scan the
list only in order to avoid confusion by lost notification messages, so the default time is set to a large
value.
interface pattern [, ...]
By default, the Device protocol handles all interfaces without any configuration. Interface definitions
allow to specify optional parameters for specific interfaces. See interface (p. 12) common option for
detailed description. Currently only one interface option is available:
preferred ip
If a network interface has more than one IP address, BIRD chooses one of them as a preferred one.
Preferred IP address is used as source address for packets or announced next hop by routing protocols.
Precisely, BIRD chooses one preferred IPv4 address, one preferred IPv6 address and one preferred
link-local IPv6 address. By default, BIRD chooses the first found IP address as the preferred one.
This option allows to specify which IP address should be preferred. May be used multiple times for
different address classes (IPv4, IPv6, IPv6 link-local). In all cases, an address marked by operating
system as secondary cannot be chosen as the primary one.

As the Device protocol doesn’t generate any routes, it cannot have any attributes. Example configuration
looks like this:

protocol device {
scan time 10; # Scan the interfaces often
interface "eth0" {
preferred 192.168.1.1;
preferred 2001:db8:1:10::1;
};
}

6.5 Direct
The Direct protocol is a simple generator of device routes for all the directly connected networks according to
the list of interfaces provided by the kernel via the Device protocol. The Direct protocol supports both IPv4
and IPv6 channels; both can be configured simultaneously. It can also be configured with IPv6 SADR (p. 7)
channel instead of regular IPv6 channel in order to be used together with SADR-enabled Babel protocol.
The question is whether it is a good idea to have such device routes in BIRD routing table. OS kernel
usually handles device routes for directly connected networks by itself so we don’t need (and don’t want)
to export these routes to the kernel protocol. OSPF protocol creates device routes for its interfaces itself
and BGP protocol is usually used for exporting aggregate routes. But the Direct protocol is necessary for
distance-vector protocols like RIP or Babel to announce local networks.
There are just few configuration options for the Direct protocol:

interface pattern [, ...]

By default, the Direct protocol will generate device routes for all the interfaces available. If you want
to restrict it to some subset of interfaces or addresses (e.g. if you’re using multiple routing tables for
6.6. Kernel 44

policy routing and some of the policy domains don’t contain all interfaces), just use this clause. See
interface (p. 12) common option for detailed description. The Direct protocol uses extended interface
clauses.

check link switch

If enabled, a hardware link state (reported by OS) is taken into consideration. Routes for directly con-
nected networks are generated only if link up is reported and they are withdrawn when link disappears
(e.g., an ethernet cable is unplugged). Default value is no.

Direct device routes don’t contain any specific attributes.

Example config might look like this:

protocol direct {
ipv4;
ipv6;
interface "-arc*", "*"; # Exclude the ARCnets
}

6.6 Kernel
The Kernel protocol is not a real routing protocol. Instead of communicating with other routers in the
network, it performs synchronization of BIRD’s routing tables with the OS kernel. Basically, it sends all
routing table updates to the kernel and from time to time it scans the kernel tables to see whether some
routes have disappeared (for example due to unnoticed up/down transition of an interface) or whether an
‘alien’ route has been added by someone else (depending on the learn switch, such routes are either ignored
or accepted to our table).
Note that routes created by OS kernel itself, namely direct routes representing IP subnets of associated
interfaces, are not imported even with learn enabled. You can use Direct protocol (p. 43) to generate these
direct routes.
If your OS supports only a single routing table, you can configure only one instance of the Kernel protocol.
If it supports multiple tables (in order to allow policy routing; such an OS is for example Linux), you can
run as many instances as you want, but each of them must be connected to a different BIRD routing table
and to a different kernel table.
Because the kernel protocol is partially integrated with the connected routing table, there are two limitations
- it is not possible to connect more kernel protocols to the same routing table and changing route destination
(gateway) in an export filter of a kernel protocol does not work. Both limitations can be overcome using
another routing table and the pipe protocol.
The Kernel protocol supports both IPv4 and IPv6 channels; only one channel can be configured in each
protocol instance. On Linux, it also supports IPv6 SADR (p. 7) and MPLS (p. 7) channels.

6.6.1 Configuration
persist switch
Tell BIRD to leave all its routes in the routing tables when it exits (instead of cleaning them up).
scan time number
Time in seconds between two consecutive scans of the kernel routing table.
learn switch
Enable learning of routes added to the kernel routing tables by other routing daemons or by the system
administrator. This is possible only on systems which support identification of route authorship.
kernel table number
Select which kernel table should this particular instance of the Kernel protocol work with. Available
only on systems supporting multiple routing tables.
6.6. Kernel 45

metric number
(Linux) Use specified value as a kernel metric (priority) for all routes sent to the kernel. When multiple
routes for the same network are in the kernel routing table, the Linux kernel chooses one with lower
metric. Also, routes with different metrics do not clash with each other, therefore using dedicated
metric value is a reliable way to avoid overwriting routes from other sources (e.g. kernel device routes).
Metric 0 has a special meaning of undefined metric, in which either OS default is used, or per-route
metric can be set using krt metric attribute. Default: 32.
graceful restart switch
Participate in graceful restart recovery. If this option is enabled and a graceful restart recovery is
active, the Kernel protocol will defer synchronization of routing tables until the end of the recovery.
Note that import of kernel routes to BIRD is not affected.
merge paths switch [limit number ]
Usually, only best routes are exported to the kernel protocol. With path merging enabled, both best
routes and equivalent non-best routes are merged during export to generate one ECMP (equal-cost
multipath) route for each network. This is useful e.g. for BGP multipath. Note that best routes
are still pivotal for route export (responsible for most properties of resulting ECMP routes), while
exported non-best routes are responsible just for additional multipath next hops. This option also
allows to specify a limit on maximal number of nexthops in one route. By default, multipath merging
is disabled. If enabled, default value of the limit is 16.

6.6.2 Attributes
The Kernel protocol defines several attributes. These attributes are translated to appropriate system (and
OS-specific) route attributes. We support these attributes:

int krt source

The original source of the imported kernel route. The value is system-dependent. On Linux, it is a
value of the protocol field of the route. See /etc/iproute2/rt protos for common values. On BSD, it is
based on STATIC and PROTOx flags. The attribute is read-only.
int krt metric
(Linux) The kernel metric of the route. When multiple same routes are in a kernel routing table, the
Linux kernel chooses one with lower metric. Note that preferred way to set kernel metric is to use
protocol option metric, unless per-route metric values are needed.
ip krt prefsrc
(Linux) The preferred source address. Used in source address selection for outgoing packets. Has to
be one of the IP addresses of the router.
int krt realm
(Linux) The realm of the route. Can be used for traffic classification.
int krt scope
(Linux IPv4) The scope of the route. Valid values are 0-254, although Linux kernel may reject some
values depending on route type and nexthop. It is supposed to represent ‘indirectness’ of the route,
where nexthops of routes are resolved through routes with a higher scope, but in current kernels
anything below link (253) is treated as global (0). When not present, global scope is implied for all
routes except device routes, where link scope is used by default.

In Linux, there is also a plenty of obscure route attributes mostly focused on tuning TCP performance
of local connections. BIRD supports most of these attributes, see Linux or iproute2 documentation for
their meaning. Attributes krt lock * and krt feature * have type bool, others have type int. Supported
attributes are:
krt mtu, krt lock mtu, krt window, krt lock window, krt rtt, krt lock rtt, krt rttvar,
krt lock rttvar, krt sstresh, krt lock sstresh, krt cwnd, krt lock cwnd, krt advmss,
krt lock advmss, krt reordering, krt lock reordering, krt hoplimit, krt lock hoplimit,
krt rto min, krt lock rto min, krt initcwnd, krt initrwnd, krt quickack, krt feature ecn,
krt feature allfrag
6.7. MRT 46

6.6.3 Example
A simple configuration can look this way:

protocol kernel {
export all;
}

Or for a system with two routing tables:

protocol kernel { # Primary routing table

learn; # Learn alien routes from the kernel
persist; # Don’t remove routes on bird shutdown
scan time 10; # Scan kernel routing table every 10 seconds
ipv4 {
import all;
export all;
};
}

protocol kernel { # Secondary routing table

kernel table 100;
ipv4 {
table auxtable;
export all;
};
}

6.7 MRT
6.7.1 Introduction
The MRT protocol is a component responsible for handling the Multi-Threaded Routing Toolkit (MRT)
routing information export format, which is mainly used for collecting and analyzing of routing information
from BGP routers. The MRT protocol can be configured to do periodic dumps of routing tables, created
MRT files can be analyzed later by other tools. Independent MRT table dumps can also be requested from
BIRD client. There is also a feature to save incoming BGP messages in MRT files, but it is controlled by
mrtdump (p. 12) options independently of MRT protocol, although that might change in the future.
BIRD implements the main MRT format specification as defined in RFC 6396 and the ADD PATH extension
(RFC 8050).

6.7.2 Configuration
MRT configuration consists of several statements describing routing table dumps. Multiple independent
periodic dumps can be done as multiple MRT protocol instances. The MRT protocol does not use channels.
There are two mandatory statements: filename and period.
The behavior can be modified by following configuration parameters:

table name | "pattern"

Specify a routing table (or a set of routing tables described by a wildcard pattern) that are to be
dumped by the MRT protocol instance. Default: the master table.
filter { filter commands }
The MRT protocol allows to specify a filter that is applied to routes as they are dumped. Rejected
routes are ignored and not saved to the MRT dump file. Default: no filter.
where filter expression
An alternative way to specify a filter for the MRT protocol.
6.8. OSPF 47

filename "filename"
Specify a filename for MRT dump files. The filename may contain time format sequences with strf-
time(3) notation (see man strftime for details), there is also a sequence ”%N” that is expanded to the
name of dumped table. Therefore, each periodic dump of each table can be saved to a different file.
Mandatory, see example below.
period number
Specify the time interval (in seconds) between periodic dumps. Mandatory.
always add path switch
The MRT format uses special records (specified in RFC 8050) for routes received using BGP
ADD PATH extension to keep Path ID, while other routes use regular records. This has advantage of
better compatibility with tools that do not know special records, but it loses information about which
route is the best route. When this option is enabled, both ADD PATH and non-ADD PATH routes
are stored in ADD PATH records and order of routes for network is preserved. Default: disabled.

6.7.3 Example
protocol mrt {
table "tab*";
where source = RTS_BGP;
filename "/var/log/bird/%N_%F_%T.mrt";
period 300;
}

6.8 OSPF
6.8.1 Introduction
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a quite complex interior gateway protocol. The current IPv4 version
(OSPFv2) is defined in RFC 2328 and the current IPv6 version (OSPFv3) is defined in RFC 5340 It’s a
link state (a.k.a. shortest path first) protocol – each router maintains a database describing the autonomous
system’s topology. Each participating router has an identical copy of the database and all routers run the
same algorithm calculating a shortest path tree with themselves as a root. OSPF chooses the least cost path
as the best path.
In OSPF, the autonomous system can be split to several areas in order to reduce the amount of resources
consumed for exchanging the routing information and to protect the other areas from incorrect routing data.
Topology of the area is hidden to the rest of the autonomous system.
Another very important feature of OSPF is that it can keep routing information from other protocols (like
Static or BGP) in its link state database as external routes. Each external route can be tagged by the
advertising router, making it possible to pass additional information between routers on the boundary of the
autonomous system.
OSPF quickly detects topological changes in the autonomous system (such as router interface failures) and
calculates new loop-free routes after a short period of convergence. Only a minimal amount of routing traffic
is involved.
Each router participating in OSPF routing periodically sends Hello messages to all its interfaces. This allows
neighbors to be discovered dynamically. Then the neighbors exchange theirs parts of the link state database
and keep it identical by flooding updates. The flooding process is reliable and ensures that each router
detects all changes.

6.8.2 Configuration
First, the desired OSPF version can be specified by using ospf v2 or ospf v3 as a protocol type. By
default, OSPFv2 is used. In the main part of configuration, there can be multiple definitions of OSPF
areas, each with a different id. These definitions includes many other switches and multiple definitions of
6.8. OSPF 48

interfaces. Definition of interface may contain many switches and constant definitions and list of neighbors
on nonbroadcast networks.
OSPFv2 needs one IPv4 channel. OSPFv3 needs either one IPv6 channel, or one IPv4 channel (RFC 5838).
Therefore, it is possible to use OSPFv3 for both IPv4 and Pv6 routing, but it is necessary to have two protocol
instances anyway. If no channel is configured, appropriate channel is defined with default parameters.
protocol ospf [v2|v3] <name> {
rfc1583compat <switch>;
rfc5838 <switch>;
instance id <num>;
stub router <switch>;
tick <num>;
ecmp <switch> [limit <num>];
merge external <switch>;
graceful restart <switch>|aware;
graceful restart time <num>;
area <id> {
stub;
nssa;
summary <switch>;
default nssa <switch>;
default cost <num>;
default cost2 <num>;
translator <switch>;
translator stability <num>;

networks {
<prefix>;
<prefix> hidden;
};
external {
<prefix>;
<prefix> hidden;
<prefix> tag <num>;
};
stubnet <prefix>;
stubnet <prefix> {
hidden <switch>;
summary <switch>;
cost <num>;
};
interface <interface pattern> [instance <num>] {
cost <num>;
stub <switch>;
hello <num>;
poll <num>;
retransmit <num>;
priority <num>;
wait <num>;
dead count <num>;
dead <num>;
secondary <switch>;
rx buffer [normal|large|<num>];
tx length <num>;
type [broadcast|bcast|pointopoint|ptp|
nonbroadcast|nbma|pointomultipoint|ptmp];
link lsa suppression <switch>;
strict nonbroadcast <switch>;
6.8. OSPF 49

real broadcast <switch>;

ptp netmask <switch>;
ptp address <switch>;
check link <switch>;
bfd <switch>;
ecmp weight <num>;
ttl security [<switch>; | tx only]
tx class|dscp <num>;
tx priority <num>;
authentication none|simple|cryptographic;
password "<text>";
password "<text>" {
id <num>;
generate from "<date>";
generate to "<date>";
accept from "<date>";
accept to "<date>";
from "<date>";
to "<date>";
algorithm ( keyed md5 | keyed sha1 | hmac sha1 | hmac sha256
};
neighbors {
<ip>;
<ip> eligible;
};
};
virtual link <id> [instance <num>] {
hello <num>;
retransmit <num>;
wait <num>;
dead count <num>;
dead <num>;
authentication none|simple|cryptographic;
password "<text>";
password "<text>" {
id <num>;
generate from "<date>";
generate to "<date>";
accept from "<date>";
accept to "<date>";
from "<date>";
to "<date>";
algorithm ( keyed md5 | keyed sha1 | hmac sha1 | hmac sha256
};
};
};
}

rfc1583compat switch
This option controls compatibility of routing table calculation with RFC 1583. Default value is no.
rfc5838 switch
Basic OSPFv3 is limited to IPv6 unicast routing. The RFC 5838 extension defines support for more
address families (IPv4, IPv6, both unicast and multicast). The extension is enabled by default, but
can be disabled if necessary, as it restricts the range of available instance IDs. Default value is yes.
instance id num
When multiple OSPF protocol instances are active on the same links, they should use different instance
6.8. OSPF 50

IDs to distinguish their packets. Although it could be done on per-interface basis, it is often preferred
to set one instance ID to whole OSPF domain/topology (e.g., when multiple instances are used to
represent separate logical topologies on the same physical network). This option specifies the instance
ID for all interfaces of the OSPF instance, but can be overridden by interface option. Default value
is 0 unless OSPFv3-AF extended address families are used, see RFC 5838 for that case.
stub router switch
This option configures the router to be a stub router, i.e., a router that participates in the OSPF
topology but does not allow transit traffic. In OSPFv2, this is implemented by advertising maximum
metric for outgoing links. In OSPFv3, the stub router behavior is announced by clearing the R-bit in
the router LSA. See RFC 6987 for details. Default value is no.
tick num
The routing table calculation and clean-up of areas’ databases is not performed when a single link
state change arrives. To lower the CPU utilization, it’s processed later at periodical intervals of num
seconds. The default value is 1.
ecmp switch [limit number ]
This option specifies whether OSPF is allowed to generate ECMP (equal-cost multipath) routes. Such
routes are used when there are several directions to the destination, each with the same (computed)
cost. This option also allows to specify a limit on maximum number of nexthops in one route. By
default, ECMP is enabled if supported by Kernel. Default value of the limit is 16.
merge external switch
This option specifies whether OSPF should merge external routes from different routers/LSAs for the
same destination. When enabled together with ecmp, equal-cost external routes will be combined to
multipath routes in the same way as regular routes. When disabled, external routes from different
LSAs are treated as separate even if they represents the same destination. Default value is no.
graceful restart switch|aware
When an OSPF instance is restarted, neighbors break adjacencies and recalculate their routing tables,
which disrupts packet forwarding even when the forwarding plane of the restarting router remains
intact. RFC 3623 specifies a graceful restart mechanism to alleviate this issue. For OSPF graceful
restart, restarting router originates Grace-LSAs, announcing intent to do graceful restart. Neighbors
receiving these LSAs enter helper mode, in which they ignore breakdown of adjacencies, behave as if
nothing is happening and keep old routes. When adjacencies are reestablished, the restarting router
flushes Grace-LSAs and graceful restart is ended.
This option controls the graceful restart mechanism. It has three states: Disabled, when no support
is provided. Aware, when graceful restart helper mode is supported, but no local graceful restart
is allowed (i.e. helper-only role). Enabled, when the full graceful restart support is provided (i.e.
both restarting and helper role). Note that proper support for local graceful restart requires also
configuration of other protocols. Default: aware.
graceful restart time num
The restart time is announced in the Grace-LSA and specifies how long neighbors should wait for
proper end of the graceful restart before exiting helper mode prematurely. Default: 120 seconds.
area id
This defines an OSPF area with given area ID (an integer or an IPv4 address, similarly to a router
ID). The most important area is the backbone (ID 0) to which every other area must be connected.
stub
This option configures the area to be a stub area. External routes are not flooded into stub areas. Also
summary LSAs can be limited in stub areas (see option summary). By default, the area is not a stub
area.
nssa
This option configures the area to be a NSSA (Not-So-Stubby Area). NSSA is a variant of a stub area
which allows a limited way of external route propagation. Global external routes are not propagated
into a NSSA, but an external route can be imported into NSSA as a (area-wide) NSSA-LSA (and
possibly translated and/or aggregated on area boundary). By default, the area is not NSSA.
6.8. OSPF 51

summary switch
This option controls propagation of summary LSAs into stub or NSSA areas. If enabled, summary
LSAs are propagated as usual, otherwise just the default summary route (0.0.0.0/0) is propagated (this
is sometimes called totally stubby area). If a stub area has more area boundary routers, propagating
summary LSAs could lead to more efficient routing at the cost of larger link state database. Default
value is no.
default nssa switch
When summary option is enabled, default summary route is no longer propagated to the NSSA. In that
case, this option allows to originate default route as NSSA-LSA to the NSSA. Default value is no.
default cost num
This option controls the cost of a default route propagated to stub and NSSA areas. Default value is
1000.
default cost2 num
When a default route is originated as NSSA-LSA, its cost can use either type 1 or type 2 metric. This
option allows to specify the cost of a default route in type 2 metric. By default, type 1 metric (option
default cost) is used.
translator switch
This option controls translation of NSSA-LSAs into external LSAs. By default, one translator per
NSSA is automatically elected from area boundary routers. If enabled, this area boundary router
would unconditionally translate all NSSA-LSAs regardless of translator election. Default value is no.
translator stability num
This option controls the translator stability interval (in seconds). When the new translator is elected,
the old one keeps translating until the interval is over. Default value is 40.

networks { set }
Definition of area IP ranges. This is used in summary LSA origination. Hidden networks are not
propagated into other areas.
external { set }
Definition of external area IP ranges for NSSAs. This is used for NSSA-LSA translation. Hidden
networks are not translated into external LSAs. Networks can have configured route tag.
stubnet prefix { options }
Stub networks are networks that are not transit networks between OSPF routers. They are also
propagated through an OSPF area as a part of a link state database. By default, BIRD generates a
stub network record for each primary network address on each OSPF interface that does not have any
OSPF neighbors, and also for each non-primary network address on each OSPF interface. This option
allows to alter a set of stub networks propagated by this router.
Each instance of this option adds a stub network with given network prefix to the set of propagated
stub network, unless option hidden is used. It also suppresses default stub networks for given network
prefix. When option summary is used, also default stub networks that are subnetworks of given stub
network are suppressed. This might be used, for example, to aggregate generated stub networks.
interface pattern [instance num]
Defines that the specified interfaces belong to the area being defined. See interface (p. 12) common
option for detailed description. In OSPFv2, extended interface clauses are used, because each network
prefix is handled as a separate virtual interface.
You can specify alternative instance ID for the interface definition, therefore it is possible to have several
instances of that interface with different options or even in different areas. For OSPFv2, instance ID
support is an extension (RFC 6549) and is supposed to be set per-protocol. For OSPFv3, it is an
integral feature.
virtual link id [instance num]
Virtual link to router with the router id. Virtual link acts as a point-to-point interface belonging to
backbone. The actual area is used as a transport area. This item cannot be in the backbone. Like with
6.8. OSPF 52

interface option, you could also use several virtual links to one destination with different instance
IDs.
cost num
Specifies output cost (metric) of an interface. Default value is 10.
stub switch
If set to interface it does not listen to any packet and does not send any hello. Default value is no.
hello num
Specifies interval in seconds between sending of Hello messages. Beware, all routers on the same
network need to have the same hello interval. Default value is 10.
poll num
Specifies interval in seconds between sending of Hello messages for some neighbors on NBMA network.
Default value is 20.

retransmit num
Specifies interval in seconds between retransmissions of unacknowledged updates. Default value is 5.
transmit delay num
Specifies estimated transmission delay of link state updates send over the interface. The value is added
to LSA age of LSAs propagated through it. Default value is 1.

priority num
On every multiple access network (e.g., the Ethernet) Designated Router and Backup Designated router
are elected. These routers have some special functions in the flooding process. Higher priority increases
preferences in this election. Routers with priority 0 are not eligible. Default value is 1.
wait num
After start, router waits for the specified number of seconds between starting election and building
adjacency. Default value is 4*hello.
dead count num
When the router does not receive any messages from a neighbor in dead count*hello seconds, it will
consider the neighbor down.

dead num
When the router does not receive any messages from a neighbor in dead seconds, it will consider the
neighbor down. If both directives dead count and dead are used, dead has precedence.
rx buffer num
This option allows to specify the size of buffers used for packet processing. The buffer size should be
bigger than maximal size of any packets. By default, buffers are dynamically resized as needed, but a
fixed value could be specified. Value large means maximal allowed packet size - 65535.
tx length num
Transmitted OSPF messages that contain large amount of information are segmented to separate OSPF
packets to avoid IP fragmentation. This option specifies the soft ceiling for the length of generated
OSPF packets. Default value is the MTU of the network interface. Note that larger OSPF packets
may still be generated if underlying OSPF messages cannot be splitted (e.g. when one large LSA is
propagated).
type broadcast|bcast
BIRD detects a type of a connected network automatically, but sometimes it’s convenient to force use
of a different type manually. On broadcast networks (like ethernet), flooding and Hello messages are
sent using multicasts (a single packet for all the neighbors). A designated router is elected and it is
responsible for synchronizing the link-state databases and originating network LSAs. This network
type cannot be used on physically NBMA networks and on unnumbered networks (networks without
proper IP prefix).
6.8. OSPF 53

type pointopoint|ptp
Point-to-point networks connect just 2 routers together. No election is performed and no network LSA
is originated, which makes it simpler and faster to establish. This network type is useful not only for
physically PtP ifaces (like PPP or tunnels), but also for broadcast networks used as PtP links. This
network type cannot be used on physically NBMA networks.
type nonbroadcast|nbma
On NBMA networks, the packets are sent to each neighbor separately because of lack of multicast
capabilities. Like on broadcast networks, a designated router is elected, which plays a central role in
propagation of LSAs. This network type cannot be used on unnumbered networks.
type pointomultipoint|ptmp
This is another network type designed to handle NBMA networks. In this case the NBMA network is
treated as a collection of PtP links. This is useful if not every pair of routers on the NBMA network
has direct communication, or if the NBMA network is used as an (possibly unnumbered) PtP link.

link lsa suppression switch

In OSPFv3, link LSAs are generated for each link, announcing link-local IPv6 address of the router to
its local neighbors. These are useless on PtP or PtMP networks and this option allows to suppress the
link LSA origination for such interfaces. The option is ignored on other than PtP or PtMP interfaces.
Default value is no.

strict nonbroadcast switch

If set, don’t send hello to any undefined neighbor. This switch is ignored on other than NBMA or
PtMP interfaces. Default value is no.
real broadcast switch
In type broadcast or type ptp network configuration, OSPF packets are sent as IP multicast packets.
This option changes the behavior to using old-fashioned IP broadcast packets. This may be useful as
a workaround if IP multicast for some reason does not work or does not work reliably. This is a non-
standard option and probably is not interoperable with other OSPF implementations. Default value
is no.
ptp netmask switch
In type ptp network configurations, OSPFv2 implementations should ignore received netmask field in
hello packets and should send hello packets with zero netmask field on unnumbered PtP links. But
some OSPFv2 implementations perform netmask checking even for PtP links.
This option specifies whether real netmask will be used in hello packets on type ptp interfaces. You
should ignore this option unless you meet some compatibility problems related to this issue. Default
value is no for unnumbered PtP links, yes otherwise.

ptp address switch

In type ptp network configurations, OSPFv2 implementations should use IP address for regular PtP
links and interface id for unnumbered PtP links in data field of link description records in router
LSA. This data field has only local meaning for PtP links, but some broken OSPFv2 implementations
assume there is an IP address and use it as a next hop in SPF calculations. Note that interface id for
unnumbered PtP links is necessary when graceful restart is enabled to distinguish PtP links with the
same local IP address.
This option specifies whether an IP address will be used in data field for type ptp interfaces, it is
ignored for other interfaces. You should ignore this option unless you meet some compatibility problems
related to this issue. Default value is no for unnumbered PtP links when graceful restart is enabled,
yes otherwise.
check link switch
If set, a hardware link state (reported by OS) is taken into consideration. When a link disappears
(e.g. an ethernet cable is unplugged), neighbors are immediately considered unreachable and only the
address of the iface (instead of whole network prefix) is propagated. It is possible that some hardware
drivers or platforms do not implement this feature. Default value is yes.
6.8. OSPF 54

bfd switch
OSPF could use BFD protocol as an advisory mechanism for neighbor liveness and failure detection.
If enabled, BIRD setups a BFD session for each OSPF neighbor and tracks its liveness by it. This
has an advantage of an order of magnitude lower detection times in case of failure. Note that BFD
protocol also has to be configured, see BFD (p. 28) section for details. Default value is no.
ttl security [switch | tx only]
TTL security is a feature that protects routing protocols from remote spoofed packets by using TTL
255 instead of TTL 1 for protocol packets destined to neighbors. Because TTL is decremented when
packets are forwarded, it is non-trivial to spoof packets with TTL 255 from remote locations. Note
that this option would interfere with OSPF virtual links.
If this option is enabled, the router will send OSPF packets with TTL 255 and drop received packets
with TTL less than 255. If this option si set to tx only, TTL 255 is used for sent packets, but is not
checked for received packets. Default value is no.
tx class|dscp|priority num
These options specify the ToS/DiffServ/Traffic class/Priority of the outgoing OSPF packets. See tx
class (p. 13) common option for detailed description.
ecmp weight num
When ECMP (multipath) routes are allowed, this value specifies a relative weight used for nexthops
going through the iface. Allowed values are 1-256. Default value is 1.
authentication none
No passwords are sent in OSPF packets. This is the default value.
authentication simple
Every packet carries 8 bytes of password. Received packets lacking this password are ignored. This
authentication mechanism is very weak. This option is not available in OSPFv3.
authentication cryptographic
An authentication code is appended to every packet. The specific cryptographic algorithm is selected
by option algorithm for each key. The default cryptographic algorithm for OSPFv2 keys is Keyed-
MD5 and for OSPFv3 keys is HMAC-SHA-256. Passwords are not sent open via network, so this
mechanism is quite secure. Packets can still be read by an attacker.
password "text"
Specifies a password used for authentication. See password (p. 13) common option for detailed descrip-
tion.
neighbors { set }
A set of neighbors to which Hello messages on NBMA or PtMP networks are to be sent. For NBMA
networks, some of them could be marked as eligible. In OSPFv3, link-local addresses should be used,
using global ones is possible, but it is nonstandard and might be problematic. And definitely, link-local
and global addresses should not be mixed.

6.8.3 Attributes
OSPF defines four route attributes. Each internal route has a metric.
Metric is ranging from 1 to infinity (65535). External routes use metric type 1 or metric type 2. A
metric of type 1 is comparable with internal metric, a metric of type 2 is always longer than any
metric of type 1 or any internal metric. Internal metric or metric of type 1 is stored in attribute
ospf metric1, metric type 2 is stored in attribute ospf metric2.
When both metrics are specified then metric of type 2 is used. This is relevant e.g. when a type 2
external route is propagated from one OSPF domain to another and ospf metric1 is an internal distance to
the original ASBR, while ospf metric2 stores the type 2 metric. Note that in such cases if ospf metric1
is non-zero then ospf metric2 is increased by one to ensure monotonicity of metric, as internal distance is
reset to zero when an external route is announced.
Each external route can also carry attribute ospf tag which is a 32-bit integer which is used when exporting
routes to other protocols; otherwise, it doesn’t affect routing inside the OSPF domain at all. The fourth
6.8. OSPF 55

attribute ospf router id is a router ID of the router advertising that route / network. This attribute is
read-only. Default is ospf metric2 = 10000 and ospf tag = 0.

6.8.4 Example
protocol ospf MyOSPF {
ipv4 {
export filter {
if source = RTS_BGP then {
ospf_metric1 = 100;
accept;
}
reject;
};
};
area 0.0.0.0 {
interface "eth*" {
cost 11;
hello 15;
priority 100;
retransmit 7;
authentication simple;
password "aaa";
};
interface "ppp*" {
cost 100;
authentication cryptographic;
password "abc" {
id 1;
generate to "22-04-2003 11:00:06";
accept from "17-01-2001 12:01:05";
algorithm hmac sha384;
};
password "def" {
id 2;
generate to "22-07-2005 17:03:21";
accept from "22-02-2001 11:34:06";
algorithm hmac sha512;
};
};
interface "arc0" {
cost 10;
stub yes;
};
interface "arc1";
};
area 120 {
stub yes;
networks {
172.16.1.0/24;
172.16.2.0/24 hidden;
};
interface "-arc0" , "arc*" {
type nonbroadcast;
authentication none;
strict nonbroadcast yes;
wait 120;
6.9. Perf 56

poll 40;
dead count 8;
neighbors {
192.168.120.1 eligible;
192.168.120.2;
192.168.120.10;
};
};
};
}

6.9 Perf
6.9.1 Introduction
The Perf protocol is a generator of fake routes together with a time measurement framework. Its purpose is
to check BIRD performance and to benchmark filters.
Import mode of this protocol runs in several steps. In each step, it generates 2ˆx routes, imports them into
the appropriate table and withdraws them. The exponent x is configurable. It runs the benchmark several
times for the same x, then it increases x by one until it gets too high, then it stops.
Export mode of this protocol repeats route refresh from table and measures how long it takes.
Output data is logged on info level. There is a Perl script proto/perf/parse.pl which may be handy to
parse the data and draw some plots.
Implementation of this protocol is experimental. Use with caution and do not keep any instance of Perf in
production configs for long time. The config interface is also unstable and may change in future versions
without warning.

6.9.2 Configuration
mode import|export
Set perf mode. Default: import

repeat number
Run this amount of iterations of the benchmark for every amount step. Default: 4
exp from number
Begin benchmarking on this exponent for number of generated routes in one step. Default: 10

exp to number
Stop benchmarking on this exponent. Default: 20
threshold min time
If a run for the given exponent took less than this time for route import, increase the exponent
immediately. Default: 1 ms

threshold max time

If every run for the given exponent took at least this time for route import, stop benchmarking. Default:
500 ms

6.10 Pipe
6.10.1 Introduction
The Pipe protocol serves as a link between two routing tables, allowing routes to be passed from a table
declared as primary (i.e., the one the pipe is connected to using the table configuration keyword) to the
secondary one (declared using peer table) and vice versa, depending on what’s allowed by the filters.
6.10. Pipe 57

Export filters control export of routes from the primary table to the secondary one, import filters control
the opposite direction. Both tables must be of the same nettype.
The Pipe protocol retransmits all routes from one table to the other table, retaining their original source
and attributes. If import and export filters are set to accept, then both tables would have the same content.
The primary use of multiple routing tables and the Pipe protocol is for policy routing, where handling of a
single packet doesn’t depend only on its destination address, but also on its source address, source interface,
protocol type and other similar parameters. In many systems (Linux being a good example), the kernel
allows to enforce routing policies by defining routing rules which choose one of several routing tables to be
used for a packet according to its parameters. Setting of these rules is outside the scope of BIRD’s work (on
Linux, you can use the ip command), but you can create several routing tables in BIRD, connect them to
the kernel ones, use filters to control which routes appear in which tables and also you can employ the Pipe
protocol for exporting a selected subset of one table to another one.

6.10.2 Configuration
Essentially, the Pipe protocol is just a channel connected to a table on both sides. Therefore, the configuration
block for protocol pipe shall directly include standard channel config options; see the example below.

peer table table

Defines secondary routing table to connect to. The primary one is selected by the table keyword.

6.10.3 Attributes
The Pipe protocol doesn’t define any route attributes.

6.10.4 Example
Let’s consider a router which serves as a boundary router of two different autonomous systems, each of them
connected to a subset of interfaces of the router, having its own exterior connectivity and wishing to use the
other AS as a backup connectivity in case of outage of its own exterior line.
Probably the simplest solution to this situation is to use two routing tables (we’ll call them as1 and as2)
and set up kernel routing rules, so that packets having arrived from interfaces belonging to the first AS will
be routed according to as1 and similarly for the second AS. Thus we have split our router to two logical
routers, each one acting on its own routing table, having its own routing protocols on its own interfaces. In
order to use the other AS’s routes for backup purposes, we can pass the routes between the tables through a
Pipe protocol while decreasing their preferences and correcting their BGP paths to reflect the AS boundary
crossing.

ipv4 table as1; # Define the tables

ipv4 table as2;

protocol kernel kern1 { # Synchronize them with the kernel

ipv4 { table as1; export all; };
kernel table 1;
}

protocol kernel kern2 {

ipv4 { table as2; export all; };
kernel table 2;
}

protocol bgp bgp1 { # The outside connections

ipv4 { table as1; import all; export all; };
local as 1;
neighbor 192.168.0.1 as 1001;
}
6.11. RAdv 58

protocol bgp bgp2 {

ipv4 { table as2; import all; export all; };
local as 2;
neighbor 10.0.0.1 as 1002;
}

protocol pipe { # The Pipe

table as1;
peer table as2;
export filter {
if net ~ [ 1.0.0.0/8+] then { # Only AS1 networks
if preference>10 then preference = preference-10;
if source=RTS_BGP then bgp_path.prepend(1);
accept;
}
reject;
};
import filter {
if net ~ [ 2.0.0.0/8+] then { # Only AS2 networks
if preference>10 then preference = preference-10;
if source=RTS_BGP then bgp_path.prepend(2);
accept;
}
reject;
};
}

6.11 RAdv
6.11.1 Introduction
The RAdv protocol is an implementation of Router Advertisements, which are used in the IPv6 stateless
autoconfiguration. IPv6 routers send (in irregular time intervals or as an answer to a request) advertisement
packets to connected networks. These packets contain basic information about a local network (e.g. a list
of network prefixes), which allows network hosts to autoconfigure network addresses and choose a default
route. BIRD implements router behavior as defined in RFC 4861, router preferences and specific routes
(RFC 4191), and DNS extensions (RFC 6106).
The RAdv protocols supports just IPv6 channel.

6.11.2 Configuration
There are several classes of definitions in RAdv configuration – interface definitions, prefix definitions and
DNS definitions:

interface pattern [, ...] { options }

Interface definitions specify a set of interfaces on which the protocol is activated and contain interface
specific options. See interface (p. 12) common options for detailed description.

prefix prefix { options }

Prefix definitions allow to modify a list of advertised prefixes. By default, the advertised prefixes are
the same as the network prefixes assigned to the interface. For each network prefix, the matching prefix
definition is found and its options are used. If no matching prefix definition is found, the prefix is used
with default options.
Prefix definitions can be either global or interface-specific. The second ones are part of interface options.
The prefix definition matching is done in the first-match style, when interface-specific definitions are
6.11. RAdv 59

processed before global definitions. As expected, the prefix definition is matching if the network prefix
is a subnet of the prefix in prefix definition.
rdnss { options }
RDNSS definitions allow to specify a list of advertised recursive DNS servers together with their options.
As options are seldom necessary, there is also a short variant rdnss address that just specifies one DNS
server. Multiple definitions are cumulative. RDNSS definitions may also be interface-specific when used
inside interface options. By default, interface uses both global and interface-specific options, but that
can be changed by rdnss local option.
dnssl { options }
DNSSL definitions allow to specify a list of advertised DNS search domains together with their options.
Like rdnss above, multiple definitions are cumulative, they can be used also as interface-specific options
and there is a short variant dnssl domain that just specifies one DNS search domain.
trigger prefix
RAdv protocol could be configured to change its behavior based on availability of routes. When this
option is used, the protocol waits in suppressed state until a trigger route (for the specified network) is
exported to the protocol, the protocol also returns to suppressed state if the trigger route disappears.
Note that route export depends on specified export filter, as usual. This option could be used, e.g., for
handling failover in multihoming scenarios.
During suppressed state, router advertisements are generated, but with some fields zeroed. Exact
behavior depends on which fields are zeroed, this can be configured by sensitive option for appropriate
fields. By default, just default lifetime (also called router lifetime) is zeroed, which means hosts
cannot use the router as a default router. preferred lifetime and valid lifetime could also be
configured as sensitive for a prefix, which would cause autoconfigured IPs to be deprecated or even
removed.
propagate routes switch
This option controls propagation of more specific routes, as defined in RFC 4191. If enabled, all routes
exported to the RAdv protocol, with the exception of the trigger prefix, are added to advertisments
as additional options. The lifetime and preference of advertised routes can be set individually by
ra lifetime and ra preference route attributes, or per interface by route lifetime and route
preference options. Default: disabled.
Note that the RFC discourages from sending more than 17 routes and recommends the routes to be
configured manually.

Interface specific options:

max ra interval expr

Unsolicited router advertisements are sent in irregular time intervals. This option specifies the maxi-
mum length of these intervals, in seconds. Valid values are 4-1800. Default: 600
min ra interval expr
This option specifies the minimum length of that intervals, in seconds. Must be at least 3 and at most
3/4 * max ra interval. Default: about 1/3 * max ra interval.
min delay expr
The minimum delay between two consecutive router advertisements, in seconds. Default: 3
solicited ra unicast switch
Solicited router advertisements are usually sent to all-nodes multicast group like unsolicited ones, but
the router can be configured to send them as unicast directly to soliciting nodes instead. This is
especially useful on wireless networks (see RFC 7772). Default: no
managed switch
This option specifies whether hosts should use DHCPv6 for IP address configuration. Default: no
other config switch
This option specifies whether hosts should use DHCPv6 to receive other configuration information.
Default: no
6.11. RAdv 60

link mtu expr

This option specifies which value of MTU should be used by hosts. 0 means unspecified. Default: 0
reachable time expr
This option specifies the time (in milliseconds) how long hosts should assume a neighbor is reachable
(from the last confirmation). Maximum is 3600000, 0 means unspecified. Default 0.
retrans timer expr
This option specifies the time (in milliseconds) how long hosts should wait before retransmitting Neigh-
bor Solicitation messages. 0 means unspecified. Default 0.

current hop limit expr

This option specifies which value of Hop Limit should be used by hosts. Valid values are 0-255, 0
means unspecified. Default: 64
default lifetime expr [sensitive switch]
This option specifies the time (in seconds) how long (since the receipt of RA) hosts may use the router
as a default router. 0 means do not use as a default router. For sensitive option, see trigger (p. 59).
Default: 3 * max ra interval, sensitive yes.
default preference low|medium|high
This option specifies the Default Router Preference value to advertise to hosts. Default: medium.

route lifetime expr [sensitive switch]

This option specifies the default value of advertised lifetime for specific routes; i.e., the time (in seconds)
for how long (since the receipt of RA) hosts should consider these routes valid. A special value 0xffffffff
represents infinity. The lifetime can be overriden on a per route basis by the ra lifetime (p. 61) route
attribute. Default: 3 * max ra interval, sensitive no.
For the sensitive option, see trigger (p. 59). If sensitive is enabled, even the routes with the
ra lifetime attribute become sensitive to the trigger.
route preference low|medium|high
This option specifies the default value of advertised route preference for specific routes. The value can
be overriden on a per route basis by the ra preference (p. 61) route attribute. Default: medium.

prefix linger time expr

When a prefix or a route disappears, it is advertised for some time with zero lifetime, to inform clients
it is no longer valid. This option specifies the time (in seconds) for how long prefixes are advertised
that way. Default: 3 * max ra interval.
route linger time expr
When a prefix or a route disappears, it is advertised for some time with zero lifetime, to inform clients
it is no longer valid. This option specifies the time (in seconds) for how long routes are advertised that
way. Default: 3 * max ra interval.
rdnss local switch
Use only local (interface-specific) RDNSS definitions for this interface. Otherwise, both global and local
definitions are used. Could also be used to disable RDNSS for given interface if no local definitons are
specified. Default: no.
dnssl local switch
Use only local DNSSL definitions for this interface. See rdnss local option above. Default: no.

Prefix specific options

skip switch
This option allows to specify that given prefix should not be advertised. This is useful for making
exceptions from a default policy of advertising all prefixes. Note that for withdrawing an already
advertised prefix it is more useful to advertise it with zero valid lifetime. Default: no
6.11. RAdv 61

onlink switch
This option specifies whether hosts may use the advertised prefix for onlink determination. Default:
yes

autonomous switch
This option specifies whether hosts may use the advertised prefix for stateless autoconfiguration. De-
fault: yes
valid lifetime expr [sensitive switch]
This option specifies the time (in seconds) how long (after the receipt of RA) the prefix information is
valid, i.e., autoconfigured IP addresses can be assigned and hosts with that IP addresses are considered
directly reachable. 0 means the prefix is no longer valid. For sensitive option, see trigger (p. 59).
Default: 86400 (1 day), sensitive no.
preferred lifetime expr [sensitive switch]
This option specifies the time (in seconds) how long (after the receipt of RA) IP addresses generated
from the prefix using stateless autoconfiguration remain preferred. For sensitive option, see trigger
(p. 59). Default: 14400 (4 hours), sensitive no.

RDNSS specific options:

ns address
This option specifies one recursive DNS server. Can be used multiple times for multiple servers. It is
mandatory to have at least one ns option in rdnss definition.
lifetime [mult] expr
This option specifies the time how long the RDNSS information may be used by clients after the receipt
of RA. It is expressed either in seconds or (when mult is used) in multiples of max ra interval. Note
that RDNSS information is also invalidated when default lifetime expires. 0 means these addresses
are no longer valid DNS servers. Default: 3 * max ra interval.

DNSSL specific options:

domain address
This option specifies one DNS search domain. Can be used multiple times for multiple domains. It is
mandatory to have at least one domain option in dnssl definition.
lifetime [mult] expr
This option specifies the time how long the DNSSL information may be used by clients after the receipt
of RA. Details are the same as for RDNSS lifetime option above. Default: 3 * max ra interval.

6.11.3 Attributes
RAdv defines two route attributes:

enum ra preference
The preference of the route. The value can be RA PREF LOW , RA PREF MEDIUM or
RA PREF HIGH . If the attribute is not set, the route preference (p. 60) option is used.
int ra lifetime
The advertised lifetime of the route, in seconds. The special value of 0xffffffff represents infinity. If the
attribute is not set, the route lifetime (p. 60) option is used.

6.11.4 Example
6.12. RIP 62

ipv6 table radv_routes; # Manually configured routes go here

protocol static {
ipv6 { table radv_routes; };

route 2001:0DB8:4000::/48 unreachable;

route 2001:0DB8:4010::/48 unreachable;

route 2001:0DB8:4020::/48 unreachable {

ra_preference = RA_PREF_HIGH;
ra_lifetime = 3600;
};
}

protocol radv {
propagate routes yes; # Propagate the routes from the radv_routes table
ipv6 { table radv_routes; export all; };

interface "eth2" {
max ra interval 5; # Fast failover with more routers
managed yes; # Using DHCPv6 on eth2
prefix ::/0 {
autonomous off; # So do not autoconfigure any IP
};
};

interface "eth*"; # No need for any other options

prefix 2001:0DB8:1234::/48 {
preferred lifetime 0; # Deprecated address range
};

prefix 2001:0DB8:2000::/48 {
autonomous off; # Do not autoconfigure
};

rdnss 2001:0DB8:1234::10; # Short form of RDNSS

rdnss {
lifetime mult 10;
ns 2001:0DB8:1234::11;
ns 2001:0DB8:1234::12;
};

dnssl {
lifetime 3600;
domain "abc.com";
domain "xyz.com";
};
}

6.12 RIP
6.12.1 Introduction
The RIP protocol (also sometimes called Rest In Pieces) is a simple protocol, where each router broadcasts
(to all its neighbors) distances to all networks it can reach. When a router hears distance to another network,
6.12. RIP 63

it increments it and broadcasts it back. Broadcasts are done in regular intervals. Therefore, if some network
goes unreachable, routers keep telling each other that its distance is the original distance plus 1 (actually,
plus interface metric, which is usually one). After some time, the distance reaches infinity (that’s 15 in RIP)
and all routers know that network is unreachable. RIP tries to minimize situations where counting to infinity
is necessary, because it is slow. Due to infinity being 16, you can’t use RIP on networks where maximal
distance is higher than 15 hosts.
BIRD supports RIPv1 (RFC 1058), RIPv2 (RFC 2453), RIPng (RFC 2080), Triggered RIP for demand
circuits (RFC 2091), and RIP cryptographic authentication (RFC 4822).
RIP is a very simple protocol, and it has a lot of shortcomings. Slow convergence, big network load and
inability to handle larger networks makes it pretty much obsolete. It is still usable on very small networks.

6.12.2 Configuration
RIP configuration consists mainly of common protocol options and interface definitions, most RIP options
are interface specific. RIPng (RIP for IPv6) protocol instance can be configured by using rip ng instead of
just rip as a protocol type.
RIP needs one IPv4 channel. RIPng needs one IPv6 channel. If no channel is configured, appropriate channel
is defined with default parameters.

protocol rip [ng] [<name>] {

infinity <number>;
ecmp <switch> [limit <number>];
interface <interface pattern> {
metric <number>;
mode multicast|broadcast;
passive <switch>;
address <ip>;
port <number>;
version 1|2;
split horizon <switch>;
poison reverse <switch>;
demand circuit <switch>;
check zero <switch>;
update time <number>;
timeout time <number>;
garbage time <number>;
ecmp weight <number>;
ttl security <switch>; | tx only;
tx class|dscp <number>;
tx priority <number>;
rx buffer <number>;
tx length <number>;
check link <switch>;
authentication none|plaintext|cryptographic;
password "<text>";
password "<text>" {
id <num>;
generate from "<date>";
generate to "<date>";
accept from "<date>";
accept to "<date>";
from "<date>";
to "<date>";
algorithm ( keyed md5 | keyed sha1 | hmac sha1 | hmac sha256 | hmac
};
};
}
6.12. RIP 64

infinity number
Selects the distance of infinity. Bigger values will make protocol convergence even slower. The default
value is 16.

ecmp switch [limit number ]

This option specifies whether RIP is allowed to generate ECMP (equal-cost multipath) routes. Such
routes are used when there are several directions to the destination, each with the same (computed)
cost. This option also allows to specify a limit on maximum number of nexthops in one route. By
default, ECMP is enabled if supported by Kernel. Default value of the limit is 16.

interface pattern [, ...] { options }

Interface definitions specify a set of interfaces on which the protocol is activated and contain interface
specific options. See interface (p. 12) common options for detailed description.

Interface specific options:

metric num
This option specifies the metric of the interface. When a route is received from the interface, its metric
is increased by this value before further processing. Valid values are 1-255, but values higher than
infinity has no further meaning. Default: 1.
mode multicast|broadcast
This option selects the mode for RIP to use on the interface. The default is multicast mode for RIPv2
and broadcast mode for RIPv1. RIPng always uses the multicast mode.
passive switch
Passive interfaces receive routing updates but do not transmit any messages. Default: no.
address ip
This option specifies a destination address used for multicast or broadcast messages, the default is the
official RIP (224.0.0.9) or RIPng (ff02::9) multicast address, or an appropriate broadcast address in
the broadcast mode.

port number
This option selects an UDP port to operate on, the default is the official RIP (520) or RIPng (521)
port.
version 1|2
This option selects the version of RIP used on the interface. For RIPv1, automatic subnet aggregation
is not implemented, only classful network routes and host routes are propagated. Note that BIRD
allows RIPv1 to be configured with features that are defined for RIPv2 only, like authentication or
using multicast sockets. The default is RIPv2 for IPv4 RIP, the option is not supported for RIPng, as
no further versions are defined.

version only switch

Regardless of RIP version configured for the interface, BIRD accepts incoming packets of any RIP
version. This option restrict accepted packets to the configured version. Default: no.
split horizon switch
Split horizon is a scheme for preventing routing loops. When split horizon is active, routes are not
regularly propagated back to the interface from which they were received. They are either not propa-
gated back at all (plain split horizon) or propagated back with an infinity metric (split horizon with
poisoned reverse). Therefore, other routers on the interface will not consider the router as a part of an
independent path to the destination of the route. Default: yes.
poison reverse switch
When split horizon is active, this option specifies whether the poisoned reverse variant (propagating
routes back with an infinity metric) is used. The poisoned reverse has some advantages in faster
convergence, but uses more network traffic. Default: yes.
6.12. RIP 65

demand circuit switch

Regular RIP sends periodic full updates on an interface. There is the Triggered RIP extension for
demand circuits (RFC 2091), which removes periodic updates and introduces update acknowledgments.
When enabled, there is no RIP communication in steady-state network. Note that in order to work,
it must be enabled on both sides. As there are no hello packets, it depends on hardware link state to
detect neighbor failures. Also, it is designed for PtP links and it does not work properly with multiple
RIP neighbors on an interface. Default: no.
check zero switch
Received RIPv1 packets with non-zero values in reserved fields should be discarded. This option
specifies whether the check is performed or such packets are just processed as usual. Default: yes.
update time number
Specifies the number of seconds between periodic updates. A lower number will mean faster convergence
but bigger network load. Default: 30.

timeout time number

Specifies the time interval (in seconds) between the last received route announcement and the route
expiration. After that, the network is considered unreachable, but still is propagated with infinity
distance. Default: 180.
garbage time number
Specifies the time interval (in seconds) between the route expiration and the removal of the unreachable
network entry. The garbage interval, when a route with infinity metric is propagated, is used for both
internal (after expiration) and external (after withdrawal) routes. Default: 120.
ecmp weight number
When ECMP (multipath) routes are allowed, this value specifies a relative weight used for nexthops
going through the iface. Valid values are 1-256. Default value is 1.
authentication none|plaintext|cryptographic
Selects authentication method to be used. none means that packets are not authenticated at all,
plaintext means that a plaintext password is embedded into each packet, and cryptographic means
that packets are authenticated using some cryptographic hash function selected by option algorithm
for each key. The default cryptographic algorithm for RIP keys is Keyed-MD5. If you set authentication
to not-none, it is a good idea to add password section. Default: none.
password "text"
Specifies a password used for authentication. See password (p. 13) common option for detailed descrip-
tion.

ttl security [switch | tx only]

TTL security is a feature that protects routing protocols from remote spoofed packets by using TTL
255 instead of TTL 1 for protocol packets destined to neighbors. Because TTL is decremented when
packets are forwarded, it is non-trivial to spoof packets with TTL 255 from remote locations.
If this option is enabled, the router will send RIP packets with TTL 255 and drop received packets
with TTL less than 255. If this option si set to tx only, TTL 255 is used for sent packets, but is
not checked for received packets. Such setting does not offer protection, but offers compatibility with
neighbors regardless of whether they use ttl security.
For RIPng, TTL security is a standard behavior (required by RFC 2080) and therefore default value
is yes. For IPv4 RIP, default value is no.

tx class|dscp|priority number
These options specify the ToS/DiffServ/Traffic class/Priority of the outgoing RIP packets. See tx class
(p. 13) common option for detailed description.
rx buffer number
This option specifies the size of buffers used for packet processing. The buffer size should be bigger
than maximal size of received packets. The default value is 532 for IPv4 RIP and interface MTU value
for RIPng.
6.13. RPKI 66

tx length number
This option specifies the maximum length of generated RIP packets. To avoid IP fragmentation, it
should not exceed the interface MTU value. The default value is 532 for IPv4 RIP and interface MTU
value for RIPng.
check link switch
If set, the hardware link state (as reported by OS) is taken into consideration. When the link disappears
(e.g. an ethernet cable is unplugged), neighbors are immediately considered unreachable and all routes
received from them are withdrawn. It is possible that some hardware drivers or platforms do not
implement this feature. Default: yes.

6.12.3 Attributes
RIP defines two route attributes:

int rip metric

RIP metric of the route (ranging from 0 to infinity). When routes from different RIP instances are
available and all of them have the same preference, BIRD prefers the route with lowest rip metric.
When a non-RIP route is exported to RIP, the default metric is 1.
int rip tag
RIP route tag: a 16-bit number which can be used to carry additional information with the route (for
example, an originating AS number in case of external routes). When a non-RIP route is exported to
RIP, the default tag is 0.

6.12.4 Example
protocol rip {
ipv4 {
import all;
export all;
};
interface "eth*" {
metric 2;
port 1520;
mode multicast;
update time 12;
timeout time 60;
authentication cryptographic;
password "secret" { algorithm hmac sha256; };
};
}

6.13 RPKI
6.13.1 Introduction
The Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) is mechanism for origin validation of BGP routes (RFC
6480). BIRD supports only so-called RPKI-based origin validation. There is implemented RPKI to Router
(RPKI-RTR) protocol (RFC 6810). It uses some of the RPKI data to allow a router to verify that the
autonomous system announcing an IP address prefix is in fact authorized to do so. This is not crypto
checked so can be violated. But it should prevent the vast majority of accidental hijackings on the Internet
today, e.g. the famous Pakistani accidental announcement of YouTube’s address space.
The RPKI-RTR protocol receives and maintains a set of ROAs from a cache server (also called validator).
You can validate routes (RFC 6483, RFC 6811) using function roa check() in filter and set it as import
filter at the BGP protocol. BIRD offers crude automatic re-validating of affected routes after RPKI update,
6.13. RPKI 67

see option rpki reload (p. 14). Or you can use a BIRD client command reload in bgp protocol name for
manual call of revalidation of all routes.

6.13.2 Supported transports

• Unprotected transport over TCP uses a port 323. The cache server and BIRD router should be on the
same trusted and controlled network for security reasons.
• SSHv2 encrypted transport connection uses the normal SSH port 22.

6.13.3 Configuration
We currently support just one cache server per protocol. However you can define more RPKI protocols
generally.

protocol rpki [<name>] {

roa4 { table <tab>; };
roa6 { table <tab>; };
remote <ip> | "<domain>" [port <num>];
port <num>;
refresh [keep] <num>;
retry [keep] <num>;
expire [keep] <num>;
transport tcp;
transport ssh {
bird private key "</path/to/id_rsa>";
remote public key "</path/to/known_host>";
user "<name>";
};
}

Alse note that you have to specify the ROA channel. If you want to import only IPv4 prefixes you have to
specify only roa4 channel. Similarly with IPv6 prefixes only. If you want to fetch both IPv4 and even IPv6
ROAs you have to specify both channels.

RPKI protocol options

remote ip | "hostname" [port num]

Specifies a destination address of the cache server. Can be specified by an IP address or by full domain
name string. Only one cache can be specified per protocol. This option is required.
port num
Specifies the port number. The default port number is 323 for transport without any encryption and
22 for transport with SSH encryption.
refresh [keep] num
Time period in seconds. Tells how long to wait before next attempting to poll the cache using a Serial
Query or a Reset Query packet. Must be lower than 86400 seconds (one day). Too low value can caused
a false positive detection of network connection problems. A keyword keep suppresses updating this
value by a cache server. Default: 3600 seconds
retry [keep] num
Time period in seconds between a failed Serial/Reset Query and a next attempt. Maximum allowed
value is 7200 seconds (two hours). Too low value can caused a false positive detection of network
connection problems. A keyword keep suppresses updating this value by a cache server. Default: 600
seconds
expire [keep] num
Time period in seconds. Received records are deleted if the client was unable to successfully refresh
6.13. RPKI 68

data for this time period. Must be in range from 600 seconds (ten minutes) to 172800 seconds (two
days). A keyword keep suppresses updating this value by a cache server. Default: 7200 seconds
ignore max length switch
Ignore received max length in ROA records and use max value (32 or 128) instead. This may be useful
for implementing loose RPKI check for blackholes. Default: disabled.
transport tcp
Unprotected transport over TCP. It’s a default transport. Should be used only on secure private
networks. Default: tcp

transport ssh { SSH transport options... }

It enables a SSHv2 transport encryption. Cannot be combined with a TCP transport. Default: off

SSH transport options

bird private key "/path/to/id rsa"

A path to the BIRD’s private SSH key for authentication. It can be a id rsa file.
remote public key "/path/to/known host"
A path to the cache’s public SSH key for verification identity of the cache server. It could be a path
to known host file.

user "name"
A SSH user name for authentication. This option is a required.

6.13.4 Examples
BGP origin validation

Policy: Don’t import ROA INVALID routes.

roa4 table r4;

roa6 table r6;

protocol rpki {
debug all;

roa4 { table r4; };

roa6 { table r6; };

# Please, do not use rpki-validator.realmv6.org in production

remote "rpki-validator.realmv6.org" port 8282;

retry keep 5;
refresh keep 30;
expire 600;
}

filter peer_in_v4 {
if (roa_check(r4, net, bgp_path.last) = ROA_INVALID) then
{
print "Ignore RPKI invalid ", net, " for ASN ", bgp_path.last;
reject;
}
accept;
}

protocol bgp {
6.14. Static 69

debug all;
local as 65000;
neighbor 192.168.2.1 as 65001;
ipv4 {
import filter peer_in_v4;
export none;
};
}

SSHv2 transport encryption

roa4 table r4;

roa6 table r6;

protocol rpki {
debug all;

roa4 { table r4; };

roa6 { table r6; };

remote 127.0.0.1 port 2345;

transport ssh {
bird private key "/home/birdgeek/.ssh/id_rsa";
remote public key "/home/birdgeek/.ssh/known_hosts";
user "birdgeek";
};

# Default interval values

}

6.14 Static
The Static protocol doesn’t communicate with other routers in the network, but instead it allows you to
define routes manually. This is often used for specifying how to forward packets to parts of the network
which don’t use dynamic routing at all and also for defining sink routes (i.e., those telling to return packets
as undeliverable if they are in your IP block, you don’t have any specific destination for them and you don’t
want to send them out through the default route to prevent routing loops).
There are three classes of definitions in Static protocol configuration – global options, static route definitions,
and per-route options. Usually, the definition of the protocol contains mainly a list of static routes. Static
routes have no specific attributes, but igp metric (p. 25) attribute is used to compare static routes with the
same preference.
The list of static routes may contain multiple routes for the same network (usually, but not necessary,
distinquished by preference or igp metric), but only routes of the same network type are allowed, as
the static protocol has just one channel. E.g., to have both IPv4 and IPv6 static routes, define two static
protocols, each with appropriate routes and channel.
Global options:

check link switch

If set, hardware link states of network interfaces are taken into consideration. When link disappears
(e.g. ethernet cable is unplugged), static routes directing to that interface are removed. It is possible
that some hardware drivers or platforms do not implement this feature. Default: off.
igp table name
Specifies a table that is used for route table lookups of recursive routes. Default: the same table as
the protocol is connected to.

Route definitions (each may also contain a block of per-route options):

6.14. Static 70

6.14.1 Regular routes; MPLS switching rules

There exist several types of routes; keep in mind that prefix syntax is dependent on network type (p. 20).

route prefix via ip|”interface” [per-nexthop options] [via ...]

Regular routes may bear one or more next hops (p. 8). Every next hop is preceded by via and
configured as shown.
route prefix recursive ip [mpls num[/num[/num[...]]]]
Recursive nexthop resolves the given IP in the configured IGP table and uses that route’s next hop.
The MPLS stacks are concatenated; on top is the IGP’s nexthop stack and on bottom is this route’s
stack.
route prefix blackhole|unreachable|prohibit
Special routes specifying to silently drop the packet, return it as unreachable or return it as adminis-
tratively prohibited. First two targets are also known as drop and reject.

When the particular destination is not available (the interface is down or the next hop of the route is not a
neighbor at the moment), Static just uninstalls the route from the table it is connected to and adds it again
as soon as the destination becomes adjacent again.

Per-nexthop options

There are several options that in a case of multipath route are per-nexthop (i.e., they can be used multiple
times for a route, one time for each nexthop). Syntactically, they are not separate options but just parts of
route statement after each via statement, not separated by semicolons. E.g., statement route 10.0.0.08
via 192.0.2.1 bfd weight 1 via 192.0.2.2 weight 2;/ describes a route with two nexthops, the first nexthop has
two per-nexthop options (bfd and weight 1), the second nexthop has just weight 2.

bfd switch
The Static protocol could use BFD protocol for next hop liveness detection. If enabled, a BFD session
to the route next hop is created and the static route is BFD-controlled – the static route is announced
only if the next hop liveness is confirmed by BFD. If the BFD session fails, the static route (or just
the affected nexthop from multiple ones) is removed. Note that this is a bit different compared to
other protocols, which may use BFD as an advisory mechanism for fast failure detection but ignore it
if a BFD session is not even established. Note that BFD protocol also has to be configured, see BFD
(p. 28) section for details. Default value is no.

mpls num[/num[/num[...]]]
MPLS labels that should be pushed to packets forwarded by the route. The option could be used
for both IP routes (on MPLS ingress routers) and MPLS switching rules (on MPLS transit routers).
Default value is no labels.

onlink switch
Onlink flag means that the specified nexthop is accessible on the (specified) interface regardless of IP
prefixes of the interface. The interface must be attached to nexthop IP address using link-local-scope
format (e.g. 192.0.2.1%eth0). Default value is no.
weight switch
For multipath routes, this value specifies a relative weight of the nexthop. Allowed values are 1-256.
Default value is 1.

6.14.2 Route Origin Authorization

The ROA config is just route prefix max int as int with no nexthop.
6.14. Static 71

6.14.3 Flowspec
The flow specification are rules for routers and firewalls for filtering purpose. It is described by RFC
5575. There are 3 types of arguments: inet4 or inet6 prefixes, bitmasks matching expressions and numbers
matching expressions.
Bitmasks matching is written using value/mask or !value/mask pairs. It means that (data & mask ) is or is
not equal to value.
Numbers matching is a matching sequence of numbers and ranges separeted by a commas (,) (e.g. 10,20,30).
Ranges can be written using double dots .. notation (e.g. 80..90,120..124). An alternative notation are
sequence of one or more pairs of relational operators and values separated by logical operators && or ||.
Allowed relational operators are =, !=, <, <=, >, >=, true and false.

IPv4 Flowspec

dst inet4
Set a matching destination prefix (e.g. dst 192.168.0.0/16). Only this option is mandatory in IPv4
Flowspec.
src inet4
Set a matching source prefix (e.g. src 10.0.0.0/8).

proto numbers-match
Set a matching IP protocol numbers (e.g. proto 6).
port numbers-match
Set a matching source or destination TCP/UDP port numbers (e.g. port 1..1023,1194,3306).

dport numbers-match
Set a mating destination port numbers (e.g. dport 49151).
sport numbers-match
Set a matching source port numbers (e.g. sport = 0).

icmp type numbers-match

Set a matching type field number of an ICMP packet (e.g. icmp type 3)
icmp code numbers-match
Set a matching code field number of an ICMP packet (e.g. icmp code 1)
tcp flags bitmask-match
Set a matching bitmask for TCP header flags (aka control bits) (e.g. tcp flags 0x03/0x0f;). The
maximum length of mask is 12 bits (0xfff).
length numbers-match
Set a matching packet length (e.g. length > 1500;)

dscp numbers-match
Set a matching DiffServ Code Point number (e.g. length > 1500;).
fragment fragmentation-type
Set a matching type of packet fragmentation. Allowed fragmentation types are dont fragment,
is fragment, first fragment, last fragment (e.g. fragment is fragment && !dont fragment).

protocol static {
flow4;

route flow4 {
dst 10.0.0.0/8;
port > 24 && < 30 || 40..50,60..70,80 && >= 90;
tcp flags 0x03/0x0f;
6.14. Static 72

length > 1024;

dscp = 63;
fragment dont_fragment, is_fragment || !first_fragment;
};
}

Differences for IPv6 Flowspec

Flowspec IPv6 are same as Flowspec IPv4 with a few exceptions.

• Prefixes inet6 can be specified not only with prefix length, but with prefix offset num too (e.g.
::1234:5678:9800:0000/101 offset 64). Offset means to don’t care of num first bits.
• IPv6 Flowspec hasn’t mandatory any flowspec component.
• In IPv6 packets, there is a matching the last next header value for a matching IP protocol number
(e.g. next header 6).

• It is not possible to set dont fragment as a type of packet fragmentation.

dst inet6 [offset num]

Set a matching destination IPv6 prefix (e.g. dst ::1c77:3769:27ad:a11a/128 offset 64).

src inet6 [offset num]

Set a matching source IPv6 prefix (e.g. src fe80::/64).
next header numbers-match
Set a matching IP protocol numbers (e.g. next header != 6).
label bitmask-match
Set a 20-bit bitmask for matching Flow Label field in IPv6 packets (e.g. label 0x8e5/0x8e5).

protocol static {
flow6 { table myflow6; };

route flow6 {
dst fec0:1122:3344:5566:7788:99aa:bbcc:ddee/128;
src 0000:0000:0000:0001:1234:5678:9800:0000/101 offset 63;
next header = 23;
sport > 24 && < 30 || = 40 || 50,60,70..80;
dport = 50;
tcp flags 0x03/0x0f, !0/0xff || 0x33/0x33;
fragment !is_fragment || !first_fragment;
label 0xaaaa/0xaaaa && 0x33/0x33;
};
}

6.14.4 Per-route options

filter expression
This is a special option that allows filter expressions to be configured on per-route basis. Can be used
multiple times. These expressions are evaluated when the route is originated, similarly to the import
filter of the static protocol. This is especially useful for configuring route attributes, e.g., ospf metric1
= 100; for a route that will be exported to the OSPF protocol.

6.14.5 Example static configs

6.14. Static 73

protocol static {
ipv4 { table testable; }; # Connect to a non-default routing table
check link; # Advertise routes only if link is up
route 0.0.0.0/0 via 198.51.100.130; # Default route
route 10.0.0.0/8 # Multipath route
via 198.51.100.10 weight 2
via 198.51.100.20 bfd # BFD-controlled next hop
via 192.0.2.1;
route 203.0.113.0/24 blackhole; # Sink route
route 10.2.0.0/24 via "arc0"; # Secondary network
route 192.168.10.0/24 via 198.51.100.100 {
ospf_metric1 = 20; # Set extended attribute
};
route 192.168.11.0/24 via 198.51.100.100 {
ospf_metric2 = 100; # Set extended attribute
ospf_tag = 2; # Set extended attribute
};
route 192.168.12.0/24 via 198.51.100.100 {
bgp_community.add((65535, 65281)); # Set extended BGP attribute
bgp_large_community.add((64512, 1, 1)); # Set extended BGP attribute
};
}

protocol static {
ipv6; # Channel is mandatory
route 2001:db8:10::/48 via 2001:db8:1::1; # Route with global nexthop
route 2001:db8:20::/48 via fe80::10%eth0; # Route with link-local nexthop
route 2001:db8:30::/48 via fe80::20%’eth1.60’; # Iface with non-alphanumeric charac
route 2001:db8:40::/48 via "eth2"; # Direct route to eth2
route 2001:db8::/32 unreachable; # Unreachable route
route ::/0 via 2001:db8:1::1 bfd; # BFD-controlled default route
}
Chapter 7: Conclusions
7.1 Future work
Although BIRD supports all the commonly used routing protocols, there are still some features which would
surely deserve to be implemented in future versions of BIRD:

• Opaque LSA’s

• Route aggregation and flap dampening

• Multicast routing protocols
• Ports to other systems

7.2 Getting more help

If you use BIRD, you’re welcome to join the bird-users mailing list ([email protected]) where you can
share your experiences with the other users and consult your problems with the authors. To subscribe to the
list, visit http://bird.network.cz/?m list. The home page of BIRD can be found at http://bird.network.cz/.
BIRD is a relatively young system and it probably contains some bugs. You can report any problems
to the bird-users list and the authors will be glad to solve them, but before you do so, please make
sure you have read the available documentation and that you are running the latest version (available
at bird.network.cz:/pub/bird). (Of course, a patch which fixes the bug is always welcome as an attachment.)
If you want to understand what is going inside, Internet standards are a good and interesting reading. You
can get them from ftp.rfc-editor.org (or a nicely sorted version from atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz:/pub/rfc).
Good luck!

74